Name Definition Component Normal Values Preparation

A. BLOOD SAMPLE

a set values of the cellular (formed elements) of blood. These Red blood cells, which carry oxygen Red blood cell count Male: 4.35-5.65 trillion cells/L* don't need any special preparations for a complete blood count. a
measurements are generally determined by specially designed White blood cells, which fight infection (4.32-5.72 million cells/mcL**) medical problem needing treatment. Diet, activity level, medications, a
Female: 3.92-5.13 trillion cells/L
machines that analyze the different components of blood in Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells (3.90-5.03 million cells/mcL) women's menstrual cycle
less than a minute. Hematocrit, the proportion of red blood cells to the fluid component, or plasma, in your Hemoglobin
blood Male: 13.2-16.6 grams/dL***
Platelets, which help with blood clotting (132-166 grams/L)
Female: 11.6-15 grams/dL
(116-150 grams/L)
Hematocrit
Male: 38.3-48.6 percent
Female: 35.5-44.9 percent
White blood cell count
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT 3.4-9.6 billion cells/L
(3,400 to 9,600 cells/mcL)
Platelet count
Male: 135-317 billion/L
(135,000 to 317,000/mcL)
Female: 157-371 billion/L
(157,000-371,000/mcL)

A test done on a sample of blood to measure the amount of An electrolyte panel measures sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate and Electrolytes not to eat or drink anything (except water) for several hours before
certain substances in the body. These substances include bicarbonate. Bicarbonate (total) 18-30 mEq/L having blood chemistry tests. This is called fasting.
electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride), fats, Kidney function tests (also called a renal panel) measure blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Calcium (total) 9-11 mg/dL; 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
proteins, glucose (sugar), and enzymes. creatinine. Chloride 98-106 mEq/L Some medicines may also affect blood chemistry test results. You may
Liver function tests measure alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Magnesium 1.8-3.6 mg/dL; 1.5-3.0 mEq/L be asked to stop taking certain medicines before having blood chemistry
Phosphorus 3-4.5 mg/dL; 1.8-2.3 mEq/L (adults)
aspartate transaminase (AST), bilirubin, albumin and total protein. 4-6.5 mg/dL; 2.3-3.8 mEq/L (children) tests. Check if you should avoid any medicines and for how long.
A basic metabolic panel (BMP) includes an electrolyte panel and kidney function tests and Potassium 3.5-5.5 mEq/L
also measures glucose and calcium. Sodium 135-147 mEq/L
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) includes an electrolyte panel, kidney function Enzymes*
tests and liver function tests and also measures glucose and calcium. Alkaline Phosphatase 50-160 U/L
Amylase 53-123 U/L
Creatine Kinase (CK, CPK) 38-174 U/L (males)
96-140 U/L (females)
Lipase 10-150 U/L
ALT (GPT) 0-30 U/L
AST (GOT) 0-40 U/L
Other
Albumin 3.5-5.5 g/dL
BLOOD CHEMISTRY Bilirubin <1.0 mg/dL total
<0.4 mg/dL direct (glucuronide- or sulfate-conjugated)
Cholesterol <225 mg/dL (depends on age)
Creatinine 1.0-2.0 mg/dL
Globulin 1.5-3.5 g/dL
Glucose 80-120 mg/dL
Protein (Total) 6.3-8.0 g/dL
Triglycerides 40-200 mg/dL
Urea 20-40 mg/dL
Uric Acid 2.0-4.0 mg/dL
 Coagulation tests measure the blood’s ability to clot, and how Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) discontinue taking certain medications prior to the test.
long it takes to clot. Prothrombin Time/International Normalized Ratio (PT/INR)
Thrombin Time (TT)

