Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Wastewater Operator Certification

Introduction to Ponds, Lagoons, and Natural Systems Study

Guide
December 2013 Edition

Subclass D

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Bureau of Science Services, Operator Certification Program
PO Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707

http://dnr.wi.gov/

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under
an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Equal Opportunity Office, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.
20240. This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, audio tape. etc.) upon request. Please call (608) 266-0531
for more information.

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Preface
This operator's study guide represents the results of an ambitious program. Operators of
wastewater facilities, regulators, educators and local officials, jointly prepared the objectives and
exam questions for this subclass.

How to use this study guide with references

In preparation for the exams you should:

1. Read all of the key knowledges for each objective.

2. Use the resources listed at the end of the study guide for additional information.

3. Review all key knowledges until you fully understand them and know them by memory.

It is advisable that the operator take classroom or online training in this process before attempting
the certification exam.

Choosing a Test Date:

Before you choose a test date, consider the training opportunities available in your area. A listing
of training opportunities and exam dates is available on the internet at http://dnr.wi.gov, keyword
search "operator certification". It can also be found in the annual DNR "Certified Operator" or by
contacting your DNR regional operator certification coordinator.

Acknowledgements
This Study Guide is the result of the efforts of the following workgroup individuals:

Todd Weyenberg, Robert E. Lee Inc.

Gary Hanson, AECOM
Dan Tomaro, Wastewater Training Solutions
David Stertz, WDNR-Oshkosh
Jack Saltes, WDNR-Madison
Katherine Robles, WDNR-Madison
Suzan Limberg, WDNR-Madison

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Theory and Principles

Section 1.1 - Definitions pg. 1
Section 1.2 - Biological Principles pg. 5
Section 1.3 - Process Understanding pg. 9
Chapter 2 - Operation and Maintenance
Section 2.1 - Definitions pg. 13
Section 2.2 - Methods pg. 13
Section 2.3 - Equipment pg. 22
Section 2.4 - Preventative Maintenance pg. 25
Chapter 3 - Monitoring, Process Control, and Troubleshooting
Section 3.1 - Definitions pg. 29
Section 3.2 - Sampling and Testing pg. 30
Section 3.3 - Data Understanding and Interpretation pg. 34
Section 3.4 - Performance Limiting Factors pg. 37
Section 3.5 - Corrective Actions pg. 38
Chapter 4 - Safety and Regulations
Section 4.1 - Regulations and Procedures pg. 41
Section 4.2 - Safety pg. 44
Chapter 5 - Calculations
Section 5.1 - Flow and Loading pg. 45
Section 5.2 - Volume and Surface Area pg. 46
Section 5.3 - Detention Time pg. 47
Section 5.4 - Discharge pg. 48
Section 5.5 - Leakage pg. 49

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Chapter 1 - Theory and Principles

Section 1.1 - Definitions

1.1.1 Define respiration.

Respiration is the process by which an organism (plant or animal) takes in oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide.

1.1.2 Describe "freeboard" in a pond or lagoon system.

Freeboard is the distance between the normal maximum operating water surface of the
pond and the top of the dike. Freeboard is normally 3 feet (meaning the water level should
be kept below 3 feet from the dike top).

1.1.3 Describe an aerated lagoon.

An aerated lagoon is a treatment pond that is provided with mechanical aeration that
introduces oxygen into the pond in order to promote the biological oxidation of the
wastewater. Operators utilize oxygen and microbial action in lagoons to treat the pollutants
in the wastewater. Lagoon depths range from 10 to 15 feet.
Figure 1.1.3.1

1.1.4 Describe a stabilization pond.

Ponds have historically been used to provide long detention times (greater than 150 days)
for wastewater to be stabilized through natural processes. Wastewater is treated by the
action of bacteria (both aerobic and anaerobic), algae, other micro and macro organisms,
and by the physical process of gravity settling. When properly designed, ponds are capable
of providing secondary treatment for both BOD and suspended solids. Pond depths range
from 3 to 6 feet.

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Figure 1.1.4.1

1.1.5 Describe an anaerobic pond.

Anaerobic ponds are more than 8 feet deep, have no dissolved oxygen, and use anaerobic
bacteria to treat organic material. They provide low cost treatment of high strength organic
wastes. They are typically used by industries to pre-treat wastewater, and are followed by
aerobic treatment. They usually have a floating cover to contain odors, collect methane gas
and retain heat.
Figure 1.1.5.1

1.1.6 Describe a spray and drip irrigation system.

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Spray and drip irrigation systems are land treatment systems designed to apply wastewater
to crops or vegetative cover. Wastewater and the nutrients it contains are taken up by the
vegetation for plant growth. Soil microorganisms further treat the wastewater as it moved
through the soil. Hydraulic loading rates are based on the crop irrigation requirement and
the soil type to which the wastewater is applied.
Figure 1.1.6.1

1.1.7 Describe constructed wetlands.

Constructed wetlands are a lined wetland designed so that wastewater flows through the
system. Soil and vegetation act as a filter, and slow water allowing suspended solids to
settle out. Biological uptake and natural processes associated with wetland vegetation,
soils and soil microorganisms also remove contaminants.
Figure 1.1.7.1

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1.1.8 Describe overland flow.

Overland flow is a form of land application that treats wastewater by discharging it evenly
over a vegetated sloping surface that has fairly impermeable soil. As the wastewater flows
over the slope, contaminants and nutrients are absorbed and the water is then recollected at
the base of the slope.
Figure 1.1.8.1

1.1.9 Describe a ridge and furrow system.

Ridge and furrow systems are land treatment systems that allow wastewater to be absorbed
into the soil by means of a series of shallow trenches. Wastewater is treated through
biodegradation by soil organisms. Water tolerant grasses are grown on the ridges to help
absorb water in the summer and to insulate the ground in the winter.
Figure 1.1.9.1

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1.1.10 Describe seepage cells.

Seepage cells are a process that uniformly distributes treated wastewater across an
unvegetated permeable soil. Suspended solids and organic wastes are removed as they
filter through the soil. Typically, treated effluent enters the groundwater or is collected and
discharged to surface water. Multiple seepage cells are often used to alternate flow for
maintenance purposes.
Figure 1.1.10.1

1.1.11 Describe pond turnover.

Turnover is a term used to describe the natural seasonal (fall and spring) mixing of the water
in a lake or pond, creating a uniform temperature of the water column. This movement of
water in a pond or lake is due to temperature and density differences between the top and
bottom of the water column and wind action. During turnover settled solids can get stirred
up, causing odors and raising effluent BOD and TSS.
Section 1.2 - Biological Principles

1.2.1 Describe how stabilization of organic waste material occurs in nature, both in water and in
soil.
In nature organic material is used as a food/energy source for bacteria, protozoa, algae and
other life forms for their growth and metabolism. Natural treatment systems purify
wastewater much like nature. Organic material in the wastewater is absorbed and broken
down by microorganisms, green plants, and other life forms.

This process is much slower than mechanical plants. For example, a stabilization pond
takes at least 150 days to achieve satisfactory treatment.

1.2.2 Discuss the climatic factors that affect stabilization pond activity.
The biological activity in a stabilization pond is affected by three primary climatic conditions:

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A. Light
Sunlight is the driving force for photosynthesis and the production of oxygen in a pond. The
depth to which light penetrates the pond will determine the depths to which algae grow and
produce oxygen. Solar radiation is highest during the summer. Operating depths are thus
between 3-6 feet to allow for sunlight penetration and mixing to effectively occur.

B. Temperature
Temperature affects the rate of bacterial and algal growth/activity. As temperatures rise,
activity increases. Treatment is the highest during the summer and lowest during the winter.
Ice and snow cover can help insulate a pond from extreme cold temperatures but also limit
the sunlight penetration. While cold water has the ability to be saturated with more oxygen,
biological activity is reduced during this time because of the cold temperatures.

C. Wind
Wind provides natural mixing to the pond. Some oxygen transfer also occurs at the pond
surface. Mixing allows both influent wastewater and oxygen to be dispersed in the shallow
water column of the pond. When adequate mixing of the food (BOD), oxygen, algae and
bacteria occurs, the entire pond is a natural, active biological treatment facility. To some
extent, the operator can ensure good air and wind movement across the pond surface by
keeping vegetation controlled in the inside dikes. Vegetation can impede air flow over the
pond.

1.2.3 Discuss how precipitation and evaporation affect stabilization pond volume.
A. Precipitation
Severe and large amounts of rain can significantly add water directly and indirectly through
inflow and infiltration to a pond. It is thus important that the pond has adequate room and
freeboard to accommodate rainfall and not pose any risk of overtopping the dike.

B. Evaporation
Evaporation of water is highest during the summer months when solar radiation and heat is
the highest. Days of high humidity will reduce the evaporation rate, while hot, sunny days
with low humidity and breezes over the pond surface will result in very high evaporation
rates.

In Wisconsin, the annual average precipitation (28-35 inches) closely equals the annual
average evaporation (28-35 inches) depending on state location (See Figures 1.2.3.1). For
this reason, if leakage is negligible, on an annual basis the amount of wastewater flowing
into a pond or lagoon system should approximate the amount that is discharged (total flow
in = total flow out). Leakage estimates and concerns can occur based on this knowledge.

