1.

The Electric Energy –Water Nexus: Managing the Seasonal

Linkages of Fresh Water Use in Energy Sector for Sustainable
Future

INTRODUCTION

The fast growing demand for fresh water-coupled with the need to protect the environment
has made many areas of India and the rest of the World vulnerable to water shortages for
various uses of the economy. As they interact with Electricity Industry, water availability is
critical to power generation. Without access to adequate amounts of water for steam
generation and cooling, power plants that rely on heat energy to generate electricity cannot
operate. Seasonal anomalies in water systems and Electricity production are inextricably
linked. A change in one of these systems induces a change in the other. Therefore, there is an
imperative need to better understand the interrelationship of Electric Energy- Water nexus
for effective management of serious water related power generation issues. This book gauges
the effects of the few of overlaps and gaps between seasonal anomalies in water availability
and growth of power generation in rainy, summer, winter and post monsoon season for
power plants of different energy types (Both non-renewable and renewable sources). The
purpose of this book is to examine water use estimation in hydel and thermal electric power
plants in selected regions i.e. Coastal, Rayalaseema and Telangana regions of Andhra Pradesh.
The study primarily focuses on the realistic fundamental premise that thermal electric and
hydro electric energy generation is responsible for the largest monthly volume of water
withdrawals in four seasons (i.e. summer, rainy, winter and post monsoon season) of a year.
These enormous water withdrawals by these hydel and thermal power plants can have
significant influence on local surface water resources. However there are very few studies of
determinants of water use in hydel and thermal electric generation.
From the existed comprehensive literature, the research study tries to highlight two major
problems faced by Electric-Energy Sector .One is physical and the other one is economic.
• Whether or not the possible seasonal variations in a 12 month period of a year
adversely affect the amount of fresh water available for power generation.
• To determine the most cost effective way to find out fresh water for power
generation, regardless of what the physical effects turn out to be.

It is a well-known fact that water is only one of the basic factors of production and accurate
modelling of the derived demand relationships for water requires due consideration of full
range of relevant factor substitutions in production activities. For electricity generation, it is
probably sufficient to consider three factors namely capital, water and fuel. Generally
shortage of capital and primary energy inputs are considered responsible for amount of
electricity generated. But keeping in view of resource crunch, particularly ’Water- as a factor
for Electric-Energy crisis’ the hypothesis established from existed literature in the area of
research is
Hypothesis
• The amount of electricity generated by fuel type thermal (non-renewable) and
renewable energy (Hydro and biomass) depends on availability of fresh water in a 12 month
period.
• The water availability due to varied climate change (seasonal fluctuations) affects
electric energy production and its effectiveness in terms of Plant Load Factor.

Research Objectives
• To identify major water consuming power plants (Thermal, Combined Gas cycle, Hydro
and other renewable sources)
• To determine typical water consumption per unit of generation for each power plant
by fuel type.
• To estimate present and future aggregate water availability and loss of generation
requirements associated with power plant type.
• To highlight and document water sustainable management techniques in Electricity
Industry for meeting present and future Electricity Generation needs.
Hypothesis to Be Tested
The seasonal impact of fresh water availability on Electric Energy production and its Plant load
factor
Reference Period: 2000-2001 to 2008- 2009.
Methodology
1. Water Foot Printing method
The water foot print indicates the volume of water used (measured in cubic meters per year).
To calculate the approximate total water consumed in electricity generation by fuel type
(Thermal, Natural gas, Hydro, wind and Biomass). This chapter illustrates the data relating to
volumetric water numbers on water consumed for production/extraction of raw materials,
water consumed for refining of raw fuel (if necessary), water consumed for steam generation
and process, ash slurry and DM make up water, for cooling purpose depending upon the type
of technology adopted. The total arrived figures in power stations of three regions of Andhra
Pradesh relating to total amount of water directly consumed for fuel development and in the
process of producing electricity have been calculated for various types of electric energy
production. These are compared with the standard norms of water usage in Indian Power
Industry as well as prescribed by International Geological Survey. These water foot prints vary
considerably based on the type of electric energy plant.
2. Application of Seasonal Variation Index for Power Plants of Andhra Pradesh
The relevance of Seasonal Variation Index or Ratio to Moving Average Method for its practical
application in Electricity Generation Industry is of vital importance. Seasonal Variations occur
within a period of one year or less. It is a component of time series which is defined as
repetitive and predictable (seasonal changes) around the trend line in one year or less. It is
detected by measuring the quantity of interest for small intervals that is days, weeks, months
and quarters. By this strong seasonal movements can be predicted. But when data are
expressed annually there is no seasonal variation. A measure of seasonal variation is referred
as Seasonal indexes (percent). They are given as percentages of their average. Electricity
Supply Industry exhibits inquisitiveness in knowing their performance w.r.t. to water
withdrawals vis-à-vis power generation relative to normal seasonal variation with the aid of
SVI.
Electricity Supply Industry affected by seasonal variation ( in terms of water availability
due to climate variability)
Expects an increase or decrease in power generation
Both in prospective and lean period of a year

