Module 1

Introduction to the Internet of Things

Marco Zennaro, PhD

Telecommunications/ICT4D Lab
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Trieste, Italy
 Vision

Introduction to IoT
 History of IoT
• The first telemetry system was rolled out in Chicago way back in
1912. It is said to have used telephone lines to monitor data from
power plants.
• Telemetry expanded to weather monitoring in the 1930s, when a
device known as a radiosonde became widely used to monitor
weather conditions from balloons.
• In 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, and with it the Space
Race. This has been the entry of aerospace telemetry that created
the basis of our global satellite communications today.

Introduction to IoT
 History of IoT
• Broad adoption of M2M technology began in the 1980s with wired
connections for SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) on
the factory floor and in home and business security systems.
• In the 1990s, M2M began moving toward wireless technologies.
ADEMCO built their own private radio network to address intrusion
and smoke detection because budding cellular connectivity was too
expensive.
• In 1995, Siemens introduced the first cellular module built for M2M.

Introduction to IoT
 History of IoT

Introduction to IoT
 Why IoT now?
• Ubiquitous Connectivity
• Widespread Adoption of IP
• Computing Economics
• Miniaturization
• Advances in Data Analytics
• Rise of Cloud Computing

Introduction to IoT
 RPi Zero: $5

Introduction to IoT
 IoT Definition

Introduction to IoT
 ITU Definition
• Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060 provides an overview of the
Internet of Things (IoT). It clarifies the concept and scope of the
IoT, identifies the fundamental characteristics and high-level
requirements of the IoT and describes the IoT reference model.
• Date: 2012-06-15

Introduction to IoT
 ITU Definition
“The IoT can be viewed as a global
infrastructure for the information society,
enabling advanced services by
interconnecting (physical and virtual)
things based on existing and evolving
interoperable information and
communication technologies (ICT).”

Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Introduction to IoT
 Things
Things are objects of the physical world (physical
things) or of the information world (virtual world)
which are capable of being identified and
integrated into communication networks. Things
have associated information, which can be static
and dynamic.

Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Introduction to IoT
 Things
Physical things exist in the physical world and
are capable of being sensed, actuated and
connected. Examples of physical things include
the surrounding environment, industrial robots,
goods and electrical equipment.
Virtual things exist in the information world and
are capable of being stored, processed and
accessed. Examples of virtual things include
multimedia content and application software.

Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Introduction to IoT
 Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060
Introduction to IoT
 Any-Time/Place/Thing

Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Introduction to IoT
Introduction to IoT
 ITU Definition
A device is a piece of equipment with the
mandatory capabilities of communication and
optional capabilities of sensing, actuation, data
capture, data storage and data processing. The
devices collect various kinds of information and
provide it to the information and communication
networks for further processing.
Some devices also execute operations based on
information received from the information and
communication networks.

Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Introduction to IoT
 Fundamental characteristics
• Interconnectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything can be
interconnected with the global information and communication
infrastructure.
• Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as
based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can
interact with other devices or service platforms through
different networks.
• Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically,
e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected
as well as the context of devices including location and speed.
Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.

Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Introduction to IoT
 Fundamental characteristics
• Enormous scale: The number of devices that
need to be managed and that communicate with
each other will be at least an order of magnitude
larger than the devices connected to the current
Internet. The ratio of communication triggered by
devices as compared to communication triggered
by humans will noticeably shift towards device-
triggered communication.

Source: Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Introduction to IoT
 Predictions

Introduction to IoT
Source: Cisco IBSG, April 2011
 Predictions

Introduction to IoT
 Predictions

Introduction to IoT Source: http://www.postscapes.com/what-exactly-is-the-internet-of-things-infographic/

 Internet of Fewer Things

Introduction to IoT
http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/internet/the-internet-of-fewer-things
Introduction to IoT
IoT Architecture

Node Gateway Services

 IoT Architecture: node

Sensor

Protocol
Wireless link+
Protocol

Controller, Memory, Power Management

IoT Architecture: gateway

Input same standard as Output?

IoT Architecture: gateway access point

WiFi Ethernet
IoT Architecture: gateway!

BT Ethernet
IoT Architecture: gateway!

SMS Ethernet
IoT Architecture: services

Graphing
Machine Learning
Alerting
IoT Architecture: node

Sensor

Protocol
Wireless link

Controller, Memory, Power Management

 Network Connectivity
Key aspects when considering network connectivity:
• Range - are you deploying to a single office floor
or an entire city?
• Data Rate - how much bandwidth do you require?
How often does your data change?
• Power - is your sensor running on mains or
battery?
• Frequency - have you considered channel
blocking and signal interference?
• Security - will your sensors be supporting mission
critical applications?
Introduction to IoT
Introduction to IoT Source: http://www.postscapes.com/what-exactly-is-the-internet-of-things-infographic/
 IPv6

Smart Objects will add tens of billions of additional

devices
There is no scope for IPv4 to support Smart
Object Networks
IPv6 is the only viable way forward
Solution to address exhaustion
Stateless Auto-configuration thanks to
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Each embedded node can be individually
addressed/accessed
Introduction to IoT
 Connectivity Landscape

Introduction to IoT
IoT Architecture: node

Sensor

Protocol

Wireless link

Controller, Memory, Power Management

Introduction to IoT Source: http://www.postscapes.com/what-exactly-is-the-internet-of-things-infographic/
Introduction to IoT
 Applications

Introduction to IoT
 Applications

Introduction to IoT
Introduction to IoT
Introduction to IoT
Introduction to IoT
Introduction to IoT
Introduction to IoT
 IoT Landscape

Introduction to IoT
Thank You