What Is This Module About?

This module will bring you to the world of trigonometry. The word, trigonometry, was
taken from the Greek words trigonon and metron. Trigonon means “triangle” and metron
means “measure”. Thus, our study of trigonometry will deal mostly with triangles.
The knowledge and skills that you will gain in this module will help you solve real-life
problems which involve triangles.
You will learn many things in this module with the following lessons:
Lesson 1 — Meet Angles Again
Lesson 2 — Landing on the World of Trigonometry
Lesson 3 — Degree or Radian?
Lesson 4 — Your Opposite Is My Adjacent!

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After reading this module, you should be able to:

♦ classify angles and triangles;
♦ find the complement and supplement of an angle; and
♦ convert the given measurement of an angle to unit degrees or radians.

Wait

Before you continue studying this module, be sure to have read to module “Lines and
Angles”, a CORE module in the Secondary Level.

Let’s See What You Already Know

I. Identify the type of angle/triangle being described by the following.

1. An ________ angle is an angle with a measurement greater than 90° but less than
180°.
2. A ________ angle is an angle with a measurement of 180°.
3. An ________ angle is an angle with a measurement greater than 0° but less
than 90°.
4. A triangle with two congruent sides is called an ________ triangle.

1
 5. A triangle with one right angle is called a ________ triangle.
6. A triangle with three acute angles is called an ________ triangle.
7. A triangle with equal sides is called an ________ triangle.
8. A triangle with an obtuse angle is called an ________ triangle.
II. Find the supplement of each obtuse angle and the complement of each acute angle with
the given measurements.
1. 52°
2. 164°
3. 179°
4. 64°
5. 75°
III. Convert each measurement to unit radians/degrees.

1. 2π 3

2. 7π 4
3. 5π
4. 45°
5. 120°
6. 330°
Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on page 37 to find out.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much about
the topic. Who knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will help
you to understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you study this
module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more! Are you
ready?
You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

2
 LESSON 1

Meet Angles Again

This lesson will help you review the concepts you learned in the module entitled Lines and
Angles (CORE module, Secondary Level). Here, you will again meet angles but you will learn
more about their different types as well as the so-called complementary and supplementary
angles.
The concepts that you will learn in this lesson are important because we see different kinds
of angles in our environment.
Have you ever seen an arrow pointing to a direction like the one below?

This way to the stairs!

If you are going to the second floor and you see this arrow, what will you do?
__________________________________________________________________________
If you answered that you will follow the direction the arrow is pointing to, you are right.

Let’s Learn

Do you know that arrows are also used in mathematics to represent rays and lines? A ray is
formed by a point of a line and all the points of the line on one side of the given point called an
endpoint.

A ray can go on and on towards the direction its arrow is pointing to.

The drawing below is an example of a ray.

X Y

We shall call it Ray XY. Point X is its endpoint.

3
 Rays can meet at a point. Consider the hands of the clock as in Figure 1 below.

C
A
B

Figure 1

Can you still remember what you learned in the module entitled Lines and Angles?
An angle is formed when two rays such as AB and AC in Figure 1 meet at a point such as
Point A in the figure.

An angle is formed when two rays have the same endpoint. The two
rays are called the sides of the angle and the same endpoint is called the
vertex.

∠ BAC has the following sides AB and AC. Let us consider AB as the initial side and AC
as the terminal side. The initial side of an angle is the side from which you start measuring. The
terminal side, on the other hand, is where you stop measuring.
∠letters of the English alphabet. But they can
θ
Angles are usually named using three capital
also be named using other variables such as numbers or letters of the Greek alphabet. Look at
the following examples:

BAC, ∠ A, ∠ 1, ∠
Angles are measured using a protractor like the one drawn below.

Protractor

The units of measurements used for angles are degrees ( ° ) or radians (r). However, the
degree is the more commonly used unit. But you will also learn how to use radians.

Do you remember how angles are classified?

We classify angles according to their measurement.

4
Look at the figure below.

t
D t
E
t t
A t t
C
G H

t
N
P t
F

t
J R S

t
t
I• • K
t

L T M O
t t t
U V
Figure 2

From Figure 2, the following angles can be seen:

∠ BAG, ∠ BCH and ∠ EFP are acute angles because they measure less than 90°.
E

t
B B
t
t

t t
t
A H C P F
t

t t
G
∠ AGL and ∠ GHM are right angles because they measure exactly 90°.
A G G H
t

t L t
M

∠ CBA is an obtuse angle because it measures more than 90° but less than 180°.

Ct
t

t
B A

∠ IJK is a straight angle because it measures 180°.

t
t

I J K
5
 ∠ RST is a reflex angle because it measures more than 180° but less than 360° or one
complete revolution.
R S

t
t T

Let’s Try This

Classify the given angles as, acute, right, obtuse, straight or reflex.

