THEORY OF

ARCHITECTURE - II

LOKESH JANGIR
ASSIGNMENT – 1 V – SEM., B.ARCH.
SECTION – A
P.I.A.D.S., NAGPUR
SESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT ( SUMMER ’19 )
 THEORY OF
ARCHITECTURE - II

LOKESH JANGIR
ASSIGNMENT – 2 V – SEM., B.ARCH.
SECTION – A
P.I.A.D.S., NAGPUR
SESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT ( SUMMER ’19 )
 THEORY OF
ARCHITECTURE - II

LOKESH JANGIR
ASSIGNMENT – 3 V – SEM., B.ARCH.
SECTION – A
P.I.A.D.S., NAGPUR
SESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT ( SUMMER ’19 )
 CIRCULATION
IN
ARCHITECTURE

CIRCULATION: MOVEMENT THROUGH SPACE

- FRANCIS DK CHING
 SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP
• Spatial Relationship in Architecture (space within space, interlocking space,
adjacent spaces, spaces linked by a common space).
• The Spatial Relationship in Architecture
specifies how a certain space is
positioned in relation to another given
space.
• A Spatial Relation specifies how some
object is located in space in relation to
some reference object. When the reference
object is much bigger than the object to
locate, the latter is often represented by a
point. The reference object is often
represented by a Bounding Box.
Two spaces may be related to each other in several fundamental ways:-

A) SPACE WITHIN A SPACES

B) INTERLOCKING SPACES
C) ADJACENT SPACES
D) SPACES LINKED BY A COMMON SPACE

A) SPACE WITHIN A SPACES :-

Visual and spatial continuity between the two spaces can be

easily accommodated, but the smaller, contained space
depends on the larger, enveloping space for its relationship
to the exterior environment. A space may be contained
within the volume of a larger space.
 In this type of spatial relationship, the larger, enveloping
space serves as a three-dimensional field for the
smaller space contained within it. For this concept to be
perceived, a clear differentiation in size is necessary
between the two spaces.

 To endow itself with a higher attention-value, the

contained space may share the form of the enveloping
shape, but be oriented in a different manner. This
would create a secondary grid and a set of dynamic,
residual spaces within the larger space.

 The contained space may also differ in form from the

enveloping space in order to strengthen its image as a
freestanding volume. This contrast in form may indicate a
functional difference between the spaces or the symbolic
importance of the contained space.
EXAMPLES:- MOORE HOUSE
THE HOUSE CAN BE PERCEIVED AS
THE CREATION OF AN INTIMATE
SPACE WITHIN A SHARED
DOMESTICITY. THE PROJECT IS
DELIMITED BY AN OPEN SQUARE
PERIMETER THROUGH LARGER
SLIDING GLASS DOORS LOCATED IN
THEIR CORNERS. ONCE YOU ENTER
IN THE INTERIOR, TWO DIFFERENT
SQUARE SPACES DEFINE THE
DOMESTICITY OF THE HOUSE AND
CREATE A SPACE OF SECLUSION
WITHIN THE WINDOW. THE
SMALLEST SQUARE ENCLOSES A
BATH, FIVE STEPS BELOW THE
REST OF THE HOUSE, AND THE
LARGEST SQUARE DEFINE THE
LIVING ROOM OF THE HOME. THIS
CONFIGURATION IS VERTICALLY
EXTENDED THROUGH TWO
PYRAMIDS THAT PROVIDE
NATURAL LIGHT TO THE INTERIOR.
EXAMPLES:- GLASS HOUSE

DECLARED A NATIONAL HISTORIC

LANDMARK IN 1997, THE GLASS
HOUSE IS STILL CONSIDERED A
MODERN MARVEL. THE BEAUTY IN
ITS COMPOSITION ALONG WITH
THE ROLLING LANDSCAPE HAVE
PEOPLE TRAVELLING TO VISIT
AND EXPERIENCE IT FIRST-HAND
EVERYDAY, AND WITH THE LINES
OF THE GLASS HOUSE AND THE
OTHER BUILDINGS SMOOTHLY
BLENDING IN WITH THE LINES OF
THE HORIZON AND THE
SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE, ONE
CAN FEEL A BREATH-TAKING
SENSATION OF ENDLESSNESS.
B) INTERLOCKING SPACES :-

• THE FIELD OF A SPACE MAY

OVERLAP THE VOLUME OF
ANOTHER SPACE.

• AN INTERLOCKING SPATIAL
RELATIONSHIP RESULTS FROM THE
OVERLAPPING OF TWO SPATIAL
FIELDS AND THE EMERGENCE OF A
ZONE OF SHARED SPACE. WHEN TWO
SPACES INTERLOCK THEIR VOLUMES
IN THIS MANNER, EACH RETAINS ITS
IDENTITY AND DEFINITION AS A
SPACE. BUT THE RESULTING
CONFIGURATION OF THE TWO
INTERLOCKING SPACES IS SUBJECT
TO A NUMBER OF INTERPRETATIONS.
 THE INTERLOCKING PORTION
OF THE TWO VOLUMES CAN
BE SHARED EQUALLY BY
EACH SPACE.

 THE INTERLOCKING PORTION

CAN MERGE WITH ONE OF
THE SPACES AND BECOME
AN INTEGRAL PART OF ITS
VOLUME.

 THE INTERLOCKING PORTION

CAN DEVELOP ITS OWN
INTEGRITY AS A SPACE THAT
SERVES TO LINK THE TWO
ORIGINAL SPACES.
EXAMPLES:-
C) INTERLOCKING SPACES :-

 TWO SPACES MAY ABUT EACH

OTHER OR SHARE A COMMON
BORDER.

 ADJACENCY IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF

SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP. IT ALLOWS EACH SPACE
TO BE CLEARLY DEFINED AND TO RESPOND, EACH
IN ITS OWN WAY, TO SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL OR
SYMBOLIC REQUIREMENTS. THE DEGREE OF
VISUAL AND SPATIAL CONTINUITY THAT OCCURS
BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT SPACES DEPENDS ON
THE NATURE OF THE PLANE THAT BOTH
SEPARATES AND BINDS THEM TOGETHER.
THE SEPARATING PLANE MAY:

a) LIMIT VISUAL AND PHYSICAL ACCESS BETWEEN

TWO ADJACENT SPACES, REINFORCE THE
INDIVIDUALITY OF EACH SPACE, AND
ACCOMMODATE THEIR DIFFERENCES.

b) APPEARS AS A FREESTANDING PLANE IN A

SINGLE VOLUME OF SPACE.

c) DE DEFINED WITH A ROW OF COLUMNS THAT

ALLOWS A HIGH DEGREE OF VISUAL AND SPATIAL
CONTINUITY BETWEEN THE TWO SPACES.

d) BE MERELY IMPLIED WITH A CHANGE IN LEVEL

OR A CONTRAST IN SURFACE MATERIAL OR
TEXTURE BETWEEN THE TWO SPACