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Week 3 Lecture: Thermal Loads in Buildings

Thermal load calculations in buildings involve calculating heat transfer through surfaces like walls, roofs and windows. It also involves calculating heat gains from people, lights, equipment, infiltration and more. Psychrometric charts can be used to calculate heating and cooling loads by showing comfort conditions and determining required water vapor removal. Condensation in buildings can occur from internal and external moisture sources and be minimized through good thermal design, ventilation, material selections and finishes to prevent issues like mold growth.

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74 views

Week 3 Lecture: Thermal Loads in Buildings

Thermal load calculations in buildings involve calculating heat transfer through surfaces like walls, roofs and windows. It also involves calculating heat gains from people, lights, equipment, infiltration and more. Psychrometric charts can be used to calculate heating and cooling loads by showing comfort conditions and determining required water vapor removal. Condensation in buildings can occur from internal and external moisture sources and be minimized through good thermal design, ventilation, material selections and finishes to prevent issues like mold growth.

Uploaded by

gagandhawan31
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermal loads in buildings

ENS5200

Week 3 Lecture
ENS4200/5200 Week 3

Thermal Loads in Buildings


• Thermal load calculations
• Application of Psychrometric Charts
• Condensation in buildings
• Installations and their repercussions
Further information:
• ASHRAE Fundamentals and
• Trane and other chiller manufacturer
training clinics.
Learning outcomes from the Week 3 lecture

Students should be able to:


• Calculate the heat transfer through walls
and air films;
• Calculate heat gains for people, lighting
and equipment;
• Identify the effects of operational and
environmental conditions on indoor
condensation and humidity levels; and
• Interpret and apply psychrometric chart
data to calculate heating and cooling
loads.
Thermal load calculations

Heat Transfer
• Heat Transfer Q= Q (conduction) + Q
(convection) + Q (radiation)
• Influences on heat transfer (examples)
Cooling Load Components

roof

partition
lights wall

people

infiltration equipment
glass solar

glass
conduction

exterior
wall
floor
TRANE Cooling and Heating Load Estimation 2000
Cooling Load Components (continued)
TRANE Cooling and Heating Load Estimation 2000

cooling load components sensible latent space coil


load load load load
conduction through roof, walls, windows,
and skylights
solar radiation through windows, skylights
conduction through ceiling, interior
partition walls, and floor
people
lights
equipment/appliances
infiltration
ventilation
system heat gains
Heat conduction through surfaces

Conduction Heat Transfer calculations


• Heat Transfer Q = U x A x K (1)
Thermal load calculations (continued)

Heat transfer calculations (continued)

• For a cavity wall section the total thermal


resistance
Rt = Rsi + R1 +Ra + R2 + Rso (2)

• Coefficient of heat transfer (conductance)


U = 1 / (Rsi + R1 +Ra + R2 + Rso) (3)
Thermal load calculations (continued)

U = 1 / (Rsi + R1 +Ra + R2 + Rso) (3)

• Thermal resistance of air films


Rsi = 1 / f si (4)
Rso = 1 / f so (5)
• Thermal resistance of walls
R1 = x1 / k1 (6)
R2 = x2 / k2 (7)
Thermal Resistance of air films

AIRAH technical Handbook 2007


Thermal resistance of pitched roof spaces

AIRAH technical Handbook 2007


Thermal resistance of air spaces

AIRAH technical Handbook 2007


Infrared emittance of selected materials

AIRAH technical
Handbook 2007
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for cavity brick work

AIRAH technical
Handbook 2007
Thermal properties of building and insulating materials

AIRAH technical
Handbook 2007
Heat gain from people

AIRAH technical Handbook 2007


Other heat gains.

Lighting
• All electrical energy dissipated as heat
Office machinery and computers
• 15 to 25 Watts per square metre
Heat from machines and process equipment
• All electrical energy consumed dissipated
as heat
• Diversity of use
Cooling and heating load principles

• Thermal load variables


• Air conditioning zones
• Total load calculation
Single room air-conditioner thermal load calculation

Window
Area ‘A’

AIRAH
technical
handbook 20
07
Single air-conditioner (continued)

AIRAH technical
Handbook 2007
Condensation in buildings

Sources of moisture
• Internal and external sources
• Partial vapour pressures and
condensation
Condensation in buildings (continued)

Condensation and mould growth


• Can cause respiratory problems,
corrosion, decay, reduced performance
Problem minimisation
• Good thermal design, ventilation capture,
materials selections and finishes
The application of psychrometric charts

AIRAH technical Handbook


2007
The application of Psychrometric Charts (continued)

• Comfort conditions
• Determines water vapour removal
• Reduces calculation complexity

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