2. Econometric Approach to Water Use Estimation in Power plants:

A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh
1.0 Introduction
Water has become a growing source of tension especially in power sector in many parts of
the World. For India hydro and thermal power projects are vital to fill in the serious electric
energy shortfalls that crimp its economy. About 40 percent of India’s population is off the
power grid and due to this the welfare of the economy was badly affected. The main
stumbling block for this kind of worse situation are a genuine water shortage problem in India
and the country’s inability to properly manage large quantities of water during rainy season
has made matters worse, exposing it to any small variation in rainfall or river flow.
Though the country has invested heavily on nuclear power to generate 30,000 MW and $ 19
billion to produce factories of major thermal, hydro and nuclear power stations, the electric
energy shortages were very much prevalent in most parts of the country. For this the first and
foremost thing is to judiciously manage the vital resource “water”. The country also planned
for setting up of 20,000 MW solar power by 2020. The Government of India has an ambitious
mission of Power for All By 2012. This would require an installed generation capacity of atleast
20,000 MW by 2012 from the present level of 144,564.97 MU. However the power
requirement will double by 2020 to 400,000 MW. How India is able to meet this target with
the on-going water shortage plight in Electricity Generation Industry is a matter of great
concern. However the Electricity Generation Industry strategy should primarily focus on this
invisible culprit “Water” causing huge generation losses through better water efficiency
techniques and lay emphasis on technology up gradation and massive utilization of renewable
sources of energy.
 The purpose of this paper was to examine water use estimation at hydel and thermal electric
power plants in selected regions i.e. Coastal, Rayalaseema and Telangana regions of Andhra
Pradesh. The study primarily focuses on the realistic fundamental premise that thermal
electric and hydro electric energy generation is responsible for the largest monthly volume of
water withdrawals in four seasons (i.e. summer, rainy, winter and post monsoon season) of a
year. These enormous water withdrawals by these hydel and thermal power plants can have
significant influence on local surface water resources. Water use at the power station level
(by fuel type) can be estimated indirectly by using multiple regression analysis. In regression
models, water use relationships are expressed in the form of mathematical equations,
showing water use as a mathematical function of one or more independent (explanatory)
variables. The mathematical form (eg. Linear, multiplicative and exponential) and the
selection of the Right hand side (RHS) or independent variables depend on the category and
on aggregation of water demand represented by Left Hand side (LHS) or dependent variable.
The detailed survey of my paper titled “Electric Energy-Water Nexus: Managing the Seasonal
Linkages of Fresh Water Use in Energy Sector for Sustainable Future” revealed interesting
facts about voracious appetite of water withdrawals for hydel and thermal power plants
supported with empirical evidences. Taking cue of this, this paper lays emphasis explicitly on
how to determine the significant determinants of thermal and hydel power plants empirically.
Let us examine the over all picture of industry wise water withdrawals in India. The Centre for
science and Environment (2001) estimated the annual consumption of water for eight core
industries and found that nearly 87 percent

The thermal power plant guzzling of enormous amount of water (with its atrocious figure)
makes us rethink once again about its sustainability due to rampant usage of water, which is
an inexhaustible natural resource in power plants. This important resource “water” indeed
decides the growth and development of Indian Electricity Generation Industry in the future.
In view of all these factors, the sustenance of this precious resource “water” is a pressing need
of the hour and it is quite feasible today for an Indian Electricity Generation Industry to sort
out ways to substantially reduce its water consumption by putting efficient systems in to
practice.
The objective is to determine if multiple regression models of unit hydel and thermo electric
water use have the potential
(a) To identify significant determinants of total hydel and thermo electric water withdrawals
across selected region wise power plants in AP using aggregated category wise water use
estimates. To estimate the future water withdrawals for hydel and thermal electricity
generation plants expressed as cubic meters per second. (Cumecs) and cubic meters
using the growth rate phenomenon.
The type of data used for estimation are monthly water withdrawals data (For surface fresh
water resources)
Region level models for hydro and thermo electric water withdrawals
 (b) The potential dependent and independent variables for water withdrawals are identified
for estimation purpose. Regional level data for thermal and hydel water withdrawals are
more accurate data. The underlying reason being water withdrawals are usually
metered. Dependent Variable: Total Hydel Water Withdrawal Total Thermal Water
Withdrawals
Independent Variables of Hydel Power Plant: (a) Reservoir levels (b) Inflows (c) Storage
capacity (d) Evaporation losses (e) Tail water level (f) Gross Head