A E

t
t

C
B
t t

1. ∠A ________________________________

2. ∠B ________________________________

3. ∠C ________________________________

4. ∠D ________________________________

5. ∠E ________________________________
Compare your answers with mine.
1. right angle
2. obtuse angle
3. reflex angle
4. obtuse angle
5. obtuse angle

6
 Let’s Learn

Now, look at the pairs of angles shown in the table below and take note of the sums of their
measurements.

What are the sums of their measurement? If you answered 90°, you’re right. The pairs of
angles given in the table are complementary angles.

A pair of angles is complementary if the sum of their measurement is 90°.

∠ A and ∠ B are complementary because m ∠ A + m ∠ B = 30° +

In the given table,
60° = 90°. We can therefore say that ∠ A is the complement of ∠ B and ∠ B is the
complement of ∠ A. The other pairs of angles in the table are also complementary.
Identify which two angles among those listed below complement each other.

∠ A = 10°
B = 80° ∠ Pairs of Angles Measurement
C = 55°
∠ A, ∠ B 30°, 60°
∠ BAC, ∠ DEF 45°, 45°
∠ D = 45° ∠ 1, ∠ 2 54°, 36°
∠α , ∠ β 22°, 68°
∠ 1 = 65°
∠ 2 = 35°
If you answered ∠ A and ∠ B, you are right.
But how do we find the measurement of the complement of a given angle?

To find the measurement of the complement of a given angle, subtract

the measurement of the given angle from 90°.

Consider the following examples.

Example 1

Find the measurement of the complement of ∠ X if m ∠ X = 27°.

Answer: m of the complement of X = 90° – 27° = 63°

7
 Example 2
What is the measurement of the complement of an angle whose measurement is 75°?
Answer: m of the complement = 90° – 75° = 15°

Let’s Try This

Give the measurements of the complements of the given angles below.

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 37. If you got them all right,
congratulations. You did a very good job.

Let’s Learn

Anglein the table below. Measurement o

Now, let us get the sums of the measurements of the pairs of angles
∠
m BOX = 32° 90° – 32° =
Pair of Angles Measurements m ∠ 4 = 47° 90° – 47° =
∠ C, ∠ D 30° , 150° m ∠ Y30° + = 53°
∠ RST, ∠ WXY 48° , 132° m ∠ α 48° += 63.5°
∠ 3, ∠ 4 120° , 60° m ∠ β = 72 ¾°
∠ 5, ∠ 6 137° , 43°

What do you notice about the sum of their measurements? Their sums are equal to 180° so
they are called supplementary angles.

A pair of angles is supplementary if the sum of their measurements

is 180°.

∠ C and ∠ D are supplementary because m ∠ C + m ∠ D = 30° +

In the given table,
150° = 180°. We can therefore say that ∠ C is the supplement of ∠ D. The other pairs of
angles in the table are also supplementary.
We can also find the measurement of the supplement of a given angle by keeping this in
mind:
To find the measurement of the supplement of a given angle, subtract the
measurement of the given angle from 180°.

8
 Consider the following examples.
Example 1

What is the measurement of the supplement of ∠ 5 if m ∠ 5 = 48°?

Answer: measure of the supplement of ∠ 5 = 180° – 48°
= 132°
Example 2
Find the measurement of the supplement of an angle whose measure is 123°.
Answer: measurement of the supplement = 180° – 123° = 57°

Let’s Try This

Fill up the table below.

Angle Measureme
m ∠ RST = 32° 180° – 32°
m∠5 = 63.5° 180° – 63.5°
m∠X =
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 38. Continue reading this
αunderstand
module if you got them all right. If not, review the parts youmdid∠not = well.
m ∠β = 176 ¾°

Let’s See What You Have Learned

I. Classify the given angles as to acute, right, obtuse, straight or reflex. Write your
answers in the blanks.

1.
s

t
s

A E K

9
 s D

2. 5. 1

s
A E
t

s G F s
t

t
3. 6.

s
I
s

H G H

E s
W s
t

s
4. 7.
s

X Y F G

II. Solve for the measurements of the complements of the following angles given their
measurements.
1. 43°
2. 57°
3. 68°
4. 74°
III. Solve for the measurements of the supplements of the following angles given their
measurements.
1. 18°
2. 78°
3. 125°
4. 142°
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 38. If you got a score of 13
or higher, very good. Continue reading this module. If you got below 13, read the lesson again
and solve more problems similar to the ones in this module.

10
Let’s Remember

♦ An angle is formed by two rays with a common endpoint. The two rays are called the
sides of the angle and the common endpoint is called the vertex.
♦ Angles are usually named using three capital letters of the English alphabet. But they
can also be named using numbers or letters of the Greek alphabet.
♦ A protractor is an instrument used to measure an angle. The units of measurement for
angles are degrees (°) or radians (r).
♦ Angles are classified according to their measurements.
• Acute angle — an angle whose measurement is less than 90°.
• Right angle — an angle whose measurement is exactly 90°.
• Obtuse angle — an angle whose measurement is more than 90°
but less than 180°.
• Straight angle — an angle whose measurement is exactly 180°.
• Reflex angle — an angle whose measurement is more than 180°
but less than 360°.
♦ If the sum of the measurements of two angles is 90°, they are complementary angles.
♦ To find the measurement of the complement of a given angle, subtract the measurement
of the given angle from 90°.
♦ If the sum of the measurements of two angles is 180° they are supplementary angles.
♦ To find the measurement of the supplement of a given angle, subtract the measurement
of the given angle from 180°.

