Tutorial 1 (Excel) Tute 1
Tutorial 1 (Excel) Tute 1
TUTORIAL # 1 - ANSWERS
Q1
Load
30 kVA 1200 V Ang 0 at 0.8 PF leading
Current = 25 A/ph Ang 36.8699 deg = 16.88639 j 18.43502 A
Value of R (real part) 71.06316504 ohms Value of X (imag part) 65.0935 ohms
Distrbution line R X ohms; Z Ang
8.4 11.2 14 53.1301 deg
Volt drop = I.Z = 350 V / Ang 90 deg
2.143132E-14 j 350 V p.u.
Vs= 1200 j 350 V p.u.
1250 p.u. Ang 0.28379411 r 16.2602 deg
Q2
Q3
Q4.
Because loads are connected in parallel, each is supplied by full line voltage.
Therefore, each draws P and Q independently of the others.
Therefore, we can simply add up individual P and Q components.
System supply volts = 12.47 kV (line)
Load 1: 60 kW and 660 kVAr
Load 2: 240 kW at 0.8 PF (lag) = 240 kW -180 kVAr
Load 3: 60 kW at 1 PF = 60 kW 0 kVAr
Total complex S = 360 kW and 480 kVAr 600 kVA ang 53.1301 deg.
Total PF = 0.6
Line current = S 3-ph/(sqrt(3)*Vline) = 27.77948 A/ph
Q5.
Three loads are connected in parallel across a single source voltage of 240 V rms, 50 Hz.
Load 1 absorbs 12 kW and 6.667 kvar.
Load 2 absorbs 4 kVA at 0.96 p.f. lagging.
Load 3 absorbs 15 kW at unity power factor.
Calculate the equivalent impedance, Z, for the three parallel loads, for the two cases:
(i) series combination of R and X
(ii) parallel combination of R and X.
Because loads are connected in parallel, each is supplied by full line voltage.
Therefore, each draws P and Q independently of the others.
Therefore, we can simply add up individual P and Q components.
System supply volts = 415.6922 V (line) 240 Vph
Load 1: 12 kW and 6.667 kVAr
Load 2: 4 kVA 0.96 PF (lag) = 3.84 kW 1.12 kVAr
Load 3: 15 kW at 1 PF = 15 kW 0 kVAr
Total complex S = 30.84 kW and 7.787 kVAr 31.80791 kVA ang 14.1708 deg.
Total PF = 0.96957
Line current = S 1-ph/Vph = 132.5329472 A/ph
Q6.
a) Original system:
Total Z ph/neutral = 4.18 + j 3.24 ohms = 5.288667 ohms ang 37.77997 deg
Line voltage = 480 V = Phase/neutral V = 480 V ph
Line current I = Vph/Zph = 90.76011 A ang -37.77997 deg
Line impedance = 0.18 + j 0.24 ohms = 0.3 ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Phase voltage at load = Supply - line drop. Line drop = Zline.I = 27.22803 V ang 15.35014 deg = 26.2567 + j 7.207723 V
Phase voltage at load = 453.7432964 + j -7.207723 V= 453.8005 V ang -0.910068 deg
Line losses = I^2.Rline = 1482.731 W
Q7. Dy11 vector diagrams: This diagram shows all the 3-phases vectors.
VAB The angles for the LV side voltages are thus (for HV a phase VAN = angle 0 deg):
Van = v angle 30 (where v is the magnitude of the LV side voltage)
Vbn = v angle -90
Vcn = v angle 150
VAN
Van
30
°
Vbn
Q8. Taking the 'a' phase HV side of both transformers as referance angle 0, then
For Dy11, Van = v angle 30
For Dy1, Van = v angle -30 deg.
Van( Dy11)
The effect is shown in the vector diagram:
Difference
The voltage difference is shown by the red vector. VAN
As a 60 deg equilateral triangle is formed, this difference
is equal to the full phase-neutral voltage van.
The effect is like a full short circuit across the transformers'
LV terminals.
Van( Dy1)
Q9. Harmonics.
Fundamental: V1a = V1.cosωt , V1b = V1.cos(ωt+4π/3) , V1c = V1.cos(ωt+2π/3) , for a, b and c phases in a-b-c sequence (positive sequence).
2nd harmonic: V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos2(ωt+4π/3) , V2c = V2.cos2(ωt+2π/3)
V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos(2ωt+8π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(2ωt+4π/3)
V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos(2ωt+2π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(2ωt+4π/3) Now, replace 2ω by ω'
V2a = V2.cos(ω't) , V2b = V2.cos(ω't+2π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(ω't+4π/3)
Compare to fundamental, and note that phase sequence is now a-c-b, ie reverse or negative sequence.
3rd harmonic: V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos3(ωt+4π/3) , V3c = V3.cos3(ωt+2π/3)
V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos(3ωt+12π/3) , V3c = V3.cos(3ωt+6π/3)
V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3c = V3.cos(3ωt) Multiples of 2ω Now, replace 3ω by ω'
V3a = V3.cos(ω't) , V3b = V3.cos(ω't) , V3c = V3.cos(ω't)
Compare to fundamental, and note that all phases are now in phase, ie no rotation at all or zero sequence.
2π
1
an = . ∫ f (ωt ). cosnωt . d( ωt )
π 0
2π
1
bn = . ∫ f (ωt ). sin nωt . d (ωt )
π 0
Integrate over 1 cycle. From 0<ωt<=π, f(ωt) = 1; from π<ωt<=2π, f(ωt) = -1
an cos(nωt) terms are zero. bn sin(nωt) terms are 1 x 1/n.pi (integral of sin(nωt) = -1/n.cos(nωt) ).
an of zero means no DC component.