Independent Variables of Thermal Power Plant: (a) Demineralized water (b)

Boiler Feed back (c) Condenser Cooling (d) Ash
disposal (e) Others include colony domestic, drinking, sanitation, fire
fighting, back wash filter (f) Installed generation capacity (g)
Actual electric energy production (h) Total no. of cooling towers
(i) Water temperatures in summer, rainy and winter.
Multiple Regression analyses were performed using the data related to category wise water
use in power plant, generating facility and weather conditions from month wise 1995-96 to
2008-09 data in respective thermal and hydel power plants. The effect of variables such as
quantities of water used exclusively for the production of electricity i.e. Boiler feed,
Demineralized water, Condenser cooling, Ash Disposal, colony domestic (Drinking, Sanitation,
Fire Fighting, Back wash ) installed capacity generation, number of cooling towers, cooling
temperature and electric energy generation on total water withdrawals of thermal power
plants are explicitly analyzed. In addition to this, the effect of variables such as reservoir
elevation, storage capacity, tail water level, evaporation losses, inflows, gross head, actual
generation on total hydel withdrawals have also been looked in to. This paper explores the
structure of power plant level aggregated water use data based on corresponding and
routinely collected economic and climatic data. The purpose of this enquiry is to determine if
multiple regression models have the potential to explain the temporal and climatic variability
across various thermal and hydel power plants in Andhra Pradesh using aggregated water use
estimates and most importantly to identify significant determinants of total water
withdrawals of thermal and hydel power plants. The statistical models examined here are
derived using data estimates of total water withdrawals for hydel and thermo electric power
use.
Specification of Mathematical Model
WHEim = a +∑ bj Xj
j
Where WHEim = Fresh water withdrawals for Hydel Electric Energy within region wise i during
particular months m in a year.
Xj is a set of explanatory variables. (Mentioned above)
WTEim = a +∑ bj Xj
j
WTEim = Fresh water withdrawals for Thermal Electric Energy within region wise i during
particular months m in a year. Xj is a set of explanatory variables. (Mentioned
above)

Coefficients a and bj can be estimated using multiple regression model.

Specification of the Econometric Model:

In Linear forms, these equations can be estimated as follows

Yt = B1+B2X2+B3X3+B4X4+B5X5+B6X6+B7X7+ µ

Model: 1 WTEim = B1+B2 CT+B3DB+B4CD+B5AS+B6WT+B7AG+µ ……… (1)

Where, WTEim = Water withdrawals for thermal electric energy in region i for particular
months m. CT = Condenser cooling (with Cooling Towers) DB = Dimineralized water and Boiler
Feed CD = Colony Domestic AS = Ash Slurries WT= Water Temperature AG= Actual generation
µ= random error term

Condenser Cooling: Water required for cooling hot turbines and condensers

Demineralized Water: Water that is, free of minerals and salts. Water runs through active
resin beds to remove metallic ions and filtered through sub micron filter to remove suspended
impurities.

Colony Domestic: Water that is used for the purpose of colony maintenance, drinking purpose
and plantation.
Ash Slurries: As coal burns, it produces carbon –di-oxide, sulphur –di-oxide and nitrogen
oxides. These gases together with lighter ash are called fly ash. The electro static precipitators
remove all the fly ash and are mixed with water to make in to ash slurries.

Water temperature: Recording the temperature of water during summer, rainy and winter
seasons.

Actual Generation: The generation of electricity that is actually generated apart from installed
generation.

Model 2: WHEim = B1+B2 RE+B3SC+B4 TW+B5GH+B6WT+B7AG+µ ……. (2)

Where WHEim= Water withdrawals for hydel electric energy in region i for particular months
m.

RE = Reservoir Elevation SC= Storage Capacity TW= Tail water level El= Evaporation losses GH=
Gross Head WT= Water Temperature AG= Actual Generation µ= random error term

Reservoir Elevation: This is defined as the foot of the dam. i.e. the level from which the
reservoir storage level and the height of the dam are measured.