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Figure 1.2.3.1

1.2.4 Discuss what photosynthesis is and how it aids the biological treatment of wastewater in
stabilization ponds.
Photosynthesis is a chemical process in nature in which green plants (algae in ponds) that
contain chlorophyll use carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight to produce carbohydrates
to grow. In wastewater treatment ponds, photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct,
providing oxygen to the bacteria that stabilize the suspended organic material in
wastewater. Photosynthesis can be summarized by the equation:

Carbon dioxide + Water => Carbohydrate + Water + Oxygen

6CO2 + 12H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

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Figure 1.2.4.1

1.2.5 Discuss the relationship between bacteria and algae in a pond system.
In any wastewater pond, treatment is accomplished by a complex community of organisms.
They work in an interaction with each other which is mutually beneficial. Algae, like all green
growing matter, uses nutrients and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight to produce
oxygen in a process called photosynthesis. The oxygen produced is used by bacteria to
break down organic matter into simpler materials, releasing carbon dioxide to be used by
the algae. Breaking down organic material reduces BOD.

1.2.6 Describe how photosynthesis and respiration effect pH, dissolved oxygen and carbon
dioxide in a stabilization pond.
When the sun is out, algae uses up dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and gives off oxygen
(O2) in the process of photosynthesis. At night, algae and microorganisms use dissolved
oxygen (DO) and give off CO2 in the process of respiration; this lowers the pH. Thus, pH
would be lowest at sunrise. In a non-aerated stabilization pond, this causes a daily swing in
the concentration of DO and dissolved CO2.
Dissolved CO2 in the water forms carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3), which lowers the
pH. On long sunny days, most of the CO2 is used up by the algae, therefore there is less
carbonic acid and the pH will rise. The pH can reach 11 or 12 in the evening of a sunny
summer day.

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Figure 1.2.6.1

Section 1.3 - Process Understanding

1.3.1 Discuss the effect turnover can have on a wastewater stabilization pond and effluent quality.
While stabilization ponds are relatively shallow and do not turnover like a lake does, it
nevertheless can occur, especially after ice-out in the spring. With the advent of spring, the
temperature gradients in the water along with winds create a spring turnover. When this
occurs the contents are the ponds are mixed, from top to bottom, and effluent quality may be
poor for a few weeks in the spring. Operators should closely monitor their pond at this time
and may not want to discharge any effluent when BOD and suspended solids violations may
occur.

1.3.2 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of pond and lagoon systems as compared to
mechanical systems.
Advantages:
- Low construction cost
- Low operational cost
- Low energy usage
- Can accept surge loadings
- Low chemical usage
- Fewer mechanical problems
- Easy operation
- No continuous sludge handling

Disadvantages:
- Large land requirements
- Possible groundwater contamination from leakage
- Climatic conditions affect treatment

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- Possible suspended solids problem (algae)

- Possible spring odor problems (after ice-out)
- Animal problems (muskrats, turtles, etc.)
- Vegetation problems (rooted weeds, duckweed, algae)
- Periodic, labor intensive and costly sludge removal

1.3.3 Describe series and parallel modes of pond operation and state conditions when each
should be used.
A stabilization pond system is usually composed of a number of individual cells (ponds) and
can be operated in several modes.

Series: The flow goes through each cell (pond) in succession (e.g. 1st cell to 2nd cell to 3rd
(finishing) cell). This type of flow pattern normally provides the best degree of treatment and
minimizes algae in the effluent.

Parallel: The influent flow is divided between two or more primary cells. Parallel operation
can be used to evenly distribute high organic loading.
Figure 1.3.3.1

1.3.4 Discuss the following parts of a stabilization pond system.

A. Headworks/screening - sometimes provided to remove rags and large objects before
wastewater enters the pond.
B. Flow meter/weirs - devices to measure incoming or discharged wastewater flow rates.
C. Dikes - the earthen pond sides which give the pond its shape and depth.
D. Rip rap - rock or stone placed at normal pond operating levels to prevent erosion of the
inner slope that could occur from wind actions.
E. Pond Liner- a clay or synthetic liner that keeps wastewater from leaking into the

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groundwater.
F. Control Structures:
1. Influent flow
2. Discharge
3. Pond level controls
Figure 1.3.4.1

1.3.5 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of duckweed.

A limited amount of duckweed can be advantageous to control algae growth and to absorb
nutrients. Duckweed can restrict sunlight to a pond to lessen excessive algae growth.
However, if too much duckweed is allowed to grow on the surface it can block sunlight. This
will cause a reduction in algae growth and a corresponding reduction in dissolved oxygen
which can adversely affect treatment. Additionally, the duckweed mat can further affect
dissolved oxygen by restricting oxygen transfer from wave action.

1.3.6 Discuss wastewater land treatment concepts.

As wastewater moves through soil it is subjected to physical, chemical and microbiological
processes of a complex and dynamic nature. The effectiveness of these soil processes in
treating wastewater depends on environmental conditions and the unique characteristics of
the soil and applied wastewater.

The use of dosing and resting cycle is of principle importance to the operation of absorption
ponds such as seepage cells and ridge & furrow systems. When a soil is allowed to drain
and dry, air will be drawn into the soil pores creating suitable conditions for the degradation
of applied wastes. Drying periods and periodic basin maintenance (scraping or tilling the
bottom of the seepage cells) are necessary to restore infiltration capacity and to renew the
biological and chemical treatment capabilities of the soil.

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Soil type is a fundamental factor affecting both hydraulic and treatment capabilities. Soil
particles are generally classified as sand, silt or clay. Sand particles are the largest,
therefore sandy soils are very permeable and wastewater seeps away fast. Silt and clay are
smaller particles and thus less permeable. Silt and clay are important, however, because
they are capable of adsorbing many substances from the applied wastewater. Seeping
away slower, pollutants held in the soil profile may subsequently be biodegraded by
microbial activity in the soil. The key to successful land treatment performance is to have
enough small soil particles and microbes to provide further treatment, but without excessive
restriction of the soil hydraulic conductivity.

Treatment in the soil occurs predominantly within the first three feet of the cell bottom. The
figure below shows how applied wastewater moves through the upper layers of soil where it
eventually reaches the groundwater table. It then enters, recharging the groundwater directly
below and travels down gradient in a plume, spreading out as it travels. Groundwater quality
standards apply in a down gradient monitoring well located 250 feet from the property
boundary. This is known in NR 140 as the Point of Standards application. Between the
treatment plant itself and treatment through the soil, groundwater protection can be
achieved.
Figure 1.3.6.1

1.3.7 Discuss groundwater movement and potential contamination from pond and lagoon
systems.
Groundwater typically moves from areas of higher elevation or head to lower elevation or
head where it is released into streams, lakes or wetlands. Groundwater moves extremely

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slow, only a few inches to a few feet per day, depending on the permeability of the soil it is
traveling through. Leaking ponds or lagoon systems have the potential to contaminate
groundwater. Monitoring wells are used to determine if groundwater contamination is
present. Monitoring wells are installed hydraulically downgradient of the pond or lagoon.
Another well is located upgradient of the pond or lagoon to determine groundwater quality
prior to possible contamination. Monitoring well samples only need to be taken at least
once a year due to the slow movement of groundwater.

1.3.8 List some possible consequences of exceeding the design organic loading rate of a pond
system.
A. Poor treatment.
B. High effluent BOD.
C. Increase of sludge solids.
D. Potential for objectionable odors.
E. Excessive algae (blue-green filamentous mats).
Chapter 2 - Operation and Maintenance

Section 2.1 - Definitions

2.1.1 Define hydraulic loading rate.

Hydraulic loading rate is the volume of wastewater discharged per day to the land treatment
system. It is measured as gal/day.

2.1.2 Define hydraulic application rate.

Hydraulic application rate is the volume of wastewater evenly spread over a designated
acreage of the land treatment system divided by a period of time. The rate is calculated by
dividing the volume discharged during the waste loading period by the acreage of land
loaded and then dividing by the total time in the load/rest cycle (gal/acre/day).

2.1.3 Define load/rest cycle.

Load/rest cycle is a schedule of operation in which a certain volume of waste is loaded on a
portion of the treatment system and then that portion is rested. This allows the liquid to drain,
the soil to re-aerate, and the soil micro-organisms to break down the waste material
Section 2.2 - Methods

2.2.1 Discuss common methods for controlling stabilization pond water levels.
Pond levels are usually controlled in manholes using boards or valves. In a manhole using
boards, boards are inserted or removed in a center wall to raise or lower a pond level. In a
manhole using a valve, a valve is turned to raise or lower a pond. All valves in manholes
should be exercised on a regular basis to ensure they are operable. Manholes using boards
should be inspected regularly and boards replaced if leakage between boards is observed.

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Figure 2.2.1.1

Figure 2.2.1.2

2.2.2 Describe the most common types of algae growing in ponds and lagoons
There are many forms of algae growing in wastewater treatment ponds. The two most
common types are green and blue-green algae. Green algae, which give the green color to
the ponds, predominate when pond conditions and treatment are good. Blue-green algae
are filamentous and indicate poorer pond conditions, such as high organic loading, low
dissolved oxygen, low nutrients and warm water conditions. They often form unsightly and
odorous mats.

Some of the common forms of green algae are:

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Figure 2.2.2.1

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Figure 2.2.2.2

2.2.3 Discuss the significance of algal growth and blooms in stabilization ponds.
The prolific and excessive growth of algae in stabilization ponds can result in heavy algal
blooms that cause in a “pea soup” and high effluent total suspended solids. Algae blooms,
most common during the summer, occur when the combined environmental conditions are
just right for promoting high algal growth: influent food (BOD) and nutrients (especially
phosphorus), warm waters and high solar radiation. The discharge of all this algae in the
effluent can result in effluent BOD, TSS and phosphorus violations. While many pond
systems in Wisconsin have an algae variance of 60 mg/L for their TSS limit, it still may not
help if effluent suspended solids are high due to an overabundance of algae. In ponds that
have phosphorus limits and add chemicals for removing phosphorus, phosphorus violations
may still occur due to the high phosphorus content of the algae themselves.

