Step 2 - Recognize electrodynamic and wave applications.
Presented by:
GARIBALDY RIOS HERNANDEZ
Códe 19709356
ELECTROMMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVE
Grupo 203058_611
Presented to:
DORIA LIZETH QUINTERO
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE (UNAD)
SCHOOL OF BASIC SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING (ECBTI)
12 DE MARCH 2019
INTRODUCTION
Interpreting and recognizing what is transmitted is rounded by electromagnetic waves (transmission
power, loss and attenuation) and its importance when establishing a communication system.
Mathematical treatment of the signals independently of the class.
OBJECTIVES
Do an academic research on the topics defined for this unit.
Answer the questions given using academic resources.
Each group member must select and solve a problem.
Solve practical exercises in groups, taking into account that it is necessary to explain each
value and step.
Compile the group contributions of the collaboration forum and make sure you comply with the
elements of the rubric.
Deliver work in the monitoring and evaluation environment.
Step 1 - Make the recognition of the course.
ACTIVITY 1
1. Define the following concepts:
Explain the concept of "loss tangent" applied to electromagnetic wave propagation media
and indicate how it is calculated.
We can indicate that the tangent of loss or tangent delta is not more than a measure of the state
of an isolation. It is also called the dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of
a solid and liquid insulator.
The magnitude depends on the type of insulation and the conditions of this and is independent
of its volume.
𝜎
To determine the behavior of a medium and mathematically it is defined as:𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 = 𝜔𝜀
1
Keep in mind that 𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝑦 𝜀0 = 36𝜋 10−9
According to the "tangent of losses", how can the means of propagation be classified?
Perfect dielectrics 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 = 0
𝛿=0
𝜋
Perfect drivers 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 → ∞ 𝛿 =
2
+
Good insulators 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 → 0 𝛿 = 0+
𝜋
Good drivers 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 → ∞ 𝛿 =
2
𝜋
Dissipative dielectrics 0<𝛿<
2
What concept does each of the means of propagation defined in the previous point have?
They do not present conduction
Perfect dielectrics current, therefore, they do not have
loss by Joule effect.
They do not present polarization
Perfect drivers
current, therefore, they do not have
capacitive or load accumulation
effects.
It presents conduction current and
have losses by Joule effect, but this
Good insulators effect is almost negligible compared to
the capacitive effect, they are also
called "low loss dielectrics"
They present polarization current,
therefore, they are capacitive effects
Good drivers or load accumulation, but it is much
more significant the conduction
current and the losses by Joule effect.
They have both effects and none is
Dissipative dielectrics negligible compared to another.
What does the propagation speed of an electromagnetic wave depend on? What is the
relationship between the velocity of propagation and the refractive index of a medium?
The propagation speed of electromagnetic waves depends exclusively on the electromagnetic
properties of the medium in which they propagate and not on the relative displacement between
observers.
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in the vacuum and the
phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by the letter
n.
𝐶𝑜
𝑛=
𝑉𝑝
Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in a vacuum, the
refractive index of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to 1.
What is the penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave in a medium and how can I
calculate it?
From the wave equation of the electric field, it can be deduced that the field decreases
exponentially when it enters a medium with losses. The attenuation constant gives a mean of the
decay rate of the signal amplitude.
|𝐸| = 𝐸𝑥0𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝑑|𝐸|
= −∝ 𝐸𝑥0𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
When the distance traveled within the medium is equivalent to the inverse of the attenuation
constant, the amplitude of the electric field is equivalent to:
|𝐸| = 𝐸 −𝑎𝑥 1
𝑥0𝑒 𝛼
|𝐸| = 𝐸𝑥0𝑒 −1 = 0.367𝐸𝑥0
1
The inverse of the attenuation constant is called the wave penetration depth 𝛿𝑝 = 𝛼;
𝑁𝑝
the units of the attenuation constant are ,
𝑚
the penetration depth is expressed in meters.