11
 LESSON 2

Landing on the World of Trigonometry

After learning all about angles in the previous lesson, you are now ready to tackle more
complicated figures such as triangles. This lesson will focus on the different kinds of triangles. The
knowledge you will gain from this lesson will hopefully help you in solving real-life problems.

Let’s Study and Analyze

A B C

D
E F

Look at the different figures above. Which of them are triangles? Figures B,C,E and F are
triangles.
What is a triangle? ______________________________________________________

A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three angles.

Consider the triangle below, ∆ ABC.

A

B C

12
 The sides of ∆ ABC are AB, AC and BC. Name the angles that make it up. If your
answers are A, ∠ B and ∠ C, you are right.
But triangles are of different kinds. Triangles can be classified according to the lengths of
their sides.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Figure 1 shows a triangle with no congruent sides. It is called scalene triangle.

Figure 2 shows a triangle with two congruent sides. It is called an isosceles triangle. Two
sides are congruent if they are equal.
Figure 3 shows a triangle with three congruent sides. It is called an equilateral triangle.

A scalene triangle is a triangle with no congruent sides.

An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two congruent sides.
An equilateral triangle is a triangle with three congruent sides.

∠
Let’s Try This

Identify whether each triangle below is a scalene, an isosceles or an equilateral triangle.

1. 4. 7.

2. 5.

3. 6.

13
 Compare your answers with mine.
1. isosceles
2. isosceles
3. scalene
4. scalene
5. equilateral
6. equilateral
7. equilateral
Did you get all the answers right? If you did, that’s good. Proceed to the next part of the
lesson.

Let’s Learn

Look at another set of triangles below. This shows another way of classifying triangles.
From this, you will see that triangles can be classified also according to the kinds of angles that
make them up.
t

t
t

Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6

Figure 4 shows a triangle with a right angle. It is called a right triangle.

Figure 5 shows a triangle made up of three acute angles. It is called an acute triangle.
Figure 6 shows a triangle with an obtuse angle. It is called an obtuse triangle.

Let’s Try This

Determine whether the following triangles are acute, right or obtuse. Write your answers in
the blanks.

1. 2. 3.

14
4. 5.

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 38.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

1. A triangle with an obtuse angle is called an ______________ triangle.
2. An isosceles triangle has __________ congruent sides.
3. A triangle with three acute angles is called an ____________ triangle.
4. A ____________ triangle has no congruent sides.
5. If all the sides of a triangle are congruent, it is therefore an ______________
triangle.
6. A triangle with two congruent sides is called an ____________ triangle.
7. A triangle with a right angle is called a ____________ triangle.
8. If the two sides of a triangle are perpendicular, the triangle is therefore a
___________ triangle.
B. Based on the given figure, classify the triangles listed after it.
C

A B
J K
D

E F L
M

1. ∆ ABC
G
2. ∆ DEF
3. ∆ JIF

15
 4. ∆ FGH
5. ∆ FMG
6. IKL

7. FHM
Compare you answers with those in the Answer Key on page 39. If you got a score of 13
to 15, you’re doing great. Continue reading this module. If you got a score of below 13, read this
lesson again and solve more problems similar to those given before proceeding to the next lesson.

Let’s Remember

♦ A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three angles.

♦ Two sides of a triangle are congruent if they have the same measurement or they are
equal.
♦ Triangles can be classified according to:
A. the lengths of their sides and
1. Scalene triangle — triangle with no congruent sides
2. Isosceles triangle — triangle with two congruent sides
∆
3. Equilateral triangle — triangle with three congruent sides
B. kinds of angles that the triangle has.
1. Acute triangle — triangle with three acute angles
2. Right triangle — triangle with a right angle
3. Obtuse triangle — triangle with an obtuse angle

16
 LESSON 3

Degree or Radian?

In this lesson, you will learn the difference between the two units of measurement used for
angles: degrees and radians. You will also learn how to convert one unit to another.
This lesson is important because there are problems which you might meet in the future
which involve measurement of angles.

Let’s Study and Analyze

Look at the drawing of a park above. What do you notice about its shape? It is circular in
shape.
Suppose you walk around the park? What do you call the path you will take? This path is
equivalent to the distance around the park. It is called the circumference of the park.

