ISSN(Online): 2320-9801

ISSN (Print): 2320-9798

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer

and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2015

Design of SCS Protocol and Analysis of

Quality of Service Parameters for Wireless
Sensor Networks
G Ramprabu1, S Ananthi2, R Chitra3, J Saranya4, G Saratha Preethi5
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engg. & Tech., Chennai, India 1&2
Department of ECE, New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engg. & Tech., Chennai, India 3,4&5

ABSTRACT: For wireless applications, significant research has been devoted to support real-time transmission with
better quality of service requirements. For next generation, a wireless hybrid network that integrates a MANET (Mobile
Adhoc Wireless Network) network has been proven to be a better alternative. Guaranteeing of QoS in hybrid networks
remains an open problem. In this paper, we propose a new SCS protocol to enhance the QoS Support capability of
hybrid networks. This SCS protocol incorporates four algorithms: 1) Path Selection Algorithm to identify the
neighbouring node at shortest distance to reduce the delay 2) Routing Algorithm for hopping of data packets via
different nodes.3) Mobility Algorithm to decrease the transmission time.4) Multipath Selection Algorithm in order to
improve the QoS. Analytical and simulation results of SCS can provide high QoS performance in terms of delay,
average delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio. The main objective of our project is to implement the routing
protocols in NS2 and to compare simulation parameters like delivery ratio, end to end delay, packet drop, packet sent
using SCS, AODV and DSR protocol to provide quality of service in wireless ad hoc network.

KEYWORDS: Quality of service, routing algorithm, hybrid networks.

I. INTRODUCTION

A mobile ad hoc network is an autonomous collection of mobile devices such as laptops, smart phones, sensors that
communicate with each other over wireless links and cooperate in a distributed manner in order to provide the
necessary network functionality in the absence of a fixed infrastructure. This type of network operates as a stand-alone
network or with one or multiple points of attachment to cellular networks or the internet. It paves the way for numerous
new and exciting applications.

The Wireless Networks has stimulated numerous applications that have been used in wide areas such as commerce,
emergency services, military, education and entertainment due to its rapid development. The number of Smartphone
users worldwide will surpass 2 billion in 2017. Next year, there will be over 1.91 billion smart phone users across the
globe, figure that will increase another 12.6% to near 2.16 billion in 2018. In wireless and mobile networking
environment , the emergence of envisioned future of real time and multimedia applications have stimulated the need of
high QoS[1] support.

Fig 1 Mobile Adhoc Network(MANET)

Copyright to IJIRCCE 10.15680/ijircce.2015.0303055 1752

 ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer

and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2015

For the mobile devices and wireless infrastructures the QoS support decreases and end to end transmission
delay and increases throughput. The Multihop[2] cellular network have been proven to be a stringent network structure
for the next generation wireless network and can help to achieve the better QoS requirements of different applications.
The scalability of MANET[3] is improved by the infrastructure network , and hence the coverage area of infrastructure
network is extended. From remote servers through base stations, people in vehicles can upload or download videos
spreading out in a city.

However to support QoS routing in hybrid networks, little effort has been devoted. In hybrid wireless networks [4],
most of the current works focus on increasing routing reliability or network capacity but cannot provide QoS-
guaranteed services. When the reservation-based QoS routing protocols of MANETs are directly adopted into hybrid
networks, it inherits the invalid reservation and race condition problems. Quality of Service (QoS) refers to a set of
service requirements that needs to be met by the network while transporting a packet stream from a source to its
destination. Informally, it refers to the probability of a packet passing between two points in the network. The network
is expected to guarantee a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes to the users in terms of end-to-end
performance, such as end to end delay, throughput, probability of packet loss, delivery ratio.
Some of factors that influence QoS of wireless network include

 Throughput of Network
Represents the total number of bits (in bits/sec) forwarded from wireless LAN n layers to higher layers in
all WLAN nodes of the network.
Throughput= (nBytes*8)/(Delay[idPacket]*1000)
 Delay
End to end delay is the elapsed time between the packet sent and received.
Delay = ReceivedTime [idPacket]-SentTime[idPacket]
 Packet Delivery Ratio
Packet Delivery Ratio is the proportion of the total amount of packets reached by the
receiver and amount of packet sent by the source.
Packet delivery ratio = r/s
II. THE SCS PROTOCOL

SCS is a reactive and proactive protocol; it establishes a route to a destination only on demand. It does not keep a
record of all routes available in a network. The SCS Routing protocol uses an on-demand approach for finding routes,
that is, a route is established only when it is required by a source node for transmitting data packets. In SCS, the source
node and the intermediate nodes store the next-hop information corresponding to each flow for data packet
transmission. In an on-demand routing protocol, the source node floods the route request packet in the network when a
route is not available for the desired destination. It may obtain multiple routes to different destinations from a
single route request. A node updates its path information only if the Destination sequence Number of the current packet
received is greater or equal than the last Destination sequence Number stored at the node with smaller hop count. A
Route Request carries the Source ID, Destination ID, Source Sequence Number, Destination Sequence Number,
Broadcast ID, and the TTL field.
With the fast development of the Internet, wireless communications and semiconductor devices, home networking has
received significant attention. Consumer products can collect and

Fig: 2 Format for routing protocol

transmit various types of data in the home environment. Typical consumer sensors are often equipped with tiny,
irreplaceable batteries and it therefore of the utmost importance to design energy efficient algorithms to prolong the

Copyright to IJIRCCE 10.15680/ijircce.2015.0303055 1753

 ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer

and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2015

home network lifetime and reduce devices going to landfill. Sink mobility is an important technique to improve home
network performance including energy consumption, lifetime and end-to-end delay. Also, it can largely mitigate the hot
spots near the sink node. The selection of optimal moving trajectory for sink node(s) is an
NP-hard problem jointly optimizing routing algorithms with the mobile sink moving strategy is a significant and
challenging research issue.