Storage Capacity: This corresponds to the flood level usually designated as the upper limit of
the normal operational range, above which the spill gates come in to operation

Tail water Level: Water immediately below the power plant. Tail water elevation refers to
the level that water which can rise as discharges increase. It is measured in the feet above sea
level.

1 foot = 0.305 meters.

Inflows: The inflow may be monsoonal rains or lakes, rivers. The average volume of incoming
water, in unit period of time.

Evaporation Losses: Conversion of liquid to vapor state by latent heat. Water gets saturated
in the form of vapor due to rise in water temperature.

Discharge: Volume of water released from power dam at a given time measured as cubic feet
per second.

Gross Head: A dam’s maximum allowed vertical distance between upper stream’s surface
water fore bay elevation and the down stream’s surface water (tail water) elevation at the
tail race for reaction wheel dams.

Actual Generation: The amount of electricity actually generated apart from installed
generation.
Analysis of hydel and thermal electric water use data in the existing power plants clearly
indicates that there is wide variability in unitary thermal and hydel electric water use within
the system. The multi- variate regression procedures were used to identify the significant
determinants of thermal and hydel water withdrawals in various power plants i.e. five hydel
and four thermal power plants. The unit variability of unit water usage indicates that there is
significant potential for water conservation in existing hydel and thermal electric power
plants.
I Important Insight conclusions
Pertinent conclusion of this study is there may be significant potential for water
conservation after having identified the significant determinants of total thermal water
withdrawals i.e. condenser cooling and ash disposal. The choice of explanatory variable for
eg: Induced draft and natural draft technological innovation was able to address the
significant changes of water withdrawals. The quantity of water withdrawn in any given year
depends on weather conditions. Water withdrawals for most purposes increase during
periods of hot and dry weather and decrease during periods of cool and wet weather and
decrease in water withdrawals due to flood conditions. This dependence of withdrawals on
weather conditions can be determined by including weather-related variables in the set of
explanatory variables. The study aims at looking the responses of climate anomalies
(irregularities) in the power plants by fuel type at aggregate level on production of electricity
and cost, in three regions namely Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana region of
Andhra Pradesh. The regression model by taking in to account cooling temperature in all
four seasons of year failed to capture the seasonal changes.
 How ever inclusion of more weather related variables and other hydro climatic changes,
marginal price of water etc as additional explanatory variables can provide better results.
On going research on water use models provides a pragmatic basis for pursuing
improvements in the efficiency of water use in power plant and cooling systems that exceed
the standard values.

3. Initiatives for Augmenting Resource mobilization of Gram

Panchayats - A Case Study of Karnataka
The study entitled “ Initiatives for augmenting Resource Mobilization of Gram Panchayats”- A
Case Study of Karnataka examines the fiscal status of selected Gram panchayats and
documents the innovative practices related to it. It also indicates policy recommendations as
how to improve the levy of existing taxes and imposing new taxes. This helps to address the
core local finance issues and realizing the dream of fiscal decentralization. The high lights of
the study are given below :

Background of the Study

In recent decades fiscal decentralization has become a world wide movement. India was
endowed with democratic decentralization that is giving status, more autonomy, functions
and resources to local Government through 73rd and 74th constitutional Amendment Act in
1992. But these Acts have not changed the structure of fiscal federalism in the country. The
legislature enjoys absolute powers by delegating the municipalities with much fiscal
authority. But municipalities possess only delegated powers and functions (as per Dillon’s
Rule) that limits the local choice. This in turn has significant impact on the functional and
fiscal domain of local bodies like panchayati Raj Institutions. Over and above certain
challenging issues. To study the present status of the fiscal domain of the selected
Panchayati Raj Institutions. (PRIs) such as overdependence of PRIs on Government funding
and general reluctance to pay taxes at grass root level etc have prompted to take up the study.
The study is devoted to examine the entire financial structure of selected Gram Panchayats
with respect to taxation and other issues like Government funding and tried to document
success practices. In order to assess this, one needs to examine the following issues.

The main objectives of the study are as follows

• To study the present status of the fiscal domain of the selected Panchayati Raj
Institutions. (PRIs)
• To analyze the scope of fiscal discipline practiced by the PRIs
• To document innovative practices of PRIs to assess the capacity and also raise financial
resources.
• To suggest policy recommendations for ensuring judicious management of financial
resources at Gram Panchayat level.