2.2.4 Discuss what an operator can do to control algae blooms.

First, it is important that the pond system is not overloaded and that it is sized correctly.
Stabilization ponds should not be loaded greater than 20 pounds per acre per day and must
have a minimum of 150 days of detention time. Second, operating them at the proper water
levels (3-6 feet) is important for facultative conditions (aerobic upper layer; anaerobic
bottom layer). While algae bloom control strategies are limited, some options are (1) barley
straw (in very early spring/summer to reduce algae growth), (2) chemical treatment (alum),
(3) storage and holding pond contents (usually not practical), (4) dyes (to reduce sunlight
penetration & photosynthesis thus reducing growth) (5) pond covers, especially on the last
smaller polishing pond and, (6) ultrasound (if studies prove it a safe and effective method).

2.2.5 Describe the purpose and operation of a fill and draw stabilization pond system.
The purpose of a fill and draw mode of pond operation is to allow for the storage (fill) of
wastewater when effluent quality may be poor (summer and winter) and for the discharge

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(draw) of wastewater when effluent quality is good (spring and fall). When not discharging,
ponds are filling and receiving treatment. Sampling of the pond and DNR notification is
required prior to discharging to ensure permit limits are met.

During spring and fall discharges, receiving streams are also colder and contain more
oxygen. A spring discharge can commence almost immediately after ice-out if the BOD
levels are acceptable. Algae levels in the pond are low at this time and streams flow high
with plenty of oxygen making it a very good discharge period (March - May). While
treatment is at its highest in the summer, discharging effluent during the summer depends
upon the amount of algae in the pond. Excessive algae or algal blooms, if discharged, can
result in effluent violations, especially TSS. Some operators may discharge in the summer
only if effluent quality remains below permit limits. As algae concentrations significantly
decrease in the fall with the onset of colder weather, operators again discharge while
effluent BODs are low. In fact, October-November discharges often can be of the best
quality of the year having received a high level of treatment during the summer.

2.2.6 Show a single annual drawdown schedule for a stabilization pond.

To draw down a pond, isolate the pond, if possible, one month before the discharge period.
Begin testing to monitor pond contents effluent limited parameters. Send results to the DNR
and notify them of the intent to discharge. Calculate what volume will be needed for storage,
and discharge at least that amount. Determine from the discharge permit daily discharge
volume, and calculate total days required for discharge. Always leave at least one or two
feet of treated wastewater in a pond so the wastewater will have an active bacterial
concentration. This greatly aids in maintaining oxygen and prevents odors or organic
upsets.

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Figure 2.2.6.1

2.2.7 Show graphically the relationship between drawdown and pond volume during the drawing
down of a pond.
Most stabilization ponds are constructed in a trapezoidal shape and therefore when drawing
down such a pond from the top down, each foot of water above has a greater volume than

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the foot below it. Knowing the volume in each foot or half foot of water allows an operator to
know how much the pond needs to be lowered to discharge a certain volume of water. By
knowing the volume the pond has been emptied allows the operator to know how much
storage volume he or she now has for the fill cycle of a fill and draw system. In a fill and draw
system, the operator must adequately drawdown the pond system in the fall, allowing for
sufficient fill volume during the winter and ensuring at least three feet of freeboard.

The graph below shows two things, the volume of wastewater in every half foot of depth and
the total volume of the pond with decreasing depth. Such graphs can be very helpful for both
drawing down and filling a pond. By knowing influent flow or effluent flow rates, an operator
will then know the time it will take to raise or lower the pond to desired depths.
Figure 2.2.7.1

2.2.8 List the reasons why an operator would vary pond levels.
A. Allow more treatment through increased detention time; raising pond levels increases
detention time
B. Repair aeration equipment or other structure
C. Repair leaks
D. Control muskrats
E. Control rooted weeds
F. Flood cut cattails
G. Remove sludge
H. Remove pipe blockages

2.2.9 Describe the proper operation of multiple seepage cells.

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The best operation for a seepage cell is loading cycles consisting of an application period
and drying period. During the drying period soil is able to drain, dry and draw air in,
maintaining aerobic conditions in the soil. An application period generally ranges from one
to three weeks, while the drying period is one to two times the application period. Before
discharging to a seepage cell, the pond contents must be monitored as is required by
permit. During discharge, flow to the seepage cell is recorded daily. The flow should be
uniformly distributed across the entire seepage cell. Loading rates to seepage cells are up
to 90,000 gallons/acre/day.

2.2.10 Describe how to check for efficient aeration of a lagoon.

Monitor lagoon dissolved oxygen, watch surface aeration patterns for changes, read airline
pressure gauge, check for changes in effluent BOD, and monitor all aeration equipment. For
proper treatment, an aerated lagoon should have an adequate supply of dissolved oxygen.
The dissolved oxygen in the surface mixed zone should be at least 2 mg/L.

2.2.11 Describe the effects of seasonal changes on pond treatment efficiency.

Winter: Treatment efficiency decreases in the winter with colder temperatures. Shorter
periods of sunlight and ice/snow cover limits the amount of photosynthesis. This may reduce
dissolved oxygen in the pond. The cold water also slows down bacterial action, reducing
treatment efficiency. If sufficient ice/snow cover is present, the pond may go anaerobic.
Emergent weeds and duckweed die-off. During this period, fill and draw ponds are
operated by storing wastewater for a spring discharge.

Spring: After ice-out, odors may occur for several days until dissolved oxygen is restored.
As temperatures increase, biological activity increases for both bacteria and algae.
Treatment efficiency begins to improve with increasing biological activity. After the the pond
has stabilized, a spring discharge for fill and draw type systems is usually done prior to
active algae growth.

Summer: The long sunny days provide maximum oxygen levels from algae photosynthesis.
Warm water temperatures increase bacteria action to provide the best environment for
efficient treatment. Operational problems include: controlling rooted emergent weeds,
removing duckweed and controlling algae blooms. During this period, fill and draw pond
systems are operated by storing wastewater for a fall discharge.

Fall: A transitional time, but in reverse of spring. Water temperatures begin dropping,
reducing bacterial activity and photosynthesis as the days get shorter. Treatment
efficiencies begin to drop as winter approaches. When the algae levels drop and the BOD
stabilizes, fill and draw type systems normally discharge.

2.2.12 Discuss the operating procedures for dealing with a spring thaw.
Ponds will usually fill up fast during spring thaw and levels must be watched so dikes do not
overflow. Discharge should be continuous and increased as needed until levels stabilize.
Start spring draw down of the ponds if operating on fill and draw. The collection system
usually has infiltration, and flow is quite large during the spring thaw. Draw ponds down
when streams are cold and flows high.

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2.2.13 Discuss the purpose of using rip rap on the inner dike of a lagoon or pond.
Rip rap is used for protecting the inner diking from erosion. Rip rap may consist of 3-5 inch
stone placed at normal operating water levels. This size stone prevents erosion due to
wave action and is small enough to deter weed growth and burrowing animals. Maintaining
rip rap includes keeping it weed free and replenished.

2.2.14 Describe factors that affect the amount of metal salt needed to remove phosphorus in a
pond system.
The initial estimate of the metal salt dose needed to remove phosphorus in a pond system
can be calculated in the same manner as for an activated sludge system. As with activated
sludge, competing reactions will require more metal salt than the theoretical dose. Total
phosphorus in a pond includes soluble and particulate phosphorus and phosphorus
contained in algal cells. While the metal salt will react with orthophosphate to create an
insoluble precipitate, algae and particulates will also settle with precipitate.

2.2.15 Discuss the ways in which phosphorus removal chemicals can be added at a pond or
lagoon system.
For continuous dosing, metal salts to remove phosphorus are usually added to the last pond
or lagoon where the precipitation reaction and settling can occur. The chemical should be
added where good mixing of the chemical with the wastewater can be achieved, such as
the upstream manhole prior to the last pond or just before an aerator. For batch dosing of
aluminum sulfate (alum), in fill and draw systems, some operators use a small motorboat to
apply the alum where the propeller can provide the mixing. Another alternative is to spay
alum directly to the surface.

2.2.16 Explain how a pond is "batch treated" using a small motorboat or pontoon type boat.
Alum is typically the phosphorus removal chemical applied to a pond by boat. The boat is
fitted with a tank to hold the chemical. The chemical drains by gravity to the propeller area
where it is mixed into the pond. The boat travels and applies chemical in a grid work pattern
across the entire pond surface. The floc that forms is allowed to settle for 24 - 48 hours and
a sample of the treated pond is taken to assure it meets effluent limits before the pond is
discharged. This can be an inexpensive and effective method to treat and remove
phosphorus from ponds and lagoons. Care must be taken in shallow ponds when boat
propellers are used for mixing so as to not rile up the solids settled in the pond or damage
the liner.

2.2.17 Discuss the build-up of sludge in lagoons/ponds using chemicals for phosphorus removal.
Solids will accumulate in the pond where precipitates form and settle. The amount of
chemical sludge produced is 7.5 mg chemical sludge per mg phosphorus removed for
alum, and 10 mg chemical sludge per mg phosphorus removed for iron. Sludge depths
should be measured annually and sludge removed as needed to avoid any release of the
phosphorus from the settled sludge and organic material.