The circumference is the distance around a circle. It is always equal to 360

unit (either ° or radian (rad)).
Do you know what an arc is? It is portion of the circumference of a circle.
Suppose you take a walk around that park with your grandfather, mother, father and sister.
Your grandfather was not able to cover the whole circumference of the park. He was only
able to cover ¼ of the circumference. How far was he able to walk?
¼ of the park’s circumference is ¼ of 360 units = 90 units
Your mother was able to cover ½ of the park’s circumference. How far was she able to
work?
½ of the park’s circumference is ½ of 360 units = 180 units

17
 Your father was able to cover ¾ of the park’s circumference. How far was he able to
walk?
¾ of the park’s circumference is ¾ of 360 units = 270 units
Your sister covered the shortest distance, from a point on the circumference of the park to
the center of the park. She only covered the radius of the park. How far was she able to walk?
This will be the focus of the following discussion.

Let’s Learn
Look at the circle drawn below.

circumference

A degree is a unit of measurement equal to 1/360 of the circumference of a circle.

From this, we can conclude that:
90° = 90 (1/360) of the circumference = ¼ of the circumference
180° = 180 (1/360) of the circumference = ½ of the circumference
270° = 270 (1/360) of the circumference = ¾ of the circumference

90°

180° 0°

270°
An arc is part of a circle.

arc

18
 A radius is a line drawn from the center of the circle to any point on the circle.

radius
arc

A radian is an angle which, if placed at the center of the circle, makes an arc equal to the
radius of the circle.

radius arc

In the figure drawn above, the length of the radius of the circle is equal to the length of the
arc formed by the two radii (plural of radius). This means that the measure of the angle formed,
m ∠1 = 1 radian.
The circumference of a circle = 2π radians. π is a symbol which has a constant value.
(≈π 180 °)
π ≈ 3.1416

is read as “approximately equal to.” It means that the value is rounded off.
Below are some examples of measures in radians.

π 2 rad

π rad t
0 or 2 π rad
t
t

3π 2 rad

There are rad or .01745 rad in 1°. So, to convert degrees to radians, we multiply
the number of degrees by (π 180 °) or .01745. Look at the examples below.

Example 1

30° = 30° (π 180 °) = π 6 rad

19
 Example 2

60° = 60° (π 180 °) = π 3 rad

Example 3

79° = 79° (.01745) = 1.3786 rad

Let’s Try This

Convert the following degree measurements into radians.

1. 120° = 120° (π 180 °) = 2π 3

2. 135° = 135°________ = 3π 4

3. 225° = 225° (π 180 °) = _________

4. 240° = ______________ = _________

5. 315° = ______________ = _________
6. 330° = ______________ = _________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 39. If you got all the
answers right, congratulations! If you made some mistakes, don’t worry, just read the discussion
again.

Let’s Learn

There are 180° π or 57.2956 ° in 1 rad. Thus, to convert radians to degrees, we multiply
the number of radians by 180° π or 57.2956°.

Study the following examples.

Example 1

π 4 rad = π 4 (180° π ) = 180/4 = 45°

Example 2

5π 6 rad = 5π 6 (180° π ) = 150°

Example 3

.36 rad = .36 (57.2956°) = 20.6264°

20
 Let’s Try This

Convert the following radian measurements into degrees.

1. π 3 rad = π 3 (180° π ) = 60°

2. 3π 4 rad = 3π 4 (180° π ) = __________

3. 7π 6 rad = ___________ = __________

4. 5π 3 rad = ___________ = __________

5. .5 rad = ___________ = __________

Compare your answers with mine.

2. 3π 4 rad = 3π 4 (180° π ) = 135°

3. 7π 6 rad = 7π 6 (180° π ) = 210°

4. 5π 3 rad = 5π 3 (180° π ) = 300°

5. .5 rad = .5 (57.2956°) = 28.6478°

If you got all the answers right, that means you understand the lesson well. If you did not, go
back to the parts of the discussion you did not understand very well.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

Match the items in column A with their equivalents in column B.

A B
1. 30° a. 90°

2. 45° b. π 6
3. 60° c. 330°
4. 180° d. 150°
5. 210° e. π
6. 225° f. 315°
7. 240° g. 135°

8. π 2 h. 300°

9. 2π 3 i. 4π 3

10. 3π 4 j. 5π 4

21
11. 5π 3 k. 7π 6

12. 11π 6 l. 120°

13. 7π 4 m. π 4

n. π 3
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 39–40 .

Let’s Remember

♦ A degree is equal to 1/360 of the circumference of a circle.

♦ A radian, if placed at the center of a circle, makes an arc equal to the radius of the
circle.

♦ π 180 ° rad or .01745 rad = 1°

♦ To convert degrees to radians, we multiply the number of degrees by π 180 ° or

.01745.

♦ 180° π or 57.2956° = 1 rad.

♦ To convert radians to degrees, we multiply the number of radians by 180° π or

57.2956°.

22
 LESSON 4

Your Opposite Is My Adjacent!

Do you know what the “sin,” “cos” and “tan” keys in your calculator are for? This is what
this lesson will be about.
Many real-life problems involve right triangles. This lesson will therefore teach you what
trigonometric functions are and how they are related to right triangles.