The study area includes the selected Gram Panchayats in three different taluks of Urban
Bangalore District. Urban Bangalore from Karnataka state was purposefully selected as the
percentage of tax collection during recent years (2005-06 and 2006-07) was more than 80
percent. Three Grampanchayats namely channasandra from East Bangalore , Doddajala from
Bangalore North and Mayasandra from Ankel taluk were selected. Care has been taken to
select one developed Gram panchayat and relatively backward Gram Panchayat based on the
percentage of tax collection.

Current State of Finance

The scenario of overall Gram panchayats position in four different taluks is diverse. For the
year 2002-03, Ankel taluk has highest percentage of tax collection. i.e. 102.62. It is very
exciting to note that the total demand for tax collection was Rs.13562972 and the actual total
collection was Rs.13918073. The trend of surplus tax collection i.e. Rs. 355101 symbolizes
remarkable achievement. But it varied over a period of time . For the years 2004-05 and
2005-06, the percentage of over all collection of taxes was only 36 percent. The Bangalore
South has highest total demand for collection of taxes for the year 2002-03 that is Rs.
32481024 and the total collection is Rs.26734670. The balance amount Rs. 5746354 have to
yet to be recovered in the form of taxes. The over all percentage of tax collection was 82.31.
For the same year in case of Bangalore North and East the total collection was less than the
total demand But over a period of time. The trends in percentage of overall tax collection for
the year 2004-05 and 2005-06 was highest in Bangalore North (71.42) and Bangalore South
(84.52). This data clearly indicates the fluctuating status of local finance. This scenario is a
result of the following factors

• The high rate of tax collection during certain period can be due to active involvement
of the president of GPs , bill collectors and follow up of innovative practices.
• The low rate of tax collection was due to inadequate collection of user charges due to
poor administration of tax by local Government.
• The other reason is absence of autonomy for PRIs in respect of tax setting, rate
revision and other spheres of functioning.
Income /Revenue and Expenditure pattern of Gram Panchayats
For the selected Gram panchayats like Doddajala, Channasandra and Mayasandra the
revenue /income flows from mainly four accounts. That is from Account No.1 (Tax and Non-
tax Revenue), AccountNo.2 (Assigned Grants), Account No.3 ( Grants from Centrally
Sponsored and State sponsored schemes) and Account No.4 (Drinking Water Account). The
expenditure was also incurred or spent from these four accounts. The reference period
selected was 2000-01 to 2005-06. In Doddajala for the reference years 2000-01 to 2005-06,
the highest revenue (range in between 65 percent -82 percent) was recorded from Account
no.1, medium revenue (10 percent -24 percent) from Account no.3 and low revenue
(1percent- 2 percent) from Account no.4. In channasandra GP the highest revenue (range
between 74 percent to 86 percent) was from Account 1, medium revenue (range between 7
percent and 12 percent) from Account no.3 and lowest revenue (range between 1 percent to
2 percent) from Account no.4) In case of Mayasandra GP the highest revenue was accrued
from Account 3, medium revenue from Account 2 and lowest revenue from Account 4. As far
as expenditure patterns are concerned in channasandra GP the highest expenditure was
incurred in the range between (54.63 percent and 92.48 percent) from Account no.1, medium
expenditure (1.18 percent to 24.96 percent) from account no.2 and lowest expenditure (2.65
percent to 7.29 percent) from Account no.4. In Doddajala GP, the highest expenditure was
accrued from Account no.1 in the range varying between (39.09 percent to 72.77 percent),
medium revenue from Account no.II ( 4.21 perecent to 43.75 percent) and lowest expenditure
incurred from Account no.4 (1.68 percent to 7.88 percent) . In Mayasandra GP, the highest
expenditure was incurred only for the year 2005-06 I.e. 55.94 percent from Account no.1,
medium from Account no.3 for the year 2001-02 (37.72 percent) and lowest from Account
no.2 (0.86 percent) for the year 2005-06.

The comparative scenario of total income and expenditure of three GPs from all four
accounts for the combined total period of 2000-01 to 2005-06 reveals that in Doddajala and
Channasandra the income and revenue was high than the expenditure incurred. This was
mainly due to effective collection of taxes whereas in Mayasandra the income/revenue was
far below the expenditure incurred. This shows that the system of tax collection was not up
to the mark as expected or rather passive.