2.2.18 Discuss management plans for natural land treatment systems.

The department requires management plans for land treatment systems such as ridge and

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furrow, spray irrigation, and overland flow systems. These plans are for optimizing treatment
system performance and achieving compliance. The treatment system must be operated in
conformance on pretreatment processes, load and rest schedules, scheduled maintenance,
weed control, strategies for adverse weather, and monitoring procedures.
Section 2.3 - Equipment

2.3.1 Describe common aeration equipment used in Wisconsin aerated lagoons.

There are many types and manufacturers of aeration equipment used in aerated lagoons.
Some of the most common are diffusers (coarse bubble and fine bubble), static tube
helixors, air spargers, floating surface aerators and platform mounted turbines. Subsurface
aeration equipment is much less affected by icing issues.

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Figure 2.3.1.1

Figure 2.3.1.2

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Figure 2.3.1.3

Figure 2.3.1.4

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Figure 2.3.1.5

2.3.2 Discuss the purpose of a blower air relief valve in a pond aeration system.
In the event of excess pressure (plugged diffusers or air lines) the pressure relief valve will
open to release excess pressure and protect the piping, diffusers, and the blower.

2.3.3 Describe the meaning of blower air pressure gauge readings.

The normal operating discharge pressure from a blower is 5 to 14 psi. High readings of an
air gauge are caused by plugged airline, orifices, diffusers, or ice cap. Low readings of an
air gauge could be caused by a faulty blower, an air leak, or clogged blower inlet filter. In
either case, there is a possibility that the blower could overheat, causing damage to the unit.
A hot blower should be shut-down and corrective action taken.

2.3.4 Describe how pond depth and bubble size affect aeration efficiency.
The deeper the pond, the longer the contact time before the bubbles reach the surface. The
smaller the bubbles are the more contact surface between the air and water, which
increases the transfer rate.
Section 2.4 - Preventative Maintenance

2.4.1 List common maintenance considerations for a diffused aeration system.

A. Centrifugal Blowers
1. Unusual noise or vibrations
2. Lubrication of blowers and motors
3. Check and lubricate couplings
4. Check discharge pressure and temperature
5. Check filters and obstructions
6. Check amperage meter

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B. Positive Displacement Blowers

1. Unusual noise or vibrations
2. Lubrication of blowers and motors
3. Check and lubricate couplings
4. Check and exercise pressure relief valve
5. Check discharge pressure and temperature
6. Check filters and obstructions
7. Check blower seals
8. Check drive belt alignment and tension

An operator should refer to the operation and maintenance manual for all required
maintenance. All maintenance and repairs should be documented.

2.4.2 List components of a maintenance recordkeeping system

Typical equipment at ponds and lagoons needing maintenance are blowers, aerators,
piping, pumps, manholes, valves, mowing, weed control, flow metering and sampling
equipment. Maintenance recordkeeping involves the use of various formats to record
performed maintenance and repairs. Examples include a folder filing system, a card system
or computers with appropriate software.

Two major components of a good maintenance recordkeeping system are a History of

Repairs for major equipment items and a preventative maintenance program that schedules
the interval frequency for routine maintenance tasks, such as lubrications and other tasks,
for each piece of equipment. Preventative maintenance that is to be performed at a
treatment facility can be found in the plant’s Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Manual. A
regular preventative maintenance program reduces major breakdowns, unexpected repairs,
and excessive weed overgrowth

2.4.3 List the most common maintenance tasks associated with pond systems.
A. Weed control - cattails and other rooted aquatic plants.
B. Algae control - blue-green and associated floating algae mats, algal blooms.
C. Burrowing animals - muskrats and turtles.
D. Duckweed control and removal.
E. Floating sludge mats.
F. Dike vegetation - mowing and removing woody plants.
G. Dike erosion - rip rap and proper vegetation.
H. Fence maintenance to restrict access.
I. Mechanical equipment - pumps, blowers etc.
J. Valves – exercise valves regularly.
K. Manholes – Hydrogen sulfide corrosion, especially influent manholes.

2.4.4 Discuss the maintenance of seepage cells.

Control weeds by tilling the soil. Keep level. Seepage cells should be tilled on a regular
basis so that excessive vegetation growth does not occur. If weed growth becomes
excessive it may need to be mowed and removed before tilling. Seepage cell
maintenance involves aerating the soil crust which builds-up at the soil-air interface. This

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crust impedes water and oxygen percolation into the soil. Any suitable tilling equipment can
be used. Tilling 6" to 12" helps control weed growth which proliferates on the surface. Avoid
unnecessary soil compaction.

2.4.5 Describe the ways to control aquatic vegetation.

Rooted weeds can be controlled by:
A. Physical removal of new growth by hand.
B. Mowing with a sickle bar after ice has formed.
C. Increasing the water level to reduce light penetration to stop photosynthesis.
D. Lowering the water level and burning the weeds.

2.4.6 Discuss how to deal with floating mats.

Floating mats on pond systems are caused by floating sludge, blue-green algae, or oil and
grease; the most common are sludge and algae mats. Mats can cause odor problems. It
can be corrected by trying to break-up the sludge or algae mats and allowing them to settle
to the bottom. If this does not work, it will be necessary to rake them out and dispose of
them. If oil and grease are a problem, the source of this material should be eliminated
through a grease control program.

2.4.7 Describe how cattails can be controlled without chemicals.

Cattails can establish themselves in the shallow water and soft bottoms along the dikes.
Cattails have extensive root systems and can spread by rhizomes forming large
interconnected stands. They can also spread by wind-dispersed seeds so controlling them
early as they try to establish themselves in the pond is desirable before they become large
colonies and a labor intensive task. When cattails are young and just starting to grow,
manually pulling them out is a very effective preventative maintenance task to regularly do.

If left to mature and spread into colonies along the pond banks, then “drowning” them can be
an effective method. There are two ways to do this seasonally. During warm weather, a
pond with mature cattail stands in them can be lowered if possible, the cattails stalks cut
and then the water raised to 2-3 feet over them will ‘drown” and kill them. If lowering the
pond is not possible, a boat mounted weed cutter can be used to cut them below the water
surface. An easier cutting method may be during the winter. In the fall, during a fall
discharge, the pond with cattail stands is lowered and left as low as possible for the winter.
Once ice covers the ponds, an operator can then walk to the cattails and easily cut them at
the ice surface. In the spring, the water is allowed to raise 2-3 feet over the cut stems with
the same drowning result. If the cattails problem is excessive, this method may have to be
repeated over a couple of winters as the cattails are reduced each summer until they
completely disappear from the pond.

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Figure 2.4.7.1

2.4.8 Discuss the use of chemicals for controlling vegetation both in and around the pond.
The use of chemicals to control vegetation in a pond should be limited. Due to toxicity
concerns, manual or mechanical methods of control are preferred. Chemical vegetation
control should only be used as a last resort in a pond and needs DNR approval.

When using chemicals to control vegetation on diking and around the pond, products such
as Round Up or equivalent can be used. Do not overspray into the pond and follow all
safety precautions and use recommendations when handling chemicals.

2.4.9 Identify types of dike vegetation, and how to control grass and other plant growths.
It is very important that dikes have a protective grass cover to prevent erosion from runoff
and wave action. The grasses used should be fast growing, spreading, with shallow, but
dense root systems (e.g. rye, brome and quack). Mowing should be done periodically so
dikes can be observed and to reduce breeding areas for insects.

Tree and shrubs should not be allowed to grow on dikes as their root structure could cause
dike leakage, damage to the pond seal, or structural failure to the dike. All woody plants
should be removed by pulling or mowing, and in the event they become established, it will
be necessary to use brushing methods (e.g. pruning, chain saw, brush saw, weed whacker,
etc.).

2.4.10 Discuss the solids build up in stabilization ponds.

Over time, sewage solids settle and can start to build up on the pond bottoms, especially in
the first stabilization pond. Measuring solids deposition should start at about 10 years of
operation or the last sludge removal. Solids in a pond or lagoon can be measured using a
sludge depth finder such as a Sludge Judge from a row boat. Using a surface grid, sludge
depth measurements should be taken every so many feet, perhaps every 50 feet, starting
near the influent pipe and recorded on the grid.

Many ponds eventually, after about 15-20 years, need to have solids mechanically removed.

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Accumulated solids reduce the detention time of the pond, which can reduce treatment. For
example, every foot of a 3 acre, 5 foot deep pond contains about 1 MG or 50 days of
detention time. Every foot of sludge thus reduces the detention time by 50 days (20%); two
feet by 100 days (40%). Treatment will ultimately be effected. If sludge starts to accumulate
to 1 ½ -2 feet in much of the pond, removal should start to be considered and budgeted.
Most solids will deposit within a certain radius of the influent pipe, causing a “volcano” type
build-up effect. Sometimes solids may only need to be removed in the near vicinity of the
influent sewage pipe to ensure solids do not affect the influent sewage flow rate.

Sludge removal, when necessary, should be planned and done through a consultant and
contractor. It is extremely important that the equipment and methods used do not damage
the pond liner and diking. The sludge removal plan must be sent to and approved by
WDNR. The disposal of pond/lagoon sludge must meet all sludge sampling, reporting and
land application requirements of the WPDES permit and code requirements.

2.4.11 Discuss the operation and maintenance needs of an overland flow treatment system.
Daily inspection of collection ditch integrity should be performed. If breeched, runoff
collection ditches need to be restored. The overland flow terrace should be inspected for
ponding or channeling. If these conditions exist, the terrace is taken off line, filled and
reseeded. The vegetation should be mowed or harvested as needed.