Let’s Study and Analyze

s
nit
5u

4 units

∠A =70°
3 units

What kind of triangle was formed in the figure above? A right triangle was formed.

Let us look at ∠A which measures 70°. What is drawn opposite ∠A? A tree is drawn
opposite it.

How was ∠A formed? It was formed by a line segment drawn from the foot of the tree to
the stone and another line segment from the stone to the top of the tree. The line segment drawn
from the foot of the tree to the stone is said to be adjacent to ∠A .
The line segment drawn from the stone to the top of the tree is called the hypotenuse of the
right triangle.
What is the height of the tree in the figure?________ What about the distance of the stone
from the foot of the tree?________ What is the length of line segment drawn from the stone to
the top of the tree? ________
The height of the tree is 4 units. The distance of the stone from the foot of the tree is 3 units.
The length of the line segment drawn from the stone to the top of the tree is 5 units.

23
 Are all your answers right? If they are, very good! Compute the following ratios.

height of the tree 4 units

=
hypotenuse 5 units

distance from the tree to the stone

=
hypotenuse

height of the tree

=
distance from the tree to the stone

Are your answers If they are, you are right.

Let’s Try This

s
unit
6.4
ht = 5 units
3 units 4 units
and ?
5 units 3 units

55°
X
shadow 4 units

Let us look at the angle which measures 55° in the figure above. We will call this angle
∠ X. What is opposite ∠ X? The height of the man is opposite it.
What formed ∠ X? __________
∠ X is formed by the shadow of the man and the line segment from the tip of the shadow to
the head of the man.

The man’s shadow is adjacent to ∠ X.

Let us list down the given measurements:
height of the man = 5 units
length of the man’s shadow = 4 units
hypotenuse = 6.4 units

24
 Now, let us list down the three ratios:

height of the man 5

=
hypotenuse 6.4

length of the man' s shadow 4

=
hypotenuse 6.4

height of the man 5

=
length of his shadow 4

Let’s Learn

Look at the right triangle drawn below.

13 units
5 units

∠A

C A
12 units
Figure 1

Let us measure the length of each side of the right triangle.

AB = 13 units
BC = 5 units
AC = 12 units

There is a special name for each side of a right triangle. The two sides of ∆ ABC that form
the right angle, AC and BC, are called the legs of the triangle. The third side, AB, is called its
hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle.

The triangle in Figure 1 has two acute angles, and ∠B . Each of them is formed by the
hypotenuse and one of the legs. For example, ∠A is formed by the hypotenuse AB and the leg
AC.
The leg that helps form an acute angle is said to be adjacent to that angle. In my example,
AC is the leg adjacent to ∠A .

25
 The same leg is said to be opposite the other acute angle, ∠B . We say AC is
opposite ∠B .
Again, in Figure 1:
♦ AB is the hypotenuse
♦ BC is opposite ∠A
♦ AC is adjacent to ∠A

Let’s Try This

Look at the following figures. Determine the hypotenuse, the side opposite the given angle
and the side adjacent to the given angle of each triangle.

15 25

W 12 Y

Figure 2

hypotenuse = XY
side opposite ∠ Y = WX
side adjacent to ∠Y = WY
side opposite ∠ X = WY
side adjacent to ∠ X = WX
D

26
10

F
E
24

Figure 3

hypotenuse = DF
side opposite ∠ D = EF 26
 side adjacent to ∠D = DE
side opposite ∠ F = _____________
side adjacent to ∠ F = _____________

15 9

S
R 12
Figure 4

hypotenuse = _____________

side opposite ∠ R = _____________

side adjacent to ∠ R = _____________

length of side opposite ∠A
side opposite ∠T = sin A =
_____________ length of hypotenuse
side adjacent to ∠ T = _____________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 40.

Let’s Learn

After discussing the different parts of a right triangle, you are now ready to learn about the
various trigonometric functions. These are used in solving for unknown measurements of parts of
right triangles.
Sine of an Angle
The sine of A is the ratio of the length of the side opposite A to the length of the
hypotenuse. The sine of A is abbreviated as sin A. Thus, we have:

opposite
sin A =
hypotenuse

27
Look at Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 below.

B
X

5 13 15 25

C A W 12 Y
12
Figure 5 Figure 6

26
10

E F

24

Figure 7

15 9

R S
12
Figure 8

In Figure 5, sin A = BC/AB = 5/13; sin B = AC/AB = 12/13

In Figure 6, sin X = WY/XY = 12/25; sin Y = WX/XY = 15/25
In Figure 7, sin F = _____ = ____; sin D = ______ =______
In Figure 8, sin T = _____ = ____; sin R = ______ = ______
Compare your answers with mine.
Figure 7, sin F = DE/DF = 10/26; sin D = EF/DF = 24/26
Figure 8, sin T = RS/RT = 12/15; sin R =TS/RT = 9/15