Emerging Issues regarding Tax structure

Both tax and non-taxes are levied by the selected Gram Panchayats of Urban Bangalore
District. One common phenomenon of these Gram Panchayats was that house tax, property
tax, Industrial tax and water tax were commonly levied in two Gram Panchayats namely
channa Sandra and Doddajala. Where as in Mayasandra only house tax and water tax was
levied. However the rates of these vary from one GP to another. For instance in case of house
tax , there are three different rate structures for tiled, asbestos/roof and RCC. These rates are
also varied in three selected Gram panchayats. For instance in channasandra for tiled roof per
square feet it is 10 paise, asbestos 15 paise and RCC roof 20 paise for the year 1993-94. But
in case of Doddajala GP, the rates are tiled it was0.05 paise, asbestos 0.04 paise and RCC it is
0.06 paise. It is important here to mention that in all the selected GPs the house tax changes
once in four years. For example in Doddajala it changed at 20 to 40 percent where as in
Channasandra at 45 percent and Mayasandra 35 percent. Similarly in case of water tax also
the rates vary. The other type of non- taxes collected such as licensee fee, slaughter house
tax, admission fee on buildings and structures, bank interest ,fish tenders, etc are levied as
per the decision of president and secretary. However 31 percent cess is commonly levied in
all the selected GPs that includes health cess, library cess and education cess.

The case studies documented in case of channasandra and Doddajala reveal that for the
recovery of property tax in case of Food Corporation of India in respect of FSD White Field
and Container Corporation of India limited, Khareem Spun silk limited the respective
panchayats have taken steps like issue of several correspondence letters, conduct meetings
and issue of demand notice. The innovative type of telephone tax and Bus tax levied by
Doddajala GP and Atthibele GP was able to mount up the revenue mobilization effort. The
message coming out of these case studies was that right from layman to top at industry level
, every one should feel the responsibility of paying the taxes promptly for the sake of
developmental activities of the respective GPs.

Recommendations
The specific policy options in the context of various issues observed earlier are as follows

• Steps to be taken for increasing revenue and decreasing expenditure

• Steps taken for stream lining financial management
Measures to be taken for enhancement of revenue
Property Tax
• Prepare a data base of various tax and non-tax by forming Revenue Advisory Team
headed by president with membership of ward commissioners, secretary and bill collectors.
• Prepare a reliable map of selected GPs and plot all the house holdings with a
permanent holding and number of each holding on it. After that computerize the information
relating to number of family members, profession and number of taxpayers willing to pay the
taxes installment wise. By this a data base on tax payers will be established.
• A periodic assessment of these holdings is necessary due to improvements in the
holdings. There may be additions to structures, construction of new buildings, increase in the
size of holdings due to population increase and breaking up of joint families etc.
• There is an urgent need to strengthen tax collection team (probably) bill collectors
operations to start their collection drives at the beginning of the year rather than at the end
by issuing the tax bills and pursuing collection.
• It is imperative to undertake general civic awareness campaign, wall writing,
advertising through posters, miking to convince and finally enforce legal instruments like
Distressed Warrant and collect taxes.
• The GP office should provide its official copy of property tax assessment details to
owner of the holdings.
Water Tax
• Increase the connection charges for water supply per month by categorizing the
different types of consumption levels.
• Introduce the technique of water metering for the consumers. In case water metering
is a costly affair, as an temporary arrangement introduce a more accurate rates based on the
number of taps of water users.
• If the people ofGPs resist for installation of water metering, it is advisable to fix the
cost of water supply on the basis of recurring expenses for the moment.
Own Property Income
A bus tax is levied on private buses of Atthibele GP. In practice Karnataka Government owned
buses are exempted from bus tax. It is suggested that a nominal rate should be fixed even for
buses that are owned by Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation. This enables to
contribute atleast a minimum amount to GP so that it can be self-sufficient.
Profession and Pilgrim fee
These two types of taxes are not levied by respective GPs. Therefore sincere initiation should
be taken by the GPs to levy these two taxes so thatadequate amount of revenue can be
mopped up.
Measures to be taken for minimizing expenditure
• Water supply expenses are considered as a base on part of the Gram panchayats. It is
essential to estimate the actual or true cost of pipe water supply and limit its use to cost
effective areas.
• To provide hand tube wells under community management as a temporary
arrangement to each household in future
• A strict monitoring should be enforced to reduce the wastage of water. The leakages
present near pipes and handwells should be immediately be paid attention.
• It is imperative to reassess the other expenses that includes expenditure of
administrative nature and try to minimize expenditure on unwanted things.