2.4.12 List the operation and maintenance needs of a spray irrigation treatment system.
A. Pumps: lubrication, check seals, record pressure
B. Drive for the center pivot sprayer: lubricate gears, check tire pressure and tread
C. Nozzles: keep clean, unplug as needed
D. General: drain system completely before freezing weather

2.4.13 List the operation and maintenance needs of a ridge and furrow system.
A. Remove grasses at beginning of or prior to growing season and at least one additional
time during the growing season to maximize nutrient uptake. Prior to growing season
grasses may be burned.
B. Alternate loadings between cells to allow cells to rest prior to recharge.
C. Ensure adequate rest period to allow ridge soil to become unsaturated and aerobic.
D. Visually evaluate ridge and furrow system to verify uniform loading and verify no
wastewater runoff.
E. Maintain pumps by lubrication, check seals, record pressure and run time.
Chapter 3 - Monitoring, Process Control, and Troubleshooting

Section 3.1 - Definitions

3.1.1 Define Preventive Action Limit (PAL).

Preventive action limits are a groundwater quality standard that serves two main purposes.
First, PAL’s set limits to prevent contamination. PAL’s also serve as an indicator that
remedial actions or a regulatory response may be necessary. PAL’s are a lesser
concentration than the enforcement standard for a substance, with the intention of giving
permitees time to take preventive action so that the enforcement standard is not exceeded.
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3.1.2 Define Enforcement Standard (ES).

Enforcement standards are groundwater quality standards set for substances that pose a
risk to public health or welfare. When a substance is detected in the groundwater in
concentrations equal to or greater than its enforcement standard, the activity, practice or
facility that is the source of the substance is subject to enforcement action. Corrective
action is required to bring a facility back into compliance.

3.1.3 Define Point of Standards Application.

Point of standards application means the specific location, depth or distance from a facility,
activity or practice at which the concentration of a substance in groundwater is measured for
purposes of determining whether a preventive action limit or an enforcement standard has
been attained or exceeded.
Section 3.2 - Sampling and Testing

3.2.1 Describe typical WPDES permit monitoring requirements for a pond/lagoon system.
The WPDES permit for a pond/lagoon system will specify the types and frequency of influent
and effluent sampling from a pond or lagoon system. Influent and effluent are always
sampled for BOD and suspended solids. Other effluent parameters may also be required
such as pH, ammonia, total nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorides depending on the receiving
water (surface water or groundwater) and the effluent limits in the WPDES permit.
Sampling results are entered on Electronic Discharge Monitoring Reports (eDMR).

The following Discharge Monitoring Report shows the influent and effluent flow monitoring
and sampling required for a stabilization pond system discharging to seepage cells.

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Figure 3.2.1.1

3.2.2 Describe flow monitoring and taking samples from a pond/lagoon system.
Sampling and flow monitoring requirements are contained in the WPDES permit. Influent
and effluent flow metering is often required so that influent and effluent volumes are known
and also so that leakage estimations can be made (see key knowledge 3.3.3). For remote
fill and draw pond systems without nearby power, portable battery or solar powered flow
meters can be used for effluent flow metering during discharge periods.

Samples of raw wastewater should be taken where it enters the pond system or at the lift
station that pumps the wastewater to it. Flow proportional samples are always preferred
over grab samples and will be required in the permit if that capability exists or if power can
be economically extended to the site.

In a fill and draw pond system, the pond has to be sampled prior to discharging to ensure it

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will meet effluent limits. It is important that this sampling be representative of the pond
contents that are to be discharged. Multiple samples should be collected and then mixed
together prior to laboratory analysis. One commonly used method is to collect a pond
sample from the four corners of the pond as far as a sampling cup and long pole can be
safely extended from the shore (6-10 feet) and below the surface of the water. The four
samples of equal volume should be mixed together and then tested.

Samples of final effluent should be taken where the treated wastewater leaves the treatment
system. The sample should be at a well-mixed representative location. Again, flow
proportional samples are always preferred over grab samples and will be required in the
permit if that capability exists.

3.2.3 Explain how the following samples should be collected and preserved for analysis:
A. BOD and TSS
B. Fecal Coliform
C. ph and Dissolved Oxygen
D. Phosphorus
E. Ammonia
A. BOD and TSS: The most representative influent and effluent BOD /TSS sample is
collected using a 24-hour flow-proportional sampler. When electrical power is not available,
a grab sample can be collected. Influent samples to a pond or lagoon site usually involve
composite sampling because of power availability. Effluent composite samples are
preferred at pond sites, but when electrical power is not available or possible, a grab
sample is taken. The WPDES permit will specify the type and frequency of sample
collection. A BOD and TSS must be kept cool (to 6°C or less) and sent in to a lab for
analysis within 48 hours.

B. Phosphorus and Ammonia

The most representative samples collected for ammonia and phosphorus are 24 hour flow
proportional samples. If a portable sampler is used, time proportional samples are next
best. If neither is used, then a grab sample can be collected. The WPDES permit will
specify the type and frequency of sample collection. These nutrients must be collected in a
special nutrient sample bottle and preserved with sulfuric acid and kept cool (to 6°C or less)
until they are analyzed.

C. Fecal Coliforms: An effluent grab sample collected for fecal coliform analysis must be
kept cool (to 6°C or less) and sent or brought in to a lab immediately. The maximum holding
time for a fecal coliform sample is 6 hours.

D. pH and Dissolved Oxygen: With no preservation method, these samples must be

analyzed immediately on-site upon collection because these parameters will change over
time.

3.2.4 Discuss purging a monitoring well so that a representative groundwater sample can be
collected.
The goal of sampling a monitoring well is to collect unaltered samples that represent the

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physical and chemical composition of groundwater. Monitoring wells must be purged of four
(4) well volumes before a sample can be collected. The goal of purging is to remove the
stagnant water that has been sitting in the well casing. Purging brings fresh groundwater
through the well screen and into the well casing for a representative groundwater sample.
Stagnant water does not represent groundwater. Purge and sample wells in order from least
to most contaminated unless the sampler uses dedicated or disposable equipment.

The volume to be purged from a well can be determined from the following equation:

V = pi x (D/2)2 x H x 7.48 gallons per cubic feet x 4

V = total purge volume (four well volumes in gallons)

pi = 3.14
D = inside diameter of well casing (feet)
H = feet of water in well (depth towel bottom minus depth to water)

3.2.5 Describe how groundwater is monitored.

Ground water is typically monitored at the system boundary. Monitoring wells are installed
up gradient of lagoons to measure the background groundwater quality and down gradient
to measure the impact of the lagoon. Typical monitor parameters include nutrients such as
nitrate - nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, organic – nitrogen, potassium, total dissolved solids,
ortho phosphorus, total phosphorus, pH, and trace metals.

3.2.6 Describe a Groundwater Monitoring Report Form

The following is a typical Ground Water Monitoring Report Form. The most important
aspects to note are the sample values entered for each parameter for both the background
and down gradient wells, as well as the Preventive Action Limits (PAL’s) and Enforcement
Standards (ES’s) for those parameters.

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Figure 3.2.6.1

Section 3.3 - Data Understanding and Interpretation

3.3.1 Explain why dissolved oxygen concentrations vary with pond depth.
Oxygen levels vary within ponds depth for a number of reasons. The main reason is the
relationship of the organisms within the pond; different bacteria survive under different
conditions. Other reasons are the physical actions within the pond, and the loading to the
pond. For example:

A. The algae are the main source of oxygen in a pond system. Algae growth is greatest
near the surface where light penetration and photosynthesis is the greatest.
B. Oxygen levels decrease with depth, due to less light penetration needed for
photosynthesis. The algae use carbon dioxide in the process of photosynthesis and

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produce oxygen. The bacteria stabilize organic matter using the oxygen and produce
carbon dioxide.
C. The diffusion of oxygen occurs at the surface of ponds and is mixed in the upper layers
by wind action. The amount of mixing is limited, so the oxygen levels decrease with depth.
D. The final factor affecting oxygen levels is the organic loading to the system. If organic
loadings are small, the oxygen levels will be maintained at greater depths. If organic
overloading occurs, the whole pond could go anaerobic.

3.3.2 Discuss how leakage from a pond or lagoon system can be estimated each year.
Leakage is estimated each year in DNR’s Compliance Maintenance Annual Reports.
Because annual precipitation approximately equals annual evaporation in Wisconsin (see
key knowledge 1.2.3), the volume of effluent discharged from a pond system each year
should be approximately the amount of influent entering a pond system. In other words, the
volume of wastewater coming in and going out should be the same each year. Storage can
also be accounted for in this estimation. If the influent cannot be accounted for, whether
through effluent discharged and/or storage, then leakage may be occurring. If leakage
seems to be occurring each year through CMAR reporting, further leakage studies may
need to be undertaken, either by doing on-site leakage testing and/or installing groundwater
monitoring wells.

Total influent volume (in million gallons) minus total effluent volume (in million gallons) plus or
minus the change in pond/lagoon storage (in million gallons) is the net wastewater loss. The
net loss divided by 0.000365 equals the estimated leakage amount in gallons per day. The
estimated leakage rate in gallons per acre per day (gpad) is the leakage amount in gpd
divided by the total pond surface area (in acres). See Key Knowledge 5.5.1.

3.3.3 Describe how leakage testing can be performed at a wastewater pond site
When leakage is suspected, further evaluation can be done by on-site leakage testing. On-
site testing involves isolating the pond suspected of leakage by not allowing any wastewater
to enter or leave, if possible. The pond level is measureable using a staffing gage in the
pond to measure the water height. Evaporation and precipitation are measured each day,
most often using a large barrel partially filled with water. The barrel is placed in the pond to
keep the water in the barrel at the same temperature as the pond. The water level in the
barrel is measured daily for either precipitation (+) or evaporation (-). Changes in pond and
barrel water levels should be relatively the same. On-site leakage testing is usually
conducted over a long enough time period (at least 30 days) to allow for climatic variability
and data authenticity. Duplicating the leakage test by doing it a second time the same year
adds additional confidence in the testing. The reader is referred to the Minnesota Leakage
Testing Guidelines for further details and guidance for performing leakage tests on-site

3.3.4 Define groundwater monitoring well

A groundwater monitoring well is a small diameter well, usually constructed of a PVC tube,
that is drilled to the groundwater table (surface). It is installed for the specific purpose of
either determining the elevation of the groundwater table and/or the physical, chemical,
biological or radiological properties of the groundwater.