ACT 90 – 130 seconds

APTT 21 – 35 seconds
COAGULATION PANEL platelets 140,000 – 450,000 /ml
plasminogen 62 – 130%
PT 10 – 14 seconds
PTT 32 – 45 seconds
FSP Less than 10 µg/dL
fibrinogen 160 – 450 mg/dL
bleeding time 3 – 7 minutes
thrombin time 11 – 15 seconds
To screen for, detect, evaluate, and monitor acute and chronic alanine transaminase (ALT) ALT. 7 to 55 units per liter (U/L) Certain medications and foods may affect levels of these enzymes and
liver inflammation (hepatitis), liver infection, liver disease aspartate aminotransferase (AST) AST. 8 to 48 U/L proteins in your blood. Your doctor may ask you to avoid some types of
and/or and damage alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ALP. 45 to 115 U/L medications, or they may ask you to avoid eating anything for a period
albumin Albumin. 3.5 to 5.0 grams per deciliter (g/dL) of time before the test. Be sure to continue drinking water prior to the
bilirubin Total protein. 6.3 to 7.9 g/dL test.
Bilirubin. 0.1 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
LIVER PANEL GGT. 9 to 48 U/L
LD. 122 to 222 U/L
PT. 9.5 to 13.8 second

Kidney function tests are simple blood and urine tests that can Serum Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine Clearance, Glomerular Filtration Blood Urea Nitrogen 24 hour urine sample
help identify problems with your kidneys Rate (GFR), Microalbumin Urine, Urine Protein Normal: 7–20 mg/dL.
Serum Creatinine
Normal:
1.2 mg/dL for women;
1.4 mg/dL for men.
Creatinine Clearance
Normal:
Greater than 90 ml/min.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Normal: 90 ml/min.
Less than 15 indicates Kidney
failure.
KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST Microalbunin Urine Test
Normal: Less than 30 mg/L
• 30 mg/L – 300 mg/L is
called microalbuminuria.
• Greater than 300 mg/L is
called macroalbuminuria.
Urine Protein Test . Normal: Negative.
 Monoclonal Immunoglobulins (blood test)
Generally, a value of 0.03-0.05 mg/ml is significant for early disease
B2M
Beta-2-Microglobulin
< 2.5 mg/L
BTA
Bladder Tumor Antigen
(urine test)
None normally detected
A substance that can be detected in higher-than-normal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) CA 15-3 You usually don't need any special preparations for a blood or urine test.
amounts in the blood, urine, or body tissues of some patients cancer antigen 125 (CA125) Cancer Antigen 15-3 or Carbohydrate Antigen 15-3 If you are getting a biopsy, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for
with certain types of cancer. cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) < 31 U/ml (30% of patients have an elevated CA 15-3 for 30-90 days after several hours before the procedure
carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) treatment, so wait 2-3 months after starting new treatment to check)
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG or beta-hCG) CA 19-9
prostate-specific antigen (PSA Cancer Antigen 19-9 or Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9
< 37 U/ml is normal
> 120 U/ml is generally caused by tumor
CA 125
Cancer Antigen 125 or Carbohydrate Antigen 125
0-35 U/ml
CA 27.29
TUMOR MARKER Cancer Antigen 27.29 or Carbohydrate Antigen 27.29
< 40 U/ml Generally, levels > 100 U/ml signify cancer (30% of patients have
elevated CA 27.29 for 30-90 days after treatment, so wait 2-3 months after
starting new treatment to check)
Calcitonin
<8.5 pg/mL for men
< 5.0 pg/mL for women
CEA
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
<2.5 ng/ml in non-smokers <5 ng/ml in smokers Generally, > 100 signifies
metastatic cancer
Chromogranin A
Normal varies on how tested, but typically < 39 ng/l is normal

is a blood test done to measure the amount of glucose present hemoglobin A1C test. A normal A1C level is 5.6 percent or below This is a requirement for some tests, since the level of substances such
in the blood after an eight-hour fast as glucose can vary during digestion. While fasting, the patient can only
ingest water. It is not allowed to consume any solid food, or drink
beverages such as coffee, juices or tea; water is the only consumption
allowed. Chewing gum (including sugar free) could also affect test’s
results, since it activates digestion. Therefore, it is not allowed either.
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR Medication is permitted, unless your doctor advises otherwise. In case
of consuming your medication, it should be with water.