28
Cosine of an Angle
The cosine of A is the ratio of the length of the side adjacent to A and the length of the
hypotenuse. The cosine of A is abbreviated as cos A. Thus, we have:

length of side adjacent to A

cos A =
hypotenuse

adjacent
cos A =
hypotenuse

In Figure 5, cos A = AC/AB = 12/13; cos B = BC/AB = 5/13

In Figure 6, cos X = WX/XY = 15/25; cos Y = WY/XY = 12/25
In Figure 7, cos F = ______ = ______; cos D = ______ = ______
In Figure 4, cos T = ______ = ______; cos R = ______ = ______
Compare your answers with mine.
Figure 7, cos F = EF/DF = 24/26; cos D = DE/DF = 10/26
Figure 8, cos T = ST/RT = 9/15; cos R = RS/RT = 12/15

Tangent of an Angle
The tangent of A is the ratio of the length of the side opposite A and the length of the side
adjacent to A. Tangent A is abbreviated as tan A. Thus, we have:

length of side opposite A

tan A =
length of side adjacent to A

opposite
tan A =
adjacent

In Figure 5, tan A = BC/AC = 5/12; tan B = AC/BC = 12/5

In Figure 6, tan X = WY/WX = 12/15; tan Y = WX/WY = 15/12
In Figure 7, tan F = ______ = ______; tan D = ______ = ______
In Figure 8, tan T = ______ = ______; tan R = ______ = ______
Compare your answers with mine.
Figure 7, tan F = DE/EF = 10/24; tan D = EF/DE = 24/10
Figure 8, tan T = RS/ST =12/9; tan R = ST/RS = 9/12

29
Cotangent of an Angle
The cotangent of A is the reciprocal of the tangent of A. It is the ratio of the length of the
side adjacent to A and the length of the side opposite A. The cotangent of A is abbreviated as
cot A. Thus, we have:

length of side adjacent to A

cot A =
length of side opposite A

adjacent
cot A =
opposite

In Figure 5, cot A = AC/BC = 12/5; cot B = BC/AC = 5/12

In Figure 6, cot X = WX/WY = 15/12; cot Y = WY/WX = 12/15
In Figure 7, cot F = ______ = ______; cot D = ______ = ______
In Figure 8, cot T = ______ = ______; cot R = ______ = ______
Compare your answers with mine.
Figure 7, cot F = EF/DE = 24/10; cot D = DE/EF = 10/24
Figure 8, cot T = ST/RS = 9/12; cot R = RS/ST = 12/9
Secant of an Angle
The secant of A is the reciprocal of the cosine of A. It is the ratio of the length of the
hypotenuse and the length of the side adjacent to A. The secant of A is abbreviated as sec A.
Thus, we have:

length of hypotenuse
sec A =
length of side opposite A

hypotenuse
sec A =
adjacent

In Figure 5, sec A = AB/AC = 13/12; sec B = AB/BC = 13/5

In Figure 6, sec X = XY/WX = 25/15; sec Y = XY/WY = 25/12
In Figure 7, sec F = ______ = ______ ; sec D = ______ = ______
In Figure 8, sec T = ______ = ______ ; sec R = ______ = ______
Compare your answers with mine.
In Figure 7, sec F = DF/EF = 26/24; sec D = DF/DE = 26/10
In Figure 8, sec T = RT/ST = 15/9; sec R = RT/RS = 15/12

30
Cosecant of an Angle
The cosecant of A is the reciprocal of the sine of A. It is the ratio of the length of the
hypotenuse and the length of the side opposite A. The cosecant of ∠A is abbreviated as csc A.
Thus, we have:

length of hypotenuse
csc A =
length of side opposite A

hypotenuse
csc A =
opposite

In Figure 5, csc A = AB/BC = 13/5; csc B = AB/AC = 13/12

In Figure 6, csc X = XY/WY = 25/12; csc Y = XY/WX = 25/15
In Figure 7, csc F = ______ = ______ ; csc D = ______ = ______
In Figure 8, csc T = ______ = ______; csc R = ______ = ______
Compare your answers with mine
In Figure 7, csc F = DF/DE = 26/10; csc D = DF/EF = 26/24
In Figure 8, csc T = RT/RS = 15/12; csc R = RT/RS = 15/9
Did you get all the answers right? If you did, that’s very good. If you did not, try going over
the lesson again.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

For each given figure, determine the ratios listed.

1.
A

C B

a. sin A

b. sec B

c. tan B

d. cot A

31
2.
W

X
Y

a. cos W
b. csc X
c. tan X
d. cot W

3.
D

a. cot D
b. tan E
c. sec D
d. sin E
4. M

F C

a. sin M

b. sec M
c. cot F
d. cos F

32
 Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 40–41.