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3.3.5 Describe a groundwater monitoring well system

A groundwater monitoring well system usually consists of an upgradient monitoring well(s)
and a number of downgradient monitoring wells, spaced apart and correctly located to
accurately measure groundwater elevations and quality. Groundwater moves from higher
elevation to lower elevation. The upgradient monitoring well (or control well) measures the
background water quality above a treatment pond/lagoon site while downgradient wells
measure the impacts, if any, from the site. The groundwater parameters that have to be
sampled for and tested are specified in the facility’s WPDES permit to determine
compliance with meeting groundwater quality standards.

3.3.6 Discuss pond and lagoon system leakage and effects

Wastewater treatment ponds and lagoons are required by code to be designed to have a
leakage rate less than 1000 gallons per acre per day (gal/acre/day). Practically speaking,
and in order to meet this leakage rate design standard, most ponds and lagoons are lined
with a synthetic liner. Synthetic liners most commonly used are polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or
high density polyethylene (HDPE) with a nominal 30 ml thickness. Pond and lagoon
systems can be lined with clay or bentonite but must have a leakage rate less than the 1000
gal/acre/day design standard.

Leakage from pond and lagoon systems greater than 1000 gal/acre/day has the potential to
contaminate groundwater. Untreated or partially treated wastewater can percolate through
the soil transporting pollutants to the groundwater below. As contaminated groundwater
moves away from the treatment plant site, it can contaminate down gradient wells or if
recharging a nearby stream, add pollutants to the stream.

3.3.7 Discuss the effects of pumping sewage to a distant pond or lagoon site.
Raw sewage may become septic if it has to be pumped a long distance (1-5 miles) from a
lift station in town to a distant pond/lagoon site outside of town. The septicity is caused by
the long detention time of the wastewater in the pipe under anaerobic conditions before it
reaches the pond site. Under anaerobic conditions, organic acids and sulfide compounds
form. Organic acids can result in increasing the BOD of the wastewater once it reaches the
pond site. Hydrogen sulfide results from the bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen, such as in sewers. The sewage, upon discharge to the influent manhole
at the pond site, will release corrosive hydrogen sulfide gas leading to manhole
deterioration. Because of this, pond influent manholes should be constructed and properly
coated to protect against hydrogen sulfide corrosion.

3.3.8 Describe the effect algae can have on effluent suspended solids and phosphorus being
discharged from a pond/lagoon.
In a treatment system such as a pond or lagoon, phosphorus is a primary nutrient utilized by
algae for growth. Excess phosphorus can result in algal blooms. Algae carried out with the
effluent can not only result in effluent suspended solids violations but may also contain
phosphorus associated with algal cells. Not discharging excessive algae will ensure
meeting effluent limits.

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3.3.9 Discuss how monitoring pond temperatures weekly can aid in deciding when to stop/start
discharges from a fill & draw system.
Weekly pond temperatures, when graphed (see Figure 3.3.9.1) can help an operator
determine the best periods of seasonal discharges. The flat and knee of the curves are
usually good times to discharge depending on a plant’s effluent limits. Discharging on the
steep slopes of a temperature graph (usually turnover periods or bacterial changes) usually
results in poorer effluent quality and risks violations. Discharges early in the spring (March-
April) before pond temperatures start to rise rapidly is one time to discharge. The best time
is usually in the fall/early winter (October-December) after a summer of good treatment. A
fill and draw system with ammonia limits usually has to discharge most of their effluent in the
fall and early winter after a summer nitrification.
Figure 3.3.9.1

Section 3.4 - Performance Limiting Factors

3.4.1 Describe the consequences of not controlling floating mats and rooted weeds in a pond
system.
Floating weed mats prevent sunlight from entering the pond, causing anaerobic conditions.
Floating duckweed, if not removed, will continue to reproduce and make the problem worse.
These mats block sunlight from entering the pond, slowing algae photosynthesis and
reducing oxygen production. The pond could go anaerobic. Mats also blow into dead zones
of the pond and reduce the effective area of the treatment pond, and hinder surface aeration

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by reducing wind turbulence. Rooted weeds could pierce the pond seal and lead to leaks.
The rooted weeds are food and cover habitat for muskrats. Muskrats build dens into the
banks which also lead to significant leakage. Large amounts of rooted weeds in the pond
could also cause short circuiting.

3.4.2 Discuss pond short circuiting and its effects.

Pond short circuiting is an uneven flow distribution of wastewater in a pond or lagoon.
Wastewater flows through the pond faster in some parts of the pond than in other parts. As a
result, wastewater detention time is affected (reduced), with some wastewater getting
poorer treatment than in other parts of the pond because the detention time is not long
enough. If short-circuiting is severe, inadequate/partial treatment and effluent violations can
occur.

Short-circuiting is evaluated through dye-testing. Dyes show how wastewater flows and
moves through the pond. To correct short circuiting, baffles, curtains or mechanical mixers
can be used in pond to better distribute and improve the uniformity of the flow.

3.4.3 Discuss ammonia removal in Wisconsin ponds or lagoons systems.

Because the conversion of ammonia to nitrates-nitrites (nitrification) is greatly reduced by
cold temperatures (< 6 C), it is almost impossible for iced over pond systems that
continuously discharge to meet effluent ammonia limits during the winter months (December
– March). In cold weather, the reduced nitrification rates has to be considered and a large
enough surface area provided for nitrifying bacteria to grow to achieve the proper
nitrification rate. Extreme cold weather may still be the performance limiting factor. A tertiary
biofilm reactor of some type have been added into or at the end of ponds to favor the
growth of nitrifying bacteria such as trickling filters, aerated submerged biofilm reactors, or
moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRS). These add-on technologies for ammonia removal
for pond systems have been sparsley applied thus far in Wisconsin.

The storage of treated wastewater during the winter/spring months and converting to a fill &
draw mode in may be an option for those pond/lagoon system with winter ammonia limits. If
ammonia limits are stringent enough during the entire year, some ponds and lagoons may
have difficulty meeting ammonia limits even in the summer and fall depending on the limits.

3.4.4 List the considerations a pond operator would need to make if considering accepting septic
tank waste.
A. High BOD and solids
B. High ammonia and phosphorus
C. Septicity (sulfides and lack of DO)
D. Grit

Normally, ponds and aerated lagoons are not designed to accept septage.
Section 3.5 - Corrective Actions

3.5.1 List and discuss causes and corrective actions for problems in stabilization ponds.

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Figure 3.5.1.1

3.5.2 List and discuss causes and corrective actions for problems in aerated lagoons.

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Figure 3.5.2.1

3.5.3 List and discuss possible causes and corrective actions for excessive algae in the effluent.
Excessive algae growth is usually caused by one or more of these conditions:
1. Warm pond water and more sunshine
2. Excessive nutrients, especially phosphorus
3. Organic overloading of the pond

Corrective actions could be one or more of the following:

1. Draw off effluent from below the surface where algae are less concentrated
2. Reduce organic loading, or add mechanical aeration
3. Use a metal salt to precipitate phosphates
4. Use an effluent sand filter to remove algae
5. Add barley straw to the pond in the spring, this often inhibits algae growth
6. Add a dye to the final cell to block sunshine, or cover the cell to block sunshine
7. If possible use another cell for discharge, and let the other rest until the algae die off

3.5.4 List and discuss possible causes and corrective actions for pond organic overloading.
When properly operated and loaded, pond systems will normally experience odor problems
only in the spring, right after ice-out. This odor is caused because of anaerobic conditions
that occurred under the ice. In most cases, this condition may only last from a few days to a
week, until normal aerobic conditions are restored. When a pond system is not operated
properly; when receiving an industrial slug load, or when being overloaded organically,
anaerobic conditions can persist for some time with significant odors from both anaerobic
conditions and the die-off of blue-green algae dominating the system. The pond system may
have blue-gray appearance with the odor.

The first action to correct organic overloading (> 20 lbs BOD/acre/day) is to locate and
control/reduce the sources of the high organic loading, especially if it is coming from a
business or industry. A few operational changes that can be made are running the ponds in
parallel instead of series (see key knowledge 1.3.3) , adding supplemental aeration to one

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or more of the ponds or recirculating final effluent back to the first or second ponds.
Recirculation of effluent involves setting up a large pump and piping from the end of the last
pond back to ponds at the front end of the system. This concept is similar to the operation of
recirculating media filters and trickling filters. If organic overloading is chronically above 20
lbs BOD /acre/day, an engineering consultant should be contact to evaluate the upgrading
needs of the treatment system.

3.5.5 Discuss control and removal methods for burrowing animals.

Burrowing animals can cause damage to pond banks and liners, which can lead to
significant leakage. Vegetation control helps to discourage burrowing animals from
establishing a habitat. Muskrats damaging wastewater treatment pond or lagoon dikes can
be controlled through trapping or shooting (Wisconsin Administrative Code NR
12.10(1)(b)1.d.). Turtles can also be removed through trapping. Trapping can be done year
round within the confines of the facility’s property.