B. VISUALIZATION TEST
X-rays are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. X- Operating Console ,High Frequency Generator, X-ray Tube, Internal. External Other Parts Bone (vertebrae, ribs, scapula…). The main component To prepare for a chest X-ray, the patient is typically instructed to wear a
ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of your body. include: Collimator and Grid , Bucky , X-ray Film. is calcium, which absorbs the x-ray considerably: the gown and remove all metal containing objects around the upper body
bone image is very opaque (white on the radiography) (necklaces, zippers, bras, buttons, jewelry, eyeglasses, etc.)
Blood and soft tissue (heart, mediastinum, vessels).
The absorption of x-rays is less complete than bones:
Therefore, the image is less opaque (light grey)
Fat tissue. the absorption of x-rays is lower: the image is
X RAYS dark grey.
Air (in lungs) which does not absorb the x-ray at all.

Ultrasound: High-frequency sound waves. Ultra-sound waves Transducer probe - probe that sends and receives the sound waves Pregnancy, GI tract problems , soft tissues, renal kidney can be found 12 hours fasting. the patient is typically instructed to wear a gown and
can be bounced off tissues by using special devices. The echoes Central processing unit (CPU) - computer that does all of the calculations and contains the during ultrasound. remove all metal containing objects around the upper body (necklaces,
are then converted into a picture called a sonogram. electrical power supplies for itself and the transducer probe zippers, bras, buttons, jewelry, eyeglasses, etc.)
Ultrasound imaging allows an inside view of soft tissues and Transducer pulse controls - changes the amplitude, frequency and duration of the pulses
body emitted from the transducer probe
cavities without the use of invasive techniques. Ultrasound is Display - displays the image from the ultrasound data processed by the CPU
often used to examine a fetus during pregnancy. There is no Keyboard/cursor - inputs data and takes measurements from the display
ULTRASOUND evidence that any danger occurs from ultrasound during Disk storage device (hard, floppy, CD) - stores the acquired images
pregnancy. Printer - prints the image from the displayed data
 Endoscopy: Examination of the inside of the body by using a A flexible or rigid tube Stomach pain do not drink or eat. the patient is typically instructed to wear a gown
lighted, flexible instrument called an endoscope. In general, an A lens to transmit the image of the patient’s internal system to the operator or viewer (this Ulcers, gastritis, or difficulty swallowing and remove all metal containing objects around the upper body
endoscope is introduced into the body through a natural is generally a relay lens in rigid endoscopes, or multiple fiber-optics for fiberscopes) Digestive tract bleeding (necklaces, zippers, bras, buttons, jewelry, eyeglasses, etc.)
opening such as the mouth or anus. A system to transmit light to enhance the visibility of the area being examined (the source Changes in bowel habits (chronic constipation or diarrhea)
of this light is usually based outside of the body, directed through optical fibers) Polyps or growths in the colon
An extra channel to accommodate manipulators of medical instruments for surgical
procedures
An eyepiece (in videoscopes lacking eyepieces, images from inside the patient are sent to
ENDOSCOPY a screen for viewing and capture)