These measures truly followed can assure a self-reliant and more autonomus financial scope
for selected GPs of Urban Bangalore District.
4. Fund Utilization For Creation of Durable Assets - A Study of DRDA
/ ZP in two States (Karnataka and Orissa)
The prosperity of Rural India is linked to the availability of adequate funds for asset creation
. The focus of sampoorna Grameen Rozgar yojana has been to provide productive assets and
help in infrastructure creation. In this regard there is a need to document the stages, in fund
releasing and time lags involved in the selected schemes, monitoring at the same time the
fund utilization at all levels of the implementation mechanism. This paper attempts to
understand the pattern of fund flow and utilization of funds by DRDAs and the implementing
agencies like Panchayat Raj Institutions at district, block and village level for the SGRY scheme
in the states of Karnataka and Orissa. The details of the timelags against the central release
shows that there were considerable delays between the time of the fund flow from the
central government and its transfer to the scheme account during some specific years. As
regards the district wise utilization of funds under SGRY scheme, the percentage of utilization
is more in Mayurbhanji.e.99.32% , compared to that of Raichuri.e. 65.898%. Attempts have
also been made to cross check the figures in respect of flow of funds and receipt provided by
District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) officials from grants in aid records , made available
by the office of DRDAs cash book. It reveals that both figures do indeed tally. No discrepancy
noted, mainly due to information provided by DRDA and ZP officials in the study states. At
the end policy recommendations were suggested for smooth flow of funds and their judicious
utilization.

5. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) – Experiences of

Gujarat and Karnataka
Government of India is implementing a number of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) in the areas of
rural development social welfare throughout the Country, including Gujarat and Karnataka. The main
objectives of all these schemes are to generate employment, reduce poverty & economic inequality
and improve the quality of life. Besides, some of these schemes aim at creation of basic infrastructure
and assets essential for economic development in rural areas. Despite of the fact that huge allocations
have been made by the Central Government through Centrally Sponsored Programmes in Karnataka
and Gujarat, the development in basic infrastructure and improvements in amenities/facilities has
been inadequate, especially in rural areas of the state. The standard of living of the people has not
improved to the desired extent and the employment opportunities for the youths are few and far
between. Hence, it becomes imperative at this stage to know as to what extent these schemes have
been in a position to achieve the stated objectives. Such an exercise will help to identify the
problems/short comings in implementing these schemes. It will also help the policy makers and
implementing agencies to introduce the necessary interventions to enhance the efficiency of the
programme and to ensure better utilization of the resources.

6. “Environmental Impact of Oil and Gas Exploration and

Production”
Humanity has always in need of a variety of energy resources for the development of
civilization and making life more comfortable. Exploration of energy resources has played an
important role in generating and sustaining individual development andeconomic growth.
Increased importance is being given presently, to the exploration and development of
conventional energy resources like oil and natural gas, locally referred to as refinery outputs.
Petroleum generally, occurs in sedimentary deposits in a complex mixture of hydrocarbons,
which exists under the ground, naturally in gaseous (natural gas), liquid (crude oil), and solid
(asphalt or coal) state.
The society’s dependence on oil and gas been increasing at an alarming rate. This increased
utilization necessitated the exploration, development, production and transportation of
hydrocarbons. The consequences of increased use of these hydrocarbons resulted in
environmental degradation. 1 There are also other potential environmental hazards at the
time of these operations including the danger of “blowout”, which was the case in recent
years. In India not much work has been done to study such environmental impacts.
With reference to natural gas extraction, there are other precautionary measures need to be
in place. The natural gas is extracted with the same kind of technology used in petroleum
extraction. In this case, gas must be kept under pressure once it reaches the surface.
Otherwise, “blowout” can happen while drilling and nay ignition (spark) before capping the
well may lead to ghastly fire. This will lead to irreversible environmental damage. Equally
serious problem is the disposal of waste that is generated at the time of drilling (exploration
and development). At the time of drilling a sizable amount of mud is collected (slurry) and
discharged into the open areas. This mud waste contains hazardous substances (a hazardous
substances is one that exhibits, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity) such as nitrogen, oily waste,
paint thinner, paper; card board, glass etc.; pipe dope (lead, Zinc, or copper based),
propane, rig wash (sodium carbonate, sodium meta silicate); scarp plastics, varsol; lime,
oxygen scavenger; soda ash; zinc carbonate, etc.
1
Flaring is an important safety procedure, especially at facilities that handle sour gas. The
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in sour gas is toxic and heavier than air. In case of gas flaring,
environmental damage is quite significant. This can happen to both on shore and off shore
operations. If not flared, it could pose hazard to workers and neighbours. Flaring converts H2S
into less toxic sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is dispensed in the plume of hot gases from the flare.
This activity requires regulation
of the industry. The objectives of the present project are to focus on all these issues and come
up with various policy guidelines.
It is the duty of every Indian, including those working in the oil gas sector, to protect and at
the same time pursue the goal of economic development. One way to achieve this is through
sustainable development “that meets the needs of the present generation without
compromising the availability for future generations.”
Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of this study are:
i) to assess the effluents and other substances discharged in the
neighbourhood of the drilling site;
ii) a quantitative assessment of the type of drilling – depth, type of substances
discharge in air, water, and soil;
iii) linkages of drilling activity with the environemental degradation;
iv) to identify regulatory mechanism and guidelines in India in relation to the
similar regulations, in place in other countries, for the waste management,
v) to suggest policy guidelines for the reduction in environment damages.
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS In the present section, an attempt is made on the basis of some
of the major observations from the study, to suggests certain policy guidelines that are
intended to provide an impetus to the qualitative improvement in the environmental
management scenario so that a harmonious relationship can exist between drilling and
production of oil and gas industries and the environment.
As a integral part of better environmental management, the concerned authorities should,
before the initiation of the oil and gas exploration activities, take into consideration various
aspects like;
Drill site layout and waste sump construction
Drilling fluid chemicals
Resource and waste management
Reclamation of drill site and environment quality maintenance
Environment Management system