3.5.6 List and discuss possible causes and corrective actions for seepage cells that do not seep.

Figure 3.5.6.1

3.5.7 Discuss causes and corrective actions for problems with overland flow treatment.
If an overland flow system is ponding due to hydraulic overloading, the application rate
should be reduced to design rate or less. Over time solids will build up at the top of the
slope of an overland flow system. These solids will need to be incorporated into the soil to
prevent smothering of plantings and poor treatment. If channeling starts to occur over time a
consultant should be contacted for possible regarding and replanting.
Chapter 4 - Safety and Regulations

Section 4.1 - Regulations and Procedures

4.1.1 Discuss land treatment systems and groundwater standards.

Wisconsin Administrative Code NR 140 - Groundwater Quality defines the performance
standards for land infiltration systems such as seepage cells. The specific groundwater
standard of most concern for municipal systems is the 10 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen standard.
Although nitrogen removal can also occur in the soil, the removal efficiency which can be
achieved in any particular case can vary considerably. As a result, Wisconsin Administrative

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Code NR 206 – Land Disposal of Municipal and Domestic Wastewaters contains an

effluent discharge limit of 10 mg/L for total nitrogen (total nitrogen includes nitrate, nitrite,
ammonia and organic nitrogen) to ensure the 10 mg/L nitrate standard is met in the
groundwater. The other effluent limits specified in NR 206 are 50 mg/L for BOD and 250
mg/L for chlorides.

4.1.2 Discuss reasonable pond security precautions against trespassing and vandalism.
Security is necessary to protect the area from unauthorized access and to protect those
who enter the facility. The community could become subject to liability and legal action if it
fails to make a reasonable effort to restrict trespassing.

Reasonable fencing includes:

A. Gates and locks which are kept secure at all times. Gates to restrict vehicles and ATV's.
At a minimum, steel or aluminum gates with solid anchor posts and a sign are required.
B. Fences include a sturdy wire fence with signs. Fence lines should be brushed and signed
at suitable intervals.
C. Regular drive-by patrol by the local police is recommended. Work with adjacent property
owners to report suspicious vehicles or people in the area.

4.1.3 Discuss suspended solids effluent variances for excessive algae.

A suspended solids variance may be made for aerated lagoons and stabilization ponds.
The suspended solids limit may be raised to a maximum of 60 mg/L for a 30-day average.
This variance is not applicable to polishing or holding ponds which are preceded by other
biological or physical/chemical treatment processes.

4.1.4 Discuss corrective actions for Enforcement Standard exceedances.

The owner/operator must notify the department in writing when the concentration of a
substance in the groundwater exceeds the Enforcement Standard. The department must be
notified in accordance with any applicable deadlines, or within ten days after when the
exceedance results were received. The notice includes the cause and significance of the
concentration. The department will respond, and possibly require further reporting with the
facility assessing the cause and significance of the increased substance, including a plan
on how to achieve compliance with the Enforcement Standard in the future. Depending on
the severity and frequency of the exceedance, a wastewater engineering consultant may
need to be involved.

4.1.5 List the operating requirements for industrial and municipal ridge and furrow systems.
Industrial:
1. Ridge top grasses should be cut and removed, or burned each spring and if possible,
removed at least once later in the growing season.
2. Alternate discharge to sections of the system to allow resting periods to maintain the
treatment capability of the soil.
3. Sections must have sufficient resting to allow soil conditions to become unsaturated and
aerobic prior to being loaded.
4. At least 5 feet of separation must exist between the bottom of the furrows and ground
water.

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Municipal:
1. Discharge is limited so the discharge and precipitation does not flood the ridges and
overflow the system.
2. Alternate discharge to sections of the system to allow sufficient resting periods.
3. The average hydraulic application rate may not exceed 10,000 gallons per acre per day.
This is based on hydrogeologic conditions, soil texture, permeability, topography, cover
crop and wastewater characteristics. The recommended range is 2,000 to 5,000 gallons
per acre per day based on a monthly average.
4. The annual total nitrogen applied is limited to the annual nitrogen need of the cover crop.
5. Soil testing is done annually for available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and pH to
determine if the nutrients applied are meeting the agronomic needs of the cover crop.

4.1.6 List the operating requirements for industrial and municipal spray irrigation systems.
Industrial:
1. The load/rest cycle must provide time for the soil organisms to decompose the organic
pollutants in wastewater, for organic solids on the ground surface to decompose, and for the
soil column to reaerate.
2. Cover crops are to be cut and removed at least twice a year to stimulate vegetation
growth and nutrient removal.
3. Soil testing should be done annually for available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium,
and pH to determine if the nutrients applied are meeting the agronomic needs of the cover
crop.

Municipal:
1. Discharge is limited to prevent any runoff of effluent from the site and to prevent ponding.
2. Water may not be sprayed during any rainfall event that would cause runoff.
3. Only uncontaminated storm water may be allowed to drain from the site.
4. The average hydraulic application rate may not exceed 10,000 gallons per acre per day.
The recommended range is 2,000 to 7,000 gallons per acre per day based on a monthly
average.
5. The annual total nitrogen applied is limited to the annual nitrogen need of the cover crop.
6. Soil testing is done annually.

4.1.7 List the operating requirements for industrial and municipal overland flow systems.
Industrial:
1. Alternate discharge to sections of the system to allow sufficient resting to dry
accumulated solids and maintain a complete grass cover.
2. Cover crops are to be cut and removed at least twice a year.

Municipal:
1. Alternate discharge to sections of the system to allow sufficient resting to dry
accumulated solids and maintain a complete grass cover.
2. The hydraulic application rate is a flow rate per unit width of slope. The rate should be low
when the vegetative cover is not developed sufficiently. A lower hydraulic application rate
helps grow the vegetation and filter mat necessary for effective wastewater treatment. Once

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vegetation is established, the hydraulic application rate can be increased per system
recommendations.
Section 4.2 - Safety

4.2.1 Discuss safety concerns for limiting public access to ponds and lagoons.
A pond or lagoon may be attractive to hunters, fishers, or playing children. Ponds have
steep slopes and pose the risk of drowning. Any recreational activities risk exposure to
waterborne pathogens associated with sewage. It is important that adequate fencing and
signage be provided. Fencing also discourages trespassing and vandalism.

4.2.2 Discuss safety precautions that should be practiced when controlling vegetation.
Spraying:
Applicator must wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to prevent exposure to
pesticides. Follow the product label for safety recommendations and wash hands after
working with these products. Apply using an applicator to direct the spray. At the
recommended dosage, spray vegetation carefully to control its potential of getting into the
water.

Manual removal:
Wear protective clothing and be sure co-workers are aware of your location. Work with
another person if necessary. Wear a safety life vest if working from a boat or on the
shoreline.

4.2.3 Discuss safety precautions that should be practiced while using grass cutting equipment
around a pond.
Use caution when cutting next to electrical cables. Use care when spraying weeds around
electrical cables and equipment. The spray could conduct a current and cause electrical
shock. Use caution when operating mowing equipment on banks. Steep banks can be very
hazardous. Tractors with side mount mowers are strongly encouraged.

4.2.4 List the personal safety precautions that should be practiced by persons operating a pond
system.
1. Never perform any hazardous task around a pond without being accompanied by
someone.
2. Wear life jackets when working around or on ponds.
3. Use care when mowing grass on steep slopes.
4. Follow confined space entry procedures at all times.
5. Use lockout/tagout procedures on electrical equipment.
6. Turn aerators off and wear a life jacket when performing maintenance tasks from a boat
(a person who falls overboard could sink faster if the aerators are working).
7. Follow all safety precautions when using chemicals.
8. Wash-up after contact with sewage.
9. Use care if walking on a frozen pond.

4.2.5 Discuss the importance of maintaining chemical delivery, storage, and usage records.

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All phosphorus removal chemicals are considered hazardous materials. Therefore all
amounts delivered, stored, and used need to be accounted for. Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS) are required to be kept on-site and available. Contact the DNR in event of a spill.

4.2.6 Discuss the reporting requirements for phosphorus removal chemicals under Federal,
State, and Local laws.
In order to comply with Sections 311 & 312 - Community Right-to-Know Requirements of
Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA Title III), Wisconsin
Statute 166.20 and Chapter SERB 1 of the Wisc. Admin. Code, the Wisconsin State
Emergency Response Board requires that all facilities having a hazardous chemical with
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) present at their facility in large volumes (greater or
equal to 500 lbs) to annually submit a Tier two, Emergency and Hazardous Chemical
Inventory Form. If there are questions about the need to report hazardous chemical storage,
contact your county hazardous waste coordinator.

The laws require that the chemical inventory report be sent annually to:
- State Emergency Response Commission.
- Local Emergency Planning Committee.
- Local Fire Department.

The report shall include the following information:

1) Chemical and common name of the chemical.
2) Estimate of maximum amount of chemical at the facility in the proceeding year.
3) Estimate of the average daily amount of chemical at the facility in the proceeding
year.
4) Description of the manner of storage.
5) Location of the stored chemical at the facility.

4.2.7 Discuss preventative spill measures and procedures when handling phosphorus removal
chemicals.
Storage tanks must have secondary containment that equals the volume of the storage tank.
During unloading of delivery vehicles, place containment pails under potential leak points
and when uncoupling fill lines. Inspect and maintain fill lines and valves. Inspect storage tank
and hardware for integrity. Provide on-site containment equipment such as absorbent
boom, sandbags, etc., and seal your yard/storm drains to prevent off-site loss of chemical.
Pay attention to what you are doing.