Example: For seawater, the constants of permeability, permittivity and conductivity are:𝜀𝑟 =
𝑆𝑚
72 𝜎=4 𝜇𝑟 = 1.002; now we will calculate the penetration depth of a 10 Mhz signal
𝑚
that propagates in seawater.
We calculate the propagation constant 𝛾
𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐻 1 𝐹
𝜔 = 2𝜋107 𝜇 = 1.002𝜇0 𝜇0 = 4𝜋10−7 𝜀 = 72𝜀0 𝜀0 = 10−9
𝑠𝑒𝑔 𝑚 36𝜋 𝑚
1
𝛾 = √[𝑗(2𝜋107 )(1.002)(4𝜋10−7 )] [(4 + 𝑗(2𝜋107 )(72)( 10−9 )]
36𝜋
𝛾 = √8𝑗𝜋(4 + 4𝑗10−2 )
𝛾 = 12.56 + 12,56𝑖
The attenuation constant:
𝑁𝑝
𝛼 = 12.56
𝑚
The depth of penetration:
1 1
𝛿𝑝 = = = 7.96𝑐𝑚
𝛼 12.56 𝑁𝑝
𝑚
The signal attenuates almost completely in the first 8 cm.
ACTIVITY 2
Solve: A dissipative medium has the following parameters:
𝑆𝑚
𝜀𝑟 = 3.5 𝜎 = 1.9 𝜇𝑟 = 2.2
𝑚
Find the wavelength and the number of wavelengths that will penetrate the 10MHz signal.
𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐻 1 𝐹
𝜔 = 2𝜋 𝑥 107 𝜇 = 2.2𝜇0 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 𝜀 = 3.5𝜀0 𝜀0 = 10−9
𝑠𝑒𝑔 𝑚 36𝜋 𝑚
1
𝛾 = √[𝑖(2𝜋 𝑥 107 ) 𝑥 (2.2)𝑥 (4𝜋 𝑥 10−7 )] [(1.9 + 𝑖(2𝜋 𝑥 107 )𝑥 (3.5) 𝑥 ( 𝑥 10−9 )]
36𝜋
77 836
𝛾 = √𝜋(− + 𝑖)
2250 25
𝛾 = 12.83 + 12.85𝑖
The phase constant is:
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 12.85
𝑚
The wavelength is:
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 40𝜋
𝜆= = ≅ 𝑚 ≅ 0.48𝑚
𝛽 𝑟𝑎𝑑 257
12.85 𝑚
The depth of penetration:
1 1
𝛿𝑝 = = = 0.078𝑚 ≅ 7.8𝑐𝑚
𝛼 12.83 𝑁𝑝
𝑚
The wave penetrates:
0.078 𝑚
𝛿𝑝 (𝜆) = = 0.159𝜆
40𝜋
𝑚
257
It can not penetrate even a full wavelength. It is a highly dissipated medium.
CONCLUSIONS
Internalize and recognize that the transmission is characterized by electromagnetic waves (transmitted
power, losses and attenuation) and its importance when modeling a communication system, under
established parameters, oriented to guarantee efficiency, avoiding excessive costs, in attention to the
Mathematical treatment of the signals independently of the class, likewise recognize the importance of
becoming familiar with the tools offered by the interconnected world at present thanks to the network
through search engines, the most used is google and its environments as the translator that is Matter
urges us to make use of it.
.
Bibliografía
Chen, W. (2005). El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Prensa Académica. 513-519. Obtenido de
El manual de ingeniería eléctrica. Boston: Prensa Académica. 513-519:
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tr
ue&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513
curiosoando. (17 de Octubre de 2016). Obtenido de https://curiosoando.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/05/onda_electromagnetica.jpg
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Pérdida tangente. Obtenido de Pérdida tangente:
http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139
Quesada-Pérez, M. y.-C. (2014). De las ecuaciones de Maxwell a las ondas electromagnéticas libres y
guiadas. Obtenido de De las ecuaciones de Maxwell a las ondas electromagnéticas libres y
guiadas:
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lan
g=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