is a pain-free, noninvasive medical test used to produce two- or magnet, gradient coils, radio frequency coils, patient table, antenna, computer system Brain and spinal cord conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, brain
three-dimensional images of the structures inside your body or spinal cord injuries, brain aneurysms, tumors, and brain injuries
using a strong magnetic field and radio waves. Tumors or abnormalities in organs like the liver, spleen, pancreas, reproductive
organs, kidneys, bile ducts, bladder, heart, bowel, and adrenal glands
Heart and blood vessel structure issues, such as the abnormal size of aortic
chambers, damage from a heart attack or heart disease, inflammation,
blockages, congenital heart disease, aneurysms, and other heart problems
Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
Liver diseases like cirrhosis
MAGNETIC REASONANCE IMAGING Breast cancer
Joint and bone irregularities, tumors, abnormalities, and infections
Please leave your valuables at home, including jewelry, to prevent it
from being lost or stolen, for they have to be removed prior to entering
the scan room.
Please let us know if you need interpreting services, this can be
arranged for you.
Please bring a list of your current medications.
If you have claustrophobia, your doctor may prescribe an oral
medication for you to take with you for your MRI appointment.
It uses a combination of X-rays and a computer to create gantry, x-ray tube, x-ray detector, console CT scans can detect bone and joint problems, like complex bone fractures and PRECAUTIONS: If you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant, please
pictures of your organs, bones, and other tissues. tumors. check with your doctor before scheduling the exam. Other options will
If you have a condition like cancer, heart disease, emphysema, or liver masses, be discussed with you and your doctor.
CT scans can spot it or help doctors see any changes. CLOTHING: You may be asked to change into a patient gown. If so, a
They show internal injuries and bleeding, such as those caused by a car gown will be provided for you. A locker will be provided to secure
accident. personal belongings. Please remove all piercings and leave all jewelry
They can help locate a tumor, blood clot, excess fluid, or infection. and valuables at home.
Doctors use them to guide treatment plans and procedures, such as biopsies,
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN surgeries, and radiation therapy.
 A urinalysis is a group of physical, chemical, and microscopic Visual test, chemical test, microscopic test color Straw drink plenty of water so you can give an adequate urine sample
tests. The tests detect and/or measure several substances in specific gravity 1.003 – 1.040
the urine, such as byproducts of normal and abnormal pH 4.6 – 8.0
metabolism, cells, cellular fragments, and bacteria. Na 10 – 40 mEq/L
K Less than 8 mEq/L
C1 Less than 8 mEq/L
protein 1 – 15 mg/dL
osmolality 80 – 1300 mOsm/L
24 HOUR URINE
amylase 250 – 1100 IU / 24 hr
calcium 100 – 250 mg / 24 hr
chloride 110 – 250 mEq / 24 hr
creatinine 1 – 2 g / 24 hr
creatine clearance (Male) 100 – 140 mL / min
creatine clearance (Male) 16 – 26 mg / kg / 24 hr
creatine clearance (Female) 80 – 130 mL / min
creatine clearance (Female) 10 – 20 mg / kg / 24 hr
magnesium 6 – 9 mEq / 24 hr
URINE ANALYSIS osmolality 450 – 900 mOsm / kg
phosphorus 0.9 – 1.3 g / 24 hr
potassium 35 – 85 mEq / 24 hr
protein 0 – 150 mg / 24 hr
sodium 30 – 280 mEq / 24 hr
urea nitrogen 10 – 22 gm / 24 hr
uric acid 240 – 755 mg / 24 hr

analysis is a series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample to microscopic examination, chemical tests, and microbiologic tests. In general, normal stool appears brown, soft and well-formed in consistency. It eat plenty to give adequate amount of stool sample.
help diagnose certain conditions affecting the digestive tract. does not contain blood, mucus, pus, harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi or
parasites.
Abnormal results may be due to:
inflammation of the intestine
infection
digestive disorders
cancer
FECAL ANALYSIS

the presence of microscopic blood in the feces, which may be a Guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT), Flushable reagent pad or tissue, Immunochemical Negative result. A fecal occult blood test is considered negative if no blood is Because certain foods can alter the test results, a special diet is often
sign of a problem in your digestive system. fecal occult blood test (iFOBT, or FIT), detected in your stool samples. If you had the test to screen for colon cancer recommended for 48-72 hours before the test. The following foods
and you're at average risk — you have no colon cancer risk factors other than should be avoided during that time:
age — your doctor may recommend waiting one year and then repeating the No raw fruits
test. No raw vegetables
Positive result. A fecal occult blood test is considered positive if blood is No red meat; you can eat chicken and pork
detected in your stool samples. You may need additional testing — such as a Less than 250 mg per day of vitamin C-enriched foods or beverages in
colonoscopy — to locate the source of the bleeding. the 72 hours leading up to the test

FECAL OCULT BLOOD