Let’s Remember
♦ The two sides of the triangle that form the right angle are called its legs. The third side
is called its hypotenuse.
♦ The leg that helps form an acute angle in a right triangle is said to be adjacent to that
angle.
♦ The same leg is said to be opposite the other acute angle.
♦ The hypotenuse is always the side opposite the right angle.
♦ The six trigonometric functions are defined as follows:

length of side opposite A opposite

• sin A = =
length of hypotenuse hypotenuse

length of side adjacent to A adjacent

• cos A = =
length of hypotenuse hypotenuse

length of side opposite A opposite

• tan A = =
length of side adjacent to A adjacent

length of side adjacent to A adjacent

• cot A = =
length of side opposite A opposite

length of hypotenuse hypotenuse

• sec A = =
length of side adjacent A adjacent

length of hypotenuse hypotenuse

• csc A = =
length of side opposite A opposite

Now that you have finished reading the module, are you ready to know how much you have
learned? But before doing that, read the module summary first to review what you have learned.

Let’s Sum Up

In this module, you learned that:

♦ An angle is formed by two rays with a common endpoint. The two rays are called the
sides of the angle and the common endpoint is called its vertex.
♦ Angles are usually named using , three capital letters of the English alphabet. But other
variables such as a number or a Greek letter can also be used.

33
♦ Angles are measured using a protractor. The units of measurement used for angles are
degree (°) or radian (rad).
♦ Angles can be classified according to their measurements:
• Acute angle — an angle which measures less than 90°
• Right angle — an angle which measures exactly 90°
• Obtuse angle — an angle which measures more than 90° but less than
180°
• Straight angle — an angle which measures exactly 180°
• Reflex angle — an angle which measures more than 180° but less than
360°
♦ If the sum of the measurements of two angles is 90°, they are complementary.
♦ To find the measurement of the complement of a given angle, subtract its measurement
from 90°.
♦ Two angles whose sum of measurements is 180° are called supplementary angles.
♦ To find the measurement of the supplement of a given angle, subtract its measurement
from 180°.
♦ A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three angles.
♦ Congruent means having the same measurement. Congruent sides/angles have the
same measurements.
♦ Triangles can be classified according to:
A. Congruence of sides
1. Scalene triangle — a triangle with no congruent sides
2. Isosceles triangle — a triangle with two congruent sides
3. Equilateral triangle — a triangle with three congruent sides
B. Kinds of angles that the triangle has
1. Right triangle — a triangle with one right angle
2. Acute triangle — a triangle with three acute angles
3. Obtuse triangle — a triangle with one obtuse angle
♦ A degree is equal to 1/360 of the circumference of a circle.
♦ A radian, if placed at the center of the circle, makes an arc equal to the radius of the
circle.

♦ π 180 ° rad or .01745 rad = 1°

♦ To convert degree measurement into radians, we multiply the number of degrees by
π 180 ° or .01745.

34
♦ 180° / π or 57.2956° = 1 rad.
♦ To convert radian measurements into degrees, we multiply the number of radians by
180° / π or 57.2956°.
♦ The two sides of the triangle that form the right angle are called its legs. The third side
is called its hypotenuse.
♦ The leg that helps form an acute angle in a right triangle is said to be adjacent to that
angle.
♦ The same leg is said to be opposite the other acute angle.
♦ The hypotenuse is always the side opposite the right angle.
♦ The six trigonometric functions are:

length of side opposite A opposite

• sin A = =
length of hypotenuse hypotenuse

length of side adjacent to A adjacent

• cos A = =
length of hypotenuse hypotenuse

length of side opposite A opposite

• tan A = =
length of side adjacent to A adjacent

length of side adjacent to A adjacent

• cot A = =
length of side opposite A opposite

length of hypotenuse hypotenuse

• sec A = =
length of side adjacent A adjacent

length of hypotenuse hypotenuse

• csc A = =
length of side opposite A opposite

What Have You Learned?

I. Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is not.

______1. A triangle with one obtuse angle is an acute triangle.
______2. A reflex angle measures more than 90° but less than 180°.
______3. A right triangle has one right angle.
______4. A triangle is equilateral if all its angles are congruent.
______5. An isosceles triangle has no congruent sides.
______6. An acute angle is bigger than an obtuse angle.

35
 ______7. A reflex angle is congruent to an obtuse angle.
______8. All the angles of an acute triangle are less than 90°.
II. Solve for the complement of each angle and express your answer in rad.
1. 45°
2. 90°
3. 60°
4. 75°
5. 30°
III. Convert each given measurement into degrees then find the given angle’s supplement.
1. 5 π /6 rad
2. π /4 rad
3. 2 π /3 rad
4. π /6 rad
5. 3 π /4 rad
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 41.

