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Tutorial 1 (Excel) Tute 1

This document contains the answers to several questions regarding electric power systems. Q5 asks the reader to calculate the equivalent impedance of three loads connected in parallel for both series and parallel combinations of resistance (R) and reactance (X). The loads absorb a total of 30.84 kW and 7.787 kVAr. Q6 discusses modifying an original electric power distribution system by adding a step-up transformer, high voltage transmission line, and step-down transformer. This reduces line losses from 1482.7 W to just 16.6 W while maintaining the load voltage within 0.1%. In summary, this document provides worked examples of calculating equivalent impedances of parallel loads and compares an

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
128 views

Tutorial 1 (Excel) Tute 1

This document contains the answers to several questions regarding electric power systems. Q5 asks the reader to calculate the equivalent impedance of three loads connected in parallel for both series and parallel combinations of resistance (R) and reactance (X). The loads absorb a total of 30.84 kW and 7.787 kVAr. Q6 discusses modifying an original electric power distribution system by adding a step-up transformer, high voltage transmission line, and step-down transformer. This reduces line losses from 1482.7 W to just 16.6 W while maintaining the load voltage within 0.1%. In summary, this document provides worked examples of calculating equivalent impedances of parallel loads and compares an

Uploaded by

Engr Anas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as XLS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 300771/197 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

TUTORIAL # 1 - ANSWERS

Q1

Load
30 kVA 1200 V Ang 0 at 0.8 PF leading
Current = 25 A/ph Ang 36.8699 deg = 16.88639 j 18.43502 A
Value of R (real part) 71.06316504 ohms Value of X (imag part) 65.0935 ohms
Distrbution line R X ohms; Z Ang
8.4 11.2 14 53.1301 deg
Volt drop = I.Z = 350 V / Ang 90 deg
2.143132E-14 j 350 V p.u.
Vs= 1200 j 350 V p.u.
1250 p.u. Ang 0.28379411 r 16.2602 deg

Q2

V1 = 500 V ang 16.26 deg; = 480.0005 +j 139.9983 V


V2 = 585 V ang 0 deg; = 585 +j 0 V
V1 - V2 = -104.9995 + j 139.998285 V; = 174.998328 V ang 126.8701 deg
Line = 0.7 + j 2.4 ohms = 2.5 ohms 73.7398 deg
Current I12 = dV/Z = 69.999331 A ang 53.13031 deg Current I21 = -I12 = 69.99933 A ang -126.8697 deg
Complex power for mach #1 S1 = V1.I* = 34999.67 VA ang -36.87031 deg = 27999.58 W + j -21000 Var
Complex power for mach #2 S2 = V2.I21* = 40949.61 VA ang 126.8697 deg = -24569.65 W + j 32759.78 Var
Conclusion: Mach #1 is supplying real power and absorbing reactive power.
Mach #2 is absorbing real power and supplying reactive power.
Line losses = I2.R = 3429.9345 W
Check: Do losses sum correctly?
Mach 2 + Line loss = -27999.58198 W
Mach 1 output = 27999.58198 W --> OK!

Q3

Balanced 3-=phase system. So convert to single-phase equivalent.


Must however convert delta load to star equivalent. So do delta-star conversion.
For balanced load, star equivalent = 1/3 delta load = 0.33333333 of 15 +j 18 ohms
Star equivalent load Zph= 5 +j 6 ohms ph-neutral = 7.81025 Ohms ang 50.19443 deg
Single-phase equivalent. Analyse 'a' phase.
Total Z pn/neutral = 6 +j 8 ohms ph-neutral 10 Ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Line voltage = 207.65 V Phase/neutral V = 119.8868 V ph
Line current I = Vph/Zph = 11.98867834 A ang -53.130102 deg
Total complex power = 3.Vph.Iph* = 4311.852 VA ang 53.1301 deg
2587.111 W 3449.482 Var
Phase voltage at load = Supply - line drop. Line drop = Zph.I = 2.236068 ohms ang 63.43495 deg * 11.98868 A ang -53.1301 deg
26.8075 V ang 10.30485 deg = 26.37509 + j 4.795471 V
Phase voltage at load = 93.51169 + j -4.795471 V = 93.63457 V ang -2.935673 deg
Line voltage at load = sqrt(3)* Vph = 162.179835 V

Q4.