When an intermediate node receives a route request, it either forwards it or prepares a route reply if it has a valid route
to the destination. The validity of a route at the intermediate node is determined by comparing the sequence number at
the intermediate node with the destination sequence number in the route request packet. If a route request is received
multiple times, which is indicated by the Broadcast ID – Source ID pair, the duplicate copies are discarded. All
intermediate nodes having valid routes to the destination, or the destination node itself, are allowed to send route reply
packets to the source. Every intermediate node, while forwarding a route request, enters the previous node address and
its Broadcast ID. A timer is used to delete this entry in case a route reply is not received before the timer expires. When
a node receives a route reply packet, information about the previous node from which the packet was received is also
stored in order to forward the data packet to this next node as the next hop toward the destination. After implementing
SCS protocol in MANET we need to take measurements like
 Packet sending
 Packet receiving
 Delivery ratio
 Delay
 Throughput
In this all we need to take optimal estimations, and generate x-graph for SCS implementation.

III. AODV MEASUREMENTS

The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed specifically for
use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. AODV allows the network to be completely self-
organizing and self-configuring, without the need for any existing network infrastructure or administration. It uses
source routing which means that the source must know the complete hop sequence to the destination. Each node
maintains a route cache, where all routes it knows are stored. The route discovery process is initiated only if the desired
route cannot be found in the route cache. To limit the number of route requests propagated, a node processes the route
request message only if it has not already received the message and its address is not present in the route record of the
message. The sequence of hops is included in each packet's header.

Fig: 3 Average delay in AODV Fig: 4 Throughput in AODV

Copyright to IJIRCCE 10.15680/ijircce.2015.0303055 1754

 ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer

and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2015

IV. DSR MEASUREMENTS

DSR (Dynamic Source Routing protocol)[6] is also a routing protocol, which is similar to AODV protocol. But, it
relies on source routing instead of routing table formation at

Fig: 5 Average delay in DSR Fig: 6 Throughput in DSR

intermediate nodes. During route discovery process, source routes determining requires accumulating the address of
each device between the source and destination. It uses caches for storing the routes. The intermediate nodes use the
source route included in a packet to determine to whom a packet should be forwarded. The disadvantages of DSR over
AODV can be given by, the packet header size grows with route length due to source routing. AODV attempts to
improve on DSR by maintaining routing tables at the nodes, so that data packets do not have to contain routes.

V. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The packet delivery ratio of the three protocols can be analysed using the fig: 7, Performance of the DSR is reducing
regularly while PDR is increasing in the case of AODV and SCS. SCS is better among the three protocols.

Fig: 7 Packet delivery ratio analysis Fig: 8 Analysis of Delay

Copyright to IJIRCCE 10.15680/ijircce.2015.0303055 1755

 ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer

and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2015

The delay of the three protocols can be analysed using the analysis graph, as Delay is defined as the time taken by the
data packets to reach the destination. This includes all possible delays caused by buffering during route discovery
latency, queuing at the interface queue.
VI. CONCLUSION

In hybrid networks, little effort has been devoted to support QoS routing. In this paper, we propose an SCS protocol for
hybrid networks to provide QoS services in a highly dynamic scenario. The source node schedules the packets to a
number of qualified neighbour nodes. Thus the three popular ad hoc routing protocols SCS, AODV and DSR [5] have
been compared. The performance of the protocols were measured with respect to metrics like Packet delivery ratio,
delay etc. Performance levels of the general AODV decrease when the numbers of malicious node increase. But
performance levels of the general SCS increase even though the numbers of malicious node increasing. The results of
the simulation indicate that performance of the SCS protocol is better than AODV and DSR protocols. Use of location,
mobility, power consumption, probability of resource, and route availability are some of the issues currently being
examined and needing further.

REFERENCES

[1] Ze Li; Haiying Shen "A QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Networks", Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions
on, on page(s): 693 - 708 Volume: 13, Issue: 3, March 2014.
[2] Upadhayaya, S., Gandhi, C.: ‘Quality of service routing in mobile Ad-hoc networks using locationand energy parameters’, Int. J. Wirel. Mobile
Network (IJWMN), 2009.
[3] Abolhasan, M., Wysocki, T.A., Dutkiewicz, E.: ‘A review of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks’, Elsevier J. Ad hoc Network, 2004.
[4] Hakima Chaouchi, Anelise Munaretto, "Adaptive QoS Management for IEEE 802.11 Future Wireless ISPs," Wireless Networks, Volume 10,
Issue 4, July 2004.
[5] The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks David B. Johnson David A. Maltz Josh Broch Computer
Science Department Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213-3891.

Copyright to IJIRCCE 10.15680/ijircce.2015.0303055 1756