36
 Answer Key
A. Let’s See What You Already Know (pages 1–2)
I. 1. obtuse
2. straight
3. acute
4. isosceles
5. right
6. acute
7. equilateral
8. obtuse
II. 1. 90° – 52° = 38°
2. 180° – 164° = 16°
3. 180° – 179° = 1°
4. 90° – 64° = 26°
5. 90° – 75° = 15°

III. 1. 2π 3 (180° π ) = 120°

2. 7π 4 (180° π ) = 315°

3. 5π (180° π ) = 900°

4. 45° (π 180 °) = π 4

5. 120° (π 180 °) = 2π 3

6. 330° (π 180 °) = 11π 6

B. Lesson 1
Let’s Try This (page 8)

Angle Measurement of t
m ∠ BOX = 32° 90° – 32° = 58
m∠ 4 = 47° 90° – 47° = 43
m ∠Y = 53° 90° – 53° = 37
m∠ α = 63.5° 90° – 63.5° = 26.
m∠ β = 72 ¾ ° 90° – 72 ¾° = 17

37
 Let’s Try This (page 9)
Angle Measurement o
m ∠ RST = 32° 180° – 32° =
m∠5 = 63.5° 180° – 63.5° =
m∠X = 65° 180° – 65° =
m ∠α = 16.2° 180° – 16.2° =
m ∠β = 176 ¾° 180° – 176 ¾° =

Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 9–10)

I. 1. straight
2. right
3. acute
4. obtuse
5. reflex
6. obtuse
7. right

II. 1. 90° – 43° = 47°

2. 90° – 57° = 33°
3. 90° – 68° = 22°
4. 90° – 74° = 16°

III. 1. 180° – 18° = 162°

2. 180° – 78° = 102°
3. 180° – 125° = 55°
4. 180° – 142° = 38°

C. Lesson 2
Let’s Try This (pages 14–15)
1. right
2. obtuse
3. obtuse
4. acute
5. acute

38
 Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 15–16)
A. 1. obtuse
2. two
3. acute
4. scalene
5. equilateral
6. isosceles
7. right
8. right
B. 1. isosceles because AC and BC are congruent
2. right because ∠ E is a right angle
3. equilateral because the three sides are congruent
4. acute because all of its angles are acute
5. right
6. equilateral
7. right
(π 180°)
D. Lesson 3

Let’s Try This (page 20)

1. 120° = 120° = 2π 3

2. 135° = 135° (π 180°) = 3π 4

3. 225° = 225° (π 180°) = 5π 4

4. 240° = 240° (.01745) = 4.188 rad

5. 315° = 315° (.01745) = 5.497 rad

6. 330° = 330° (.01745) = 5.76 rad

Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 21–22)

1. (b) 30° (π 180°) = π /6

2. (m) 45° (π 180°) = π /4

39
 3. (n) 60° (π 180°) = π /3

4. (e) 180° (π 180°) = π

5. (k) 210° (π 180°) = 7 π /6

6. (j) 225° (π 180°) = 5 π /4

7. (i) 240° (π 180°) = 4 π /3

8. (a) π 2 (180° π ) = 90°

9. (l) 2π 3 (180° π ) = 120°

10. (g) 3π 4 (180° π ) = 135°

11. (h) 5π 3 (180° π ) = 300°

12. (c) 11π 6 (180° π ) = 330°

13. (f) 7π 4 (180° π ) = 315°

E. Lesson 4
Let’s Try This (pages 26–27)
Figure 3
side opposite ∠F = DE
side adjacent to ∠ F = EF

Figure 4
hypotenuse = RT
side opposite ∠ R = ST
side adjacent to ∠ R = RS
side opposite ∠T = RS
side adjacent to ∠ T = ST

Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 31–32)

1. a. sin A = BC/AB
b. sec B = AB/BC
c. tan B = AC/BC
d. cot A = AC/BC

2. a. cos W = WY/WX
b. csc X = WX/WY

40
 c. tan X = WY/XY
d. cot W = WY/XY

3. a. cot D = DF/EF
b. tan E = DF/EF
c. sec D = DE/DF
d. sin E = DF/DE

4. a. sin M = CF/FM
b. sec M = FM/CM
c. cot F = CF/CM
d. cos F = CF/FM

F. What Have You Learned? (pages 35–36)

I. 1. false, it is an obtuse triangle
2. false, it measures more than 180° but less than 360°
3. true
4. true
5. false, it has two congruent sides
6. false, it is smaller
7. false, a reflex is bigger than an obtuse angle
8. true

II. 1. 90° – 45° = 45°; 45° = π 4

2. 90° – 90° = 0° ; = 0 rad
3. 90° – 60° =
(π 180°)
30°; 30° (π 180°) = π 6
4. 90° – 75° = 15°; 15° (.017450) = .26175
5. 90° – 30° = 60°; 60° (π 180°) = π 3

III. 1. 5 π /6 rad (180° π ) = 150°;180° – 150° = 30°

2. π /4 rad (180° π ) = 45°; 180° – 45° = 135°
3. 2 π /3 rad (180° π ) = 120°; 180° – 120° = 60°
4. π /6 (180° π ) = 30°; 180° – 30° = 150°
5. 3 π /4 (180° π ) = 135°;180° – 135° = 45°

References

Sia, Lucy O., et al. 21st Century Mathematics, Second Year. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. Reprinted 2000.
Capitulo, F.M. Algebra, a Simplified Approach. Manila: National Bookstore, 1989.

41
42