Because loads are connected in parallel, each is supplied by full line voltage.
Therefore, each draws P and Q independently of the others.
Therefore, we can simply add up individual P and Q components.
System supply volts = 12.47 kV (line)
Load 1: 60 kW and 660 kVAr
Load 2: 240 kW at 0.8 PF (lag) = 240 kW -180 kVAr
Load 3: 60 kW at 1 PF = 60 kW 0 kVAr
Total complex S = 360 kW and 480 kVAr 600 kVA ang 53.1301 deg.
Total PF = 0.6
Line current = S 3-ph/(sqrt(3)*Vline) = 27.77948 A/ph

To bring PF up to 0.8 overall:


P= 360 kW. Therefore, at 0.8 PF, Q = 270 kVAr
Existing Q = 480 kVAr.
Therefore, correction = -210 kVAr Negative, so this implies capacitive.
New corrected load (3-phase total) = 360 kW 270 kVAr = 450 kVA
New Line current = Snew 3-ph/(sqrt(3)*Vline) = 20.8346128 A/ph.
Unit 300771/197 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
TUTORIAL # 1 - ANSWERS

Q5.
Three loads are connected in parallel across a single source voltage of 240 V rms, 50 Hz.
Load 1 absorbs 12 kW and 6.667 kvar.
Load 2 absorbs 4 kVA at 0.96 p.f. lagging.
Load 3 absorbs 15 kW at unity power factor.
Calculate the equivalent impedance, Z, for the three parallel loads, for the two cases:
(i) series combination of R and X
(ii) parallel combination of R and X.

Because loads are connected in parallel, each is supplied by full line voltage.
Therefore, each draws P and Q independently of the others.
Therefore, we can simply add up individual P and Q components.
System supply volts = 415.6922 V (line) 240 Vph
Load 1: 12 kW and 6.667 kVAr
Load 2: 4 kVA 0.96 PF (lag) = 3.84 kW 1.12 kVAr
Load 3: 15 kW at 1 PF = 15 kW 0 kVAr
Total complex S = 30.84 kW and 7.787 kVAr 31.80791 kVA ang 14.1708 deg.
Total PF = 0.96957
Line current = S 1-ph/Vph = 132.5329472 A/ph

Equivalent impedances of each load.


Parallel equivalence: divide P and Q by phase voltage.
Load 1: R = Vph2/P= 4.8 ohms; X = Vph2/Q = 8.639568 ohms.
Load 2: R = Vph2/P= 15 ohms; X = Vph2/Q = 51.42857 ohms.
Load 3: R = Vph2/P= 3.84 ohms; X = Vph2/Q = #DIV/0! ohms.
Series equivalence: calculate load current, then get Req and Xeq from I^2R and I^2X.
Load 1: S= 13.72767 kVA ang 29.05582027 deg I1 = 57.19862 A ang -29.05582 deg
Load 2: S= 4 kVA ang 16.26020471 deg I2 = 16.66667 A ang -16.2602 deg
Load 3: S= 15 kVA ang 0 deg I3 = 62.5 A ang 0 deg
Load 1: R = P/I^2 = 3.667838 ohms + j X = Q/I^2 = 2.03779 ohms
Load 2: R = P/I^2 = 13.824 ohms + j X = Q/I^2 = 4.032 ohms
Load 3: R = P/I^2 = 3.84 ohms + j X = Q/I^2 = 0 ohms

Q6.

a) Original system:
Total Z ph/neutral = 4.18 + j 3.24 ohms = 5.288667 ohms ang 37.77997 deg
Line voltage = 480 V = Phase/neutral V = 480 V ph
Line current I = Vph/Zph = 90.76011 A ang -37.77997 deg
Line impedance = 0.18 + j 0.24 ohms = 0.3 ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Phase voltage at load = Supply - line drop. Line drop = Zline.I = 27.22803 V ang 15.35014 deg = 26.2567 + j 7.207723 V
Phase voltage at load = 453.7432964 + j -7.207723 V= 453.8005 V ang -0.910068 deg
Line losses = I^2.Rline = 1482.731 W

a) System with step-up and step down tx and HV line:

Refer all HV impedances to generator (supply) side: Transf ratio = 10


Line impedance = 0.0018 + j 0.0024 ohms = 0.003 ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Total Z ph/neutral = 4.0018 + j 3.0024 ohms = 5.00288 ohms ang 36.87952 deg
Line voltage = 480 V = Phase/neutral V = 480 V ph
Line current I = Vph/Zph = 95.94473 A ang -36.87952 deg
HV line current = 9.594473 A ang
Line impedance = 0.18 + j 0.24 ohms = 0.3 ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Phase voltage at load = Supply - line drop. Line drop = Zline.I = 2.878342 V ang 16.25058 deg = 2.763344 + j 0.805472 V
Line drop as seen on load side of tx 0.287834 V ang 16.25058 deg = 0.276334 + j 0.080547 V
Phase voltage at load = 479.7236656 + j -0.080547 V= 479.7237 V ang -0.00962 deg
Line losses = I^2.Rline = 16.56971 W

Note vast reduction in line losses, and improvement in received voltage.


Unit 300771/197 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
TUTORIAL # 1 - ANSWERS

Q7. Dy11 vector diagrams: This diagram shows all the 3-phases vectors.

VAB The angles for the LV side voltages are thus (for HV a phase VAN = angle 0 deg):
Van = v angle 30 (where v is the magnitude of the LV side voltage)
Vbn = v angle -90
Vcn = v angle 150
VAN
Van
30
°
Vbn

VCN Vcn VBN

Q8. Taking the 'a' phase HV side of both transformers as referance angle 0, then
For Dy11, Van = v angle 30
For Dy1, Van = v angle -30 deg.
Van( Dy11)
The effect is shown in the vector diagram:
Difference
The voltage difference is shown by the red vector. VAN
As a 60 deg equilateral triangle is formed, this difference
is equal to the full phase-neutral voltage van.
The effect is like a full short circuit across the transformers'
LV terminals.
Van( Dy1)

Q9. Harmonics.
Fundamental: V1a = V1.cosωt , V1b = V1.cos(ωt+4π/3) , V1c = V1.cos(ωt+2π/3) , for a, b and c phases in a-b-c sequence (positive sequence).
2nd harmonic: V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos2(ωt+4π/3) , V2c = V2.cos2(ωt+2π/3)
V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos(2ωt+8π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(2ωt+4π/3)
V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos(2ωt+2π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(2ωt+4π/3) Now, replace 2ω by ω'
V2a = V2.cos(ω't) , V2b = V2.cos(ω't+2π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(ω't+4π/3)
Compare to fundamental, and note that phase sequence is now a-c-b, ie reverse or negative sequence.
3rd harmonic: V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos3(ωt+4π/3) , V3c = V3.cos3(ωt+2π/3)
V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos(3ωt+12π/3) , V3c = V3.cos(3ωt+6π/3)
V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3c = V3.cos(3ωt) Multiples of 2ω Now, replace 3ω by ω'
V3a = V3.cos(ω't) , V3b = V3.cos(ω't) , V3c = V3.cos(ω't)
Compare to fundamental, and note that all phases are now in phase, ie no rotation at all or zero sequence.

Q10. Fourier components fo square wave.


f(ωt) = 1 for 0<ωt<=nπ (n odd); f(ωt) = -1 for (n-1)π<ωt<=nπ (n even) Fourier series definition:


1
an = . ∫ f (ωt ). cosnωt . d( ωt )
π 0

1
bn = . ∫ f (ωt ). sin nωt . d (ωt )
π 0
Integrate over 1 cycle. From 0<ωt<=π, f(ωt) = 1; from π<ωt<=2π, f(ωt) = -1
an cos(nωt) terms are zero. bn sin(nωt) terms are 1 x 1/n.pi (integral of sin(nωt) = -1/n.cos(nωt) ).
an of zero means no DC component.

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