4.2.8 Discuss what should be done in the event of a phosphorus removal chemical spill.
1. Any spill of hazardous material should be reported to DNR within 24 hours and to the
local emergency response agencies.
2. Contact CHEMTREX for further spill response and cleanup advice.
Chapter 5 - Calculations

Section 5.1 - Flow and Loading

5.1.1 Given data, calculate the pounds of BOD5 entering the stabilization pond each day.

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GIVEN:
Influent flow = .04 MGD
Influent BOD = 210 mg/L
One gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Influent BOD5 (lbs/day) = influent flow (MGD) × influent BOD5 (mg/L) × 8.34 lbs/gal
= 0.04 MGD × 210 mg/L × 8.34 lbs/gal
= 70 lbs/day

5.1.2 Given data, calculate the BOD5 loading to a four acre pond in pounds per acre per day.
GIVEN:
Influent flow = .04 MGD
Influent BOD = 210 mg/L
Pond surface area = 4 acres
One gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Influent BOD5 (lbs/acre/day) = [influent flow (MGD) × influent BOD5 (mg/L) × 8.34 lbs/gal] ÷
pond surface area
= [0.04 MGD × 210 mg/L × 8.34 lbs/gal] ÷ 4 acres
= 17.5 lbs/acre/day
Section 5.2 - Volume and Surface Area

5.2.1 Given data, calculate pond surface area in acres.

GIVEN:
Pond length = 400 feet
Pond width = 300 feet
1 acre = 43,560 square feet

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Area of pond (sq. ft.) = length (ft) x width (ft)
= 400 ft x 300 ft
= 120,000 sq. ft.

Area of pond (acres) = surface area (sq. ft.) ÷ 43,560 (sq. ft./acre)
= 120,000 sq. ft. ÷ 43,560 sq. ft./acre
= 2.75 acres

5.2.2 Given data, calculate pond volume in gallons.

GIVEN:
Pond width at mid-depth = 200 feet
Pond length at mid-depth = 500 feet
Pond depth = 6 feet
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons

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FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Volume (gallons) = length at mid-depth (ft) x width at mid-depth (ft) x depth (ft) x 7.48 (gal/cu.
ft.)
= 500 ft x 200 ft x 6 ft x 7.48 gal/cu. ft.
= 4,488,000 gallons
= 4.5 million gallons (MG)

5.2.3 Given data, calculate the volume of water in a groundwater monitoring well casing.
GIVEN:
Inner well casing radius = 1 inches
Depth of water = 15 feet
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
1 cubic foot = 1728 cu. in.
1 foot = 12 inches

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Volume (gallons) = [radius (in)]² x 3.14 x depth (ft) x 12 (in/ft) x 7.48 (gal/cu. ft.) ÷ 1728 (cu.
in./cu. ft)
= [1 in]² x 3.14 x 15 ft x 12 in/ft x 7.48 gal/cu. ft.÷ 1728 cu. in./cu. ft
= 2.45 gallons
Section 5.3 - Detention Time

5.3.1 Given data, calculate a stabilization pond’s detention time in days.

GIVEN:
Surface area = 8 acres
Average depth = 4 feet
Average daily flow = 60,000 gallons/day
1 acre = 43,560 square feet
1 cubic foot of water = 7.48 gallons

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Volume (gal) = surface area (acres) x 43,560 (sq. ft./acre) x depth (ft) x 7.48 (gal/cu. ft.)
= 8 acres x 43,560 sq. ft./acre x 4 ft x 7.48 gal/cu. ft.
= 10,426,522 gallons

Detention time (days) = volume (gal) ÷ avg. daily flow (gal/day)

= 10,426,522 gallons ÷ 60,000 gal/day
= 173.78 days

5.3.2 Given data, calculate the detention time of a 3 pond system.

GIVEN:
Number of ponds operating in series = 3 ponds
Volume of each pond = 5,000,000 gal/pond
Daily Flow = 92,000 gal/day

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FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Detention time (days) = [pond volume (gal/pond) x number of ponds] ÷ daily flow (gal/day)
= [5,000,000 gallons/pond x 3 ponds] ÷ 92,000 gal/day
= 15,000,000 gallons ÷ 92,000 gal/day
= 163 days
Section 5.4 - Discharge

5.4.1 Given data, calculate the volume of water discharged in gallons.

GIVEN:
Drawdown depth = 3.0 feet
Pond length = 675 feet
Pond width = 420 feet
1 cubic foot of water = 7.48 gallons

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Volume (gal) = length (ft) x width (ft) x drawdown depth (ft) x 7.48 (gal/cu. ft.)
= 675 ft x 420 ft x 3.0 ft x 7.48 gal/cu. ft.
= 6,361,740 gallons
= 6.4 million gallons (MG)

5.4.2 Given data, determine the fall drawdown volume and depth.
The daily average influent flow into a fill and draw pond system is 30,000 gallons per day.
An operator needs to drawdown the pond in November to allow for enough storage during
the 121 days of winter (December through March). The pond is at 5 feet. Allowing for some
extra flow during spring thaw for I/I, the operator determines he wants 150 days of storage.
Using the graph provided, to what depth must the operator lower the pond?

GIVEN:
Daily influent flow = 30,000 gallons/day
Pond storage volume needed = 150 days
See figure 5.4.2.1 for graph.

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Total drawdown volume (gal) = daily influent flow (gal/day) x days of storage needed (days)
= 30,000 gpd x 150 days
= 4,500,000 gallons

Reading the graph, the following volumes per half a foot of depth is shown:
5.0-4.5 feet = 1,171,000 gallons
4.5-4.0 feet = 1,152,000 gallons
4.0-3.5 feet = 1,135,000 gallons
3.5 -3.0 feet = 1,117,000 gallons

Cumulative volume per ½ foot of drawdown = 1,171,000 + 1,152,000 + 1,135,000 +

1,117,000
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 Introduction to Ponds, Lagoons, and Natural Systems Study Guide - December 2013 Edition

= 4,575,000 gallons

The operator must discharge enough wastewater in November to lower the pond from 5 feet
to 3 feet.
Figure 5.4.2.1

5.4.3 Given data for a fill and draw pond system, calculate the volume of draw-down required and
the time required to achieve draw-down.
GIVEN:
Pond width = 200 feet
Pond Length= 300 feet
Draw down depth = 2 feet
Hydraulic discharge limit = 40,000 gal/day
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Draw-down volume (gal) = length (ft) x width (ft) x draw-down depth (ft) x 7.48 (gal/cu. ft.)
= 300 ft x 200 ft x 2 ft x 7.48 gal/cu. ft.
= 897,600 gallons

Draw-down time (days) = Draw-down volume (gal) ÷ Hydraulic discharge limit (gal/day)
= 897,600 gallons ÷ 40,000 gal/day
= 22.4 days

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 Introduction to Ponds, Lagoons, and Natural Systems Study Guide - December 2013 Edition

Section 5.5 - Leakage

5.5.1 Given data, estimate the leakage from a wastewater stabilization pond.
GIVEN:
Total Annual Influent (MG) = 9.125 million gallons per year
Total Annual Effluent (MG) = 7.850 million gallons per year
Pond Surface Area = 2.5 acres
1 year/MG = 0.000365 days/gallon

FORMULA & SOLUTION:

Leakage rate (gpad) = [total annual influent volume (MG/year) – total annual effluent
(MG/year) ÷ 0.000365 (MG·day/gal·year)] ÷ pond surface area (acres)
= [9.125 MG/year – 7.850 MG/year ÷ .000365 MG·day/gal·year] ÷ 2.5 acres
= 3493 gal/day ÷ 2.5 acres
= 1397 gal/acre/day

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 References and Resources

1. OPERATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS (2008)

MANUAL OF PRACTICE NO. 11 (6TH EDITION), VOLUME 2 – LIQUID PROCESSES.
WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION. MCGRAW HILL PUBLISHERS.
www.wef.org

2. OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS – A FIELD STUDY TRAINING

5TH EDITION. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY –SACRAMENTO, OFFICE OF WATER
PROGRAMS
http://www.owp.csus.edu/ or available through inter-library loan at
http://aqua.wisc.edu/waterlibrary

3. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND OPERATIONS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT POND

SYSTEMS FOR PLANT OPERATORS, ENGINEERS, AND MANAGERS
LAND REMEDIATION AND POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION, NATIONAL RISK
MANAGEMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY, OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, CINCINNATI, OHIO
http://www.epa.gov/nscep/index.html

4. STABILIZATION POND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY – TRAINING, CERTIFICATION AND
OUTREACH UNIT, POLICY AND PLANNING DIVISION, 520 LAFAYETTE ROAD NORTH,
ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA, 55155

5. INTRODUCTION TO LAGOONS
LAGOON SYSTEMS IN MAINE, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION –
STATE OF MAINE, 17 STATE HOUSE STATION, AUGUSTA, MAINE 04333-0017
http://www.lagoonsonline.com/introduction2.htm

6. OPERATIONS MANUAL: STABILIZATION PONDS (1977)

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROECTION AGENCY. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

7. GROUNDWATER SAMPLING DESK REFERENCE

WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. BUREAU OF DRINKING
WATER AND GROUNDWATER. SEPTEMBER 1996. PUBL-DG-037 96.
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Groundwater/documents/pubs/desk_a.pdf
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Groundwater/documents/pubs/desk_b.pdf

8. GROUNDWATER SAMPLING FIELD MANUAL.

WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. BUREAU OF DRINKING AND
GROUNDWATER. SEPTEMBER 1996. PUBL-DG-038 96.
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Groundwater/documents/pubs/field.PDF

Page 51 of 52 Printed on 12/06/13

9. PREFILL AND WATER BALANCE CRITERIA
MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY. DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY.
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT. DECEMBER 2010. 520 LAFAYETTE ROAD
NORTH, SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA 55155.
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/view-document.html?gid=15336

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