Training Programmes
1.Name of Training Programme : Course on Finance and Accounting in Rural Development –
Duration : January 16 -20, 2006
Institution and Place of Training: NIRD, Hyderabad
Sponsored by : NIRD
Designed Role in the Programme: Director of the Programme
No: of Sessions Taught: 6
Co-ordinated Role of the Programme: No
Any Other Information : No
2. Name of Training Programme : Financial Management for Accounts Officers and DRDA’s
Duration: July, 10-15, 2006
Sponsored by : NIRD
Designed Role in the Programme: Director of the Programme
No: of Sessions Taught: 6
Co-ordinated Role of the Programme: No
Any Other Information : No
3. Financial Management of DRDAs
Duration: August 5, 2005
Sponsored by : NIRD
Designed Role in the Programme: Director of the Programme
No: of Sessions Taught: 2
Co-ordinated Role of the Programme: No
Any Other Information : No
4. “Poverty Estimation and Evaluation of Poverty Alleviation Programmes” for senior officers
of Indian Statistical Service.
Duration: July 5-12,2005
Sponsored by : NIRD
Designed Role in the Programme: No
No: of Sessions Taught: 2
Co-ordinated Role of the Programme: Co-Course Co-ordinator
Any Other Information : No

Teaching No of Years of Experienece: 10

Training: 4 Years
Research: 6 Years
Experience

Post Held: Associate Professor

Office : Aksum University, Ethiopia
Date of Joining : 26-10-2016
Date of Leaving: 31-07-2018
Experience: 2 Years
Gross Salary: Rs1,20,600

Post Held: Senior Faculty

Office: IVY League Academy
Date of Joining: 02-06-2014
Date of Leaving: 31-03-2016
Experience: 2 Years
Gross Salary: Rs35,000

Post Held: Post Doctoral Fellow

Office: Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Date of Joining: 01-09-2009
Date of Leaving: 31-08-2010
Experience: 1 Year
Gross Salary: Rs35,000

Post Held: Assistant Professor

Office: National Institute of Rural Development
Date of Joining: 24-09-2004
Date of Leaving: 23-09-2007
Experience: 3 Years
Gross Salary: Rs30,000
Post Held: Faculty Associate
Office: Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India
Date of Joining: 19-03-2003
Date of Leaving: 22-07-2004
Experience: 1 year 5 months
Gross Salary: Rs15,000
Post Held: Senior Faculty
Office: Pragathi College, Osmania University
Date of Joining:01-07-2002
Date of Leaving: 20-02-2003
Experience: 1 year 5 months
Gross Salary: Rs 7500
Post Held: Research Associate
Office: University of Hyderabad
Date of Joining:-04-01-2000
Date of Leaving: 18-03-2002
Experience:
Gross Salary: Rs 3000
Post Held: Guest Faculty
Office: University of Hyderabad
Date of Joining:01-01-1999
Date of Leaving: 02-02-2002
Experience: 1 year 5 months
Gross Salary: Rs 4500

Professor
Public Systems Management & Social Security , Doctoral Programme, Ethiopian Civil Service
University, Addis Ababa,
Phone:+251116463015,
[email protected]
,Fax:+251116463016
,Personal Mobile +251904108439

Mr. Mussie Tesfay Teklu

College of Business and Economics
Aksum University, Dean
[email protected]
+251910317464