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Multimedia Note

The document discusses various topics related to color image and video compression including: 1) The human visual system's ability to sense color and how characteristics can be exploited for color image and video compression. 2) The CMYK color model used primarily for print applications and how it represents color using cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks. 3) Color look-up tables and how they are used to represent color. 4) The JPEG/MPEG compression pipeline and the constituent compression algorithms used at each stage. 5) Differences between I-frames, P-frames, and B-frames in video compression as well as why I-frames are inserted relatively frequently.

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shadequl islam
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147 views13 pages

Multimedia Note

The document discusses various topics related to color image and video compression including: 1) The human visual system's ability to sense color and how characteristics can be exploited for color image and video compression. 2) The CMYK color model used primarily for print applications and how it represents color using cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks. 3) Color look-up tables and how they are used to represent color. 4) The JPEG/MPEG compression pipeline and the constituent compression algorithms used at each stage. 5) Differences between I-frames, P-frames, and B-frames in video compression as well as why I-frames are inserted relatively frequently.

Uploaded by

shadequl islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How does the human eye sense colour? What characteristics of the human visual system
can be exploited for the compression of colour images and video?
Different colour models are often used in different applications. What is the CMYK colour
model? Give an application in which this colour model is mostly used and explain the
reason.

What is a colour look-up table and how is it used to represent colour?


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Briefly outline, with the aid of suitable diagrams, the JPEG/MPEG I-Frame compression
pipeline and list the constituent compression algorithms employed at each stage in the
pipeline
The Major Steps in JPEG/MPEG Coding involve:
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Kye different between I fream,p fream,b fream – 3 marks

Why are I-frames inserted into the compressed output stream relatively frequently?- 1
marks

Differences between frames get too large — large errors – hard to track fast blocks etc. So
need to restart card with a new I-frame.

describe how h.261 deals with temporal and spatial redundancy in video
- The ITU-T recommendation H.261 (a.k.a px64), is for video telephony over ISDN lines.

- H.261 is part of the H.320 group of standards which describes the different components of a video conferencing
system and define a narrow-band multimedia terminal.

- H.261 compression algorithm takes advantage of both the spatial and the temporal redundancy of video sequences to
achieve high compression ratios.

- H.261 supports low resolution formats due to bandwidth constrains and therefore cannot deliver video broadcast
quality; Resolutions:

- Common Intermediate Format (CIF ) 352x288 pixels.

-Quarter CIF (QCIF ) at 176 x 144 pixels.

The maximum frame rate is 30 frames per second but it can be reduced depending on the application and bandwidth
availability
H 261 Coding Basics
- A frame of video is one screenshot.

Code frames as two types

I-frames or Intra-coded frames: Coded by exploiting redundancy within the frame

-You can think of these as being just the JPEG coding of the frame

- These are reference points in the video sequence

P-frames or Inter-coded frames

-These are codings of frames that exploit their similarity with previously coded frames

- Also called predicted or pseudo frames

Intra fream ( I fream ) coding

p- fream coding based on motion compression


What is motion vector ?
In video compression, a motion vector is the key element in the motion estimation process. It is used to
represent a macroblock in a picture based on the position of this macroblock (or a similar one) in another picture,
called the reference picture.

Explain 2D algorithomic search for searching motion vector


Logarithmic search: a cheaper version, that is suboptimal but still usually effective

The procedure for 2D Logarithmic Search of motion vectors takes several iterations and is akin to
a binary search:

• initially only nine locations in the search window are used as seeds for a MAD-based
search; they are marked as ‘1’

• After the one that yields the minimum MAD is located, the center of the new search region
is moved to it and the step-size (“offset”) is reduced to half

• In the next iteration, the nine new locations are marked as ‘2’ and so on
Different between MPEG-I and H.261
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An H.261 video has the three color channels Y , Cr, Cb. Should MVs be computed for each
channel
and then transmitted? Justify your answer. If not, which channel should be used for motion
compen-sation?

Answer:
No. MVs are usually generated from the Y -frames. In almost all cases, the luminance (Y )
channel carries sufficient motion information.
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Scalable Coding
The ability to encode a visual sequence so as to enable the Decoding of
the Digital Data stream at various spatial and/or temporal resolutions.

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Nyquist Theorem
The Nyquist Theorem, also known as the sampling theorem, is a principle that
engineers follow in the digitization of analog signals. For analog-to-digital conversion
(ADC) to result in a faithful reproduction of the signal, slices, called samples, of the
analog waveform must be taken frequently. The number of samples per second is
called the sampling rate or sampling frequency.

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QoS (quality of service)
Quality of service (QoS) refers to any technology that manages data traffic to
reduce packet loss, latency and jitter on the network. QoS controls and manages
network resources by setting priorities for specific types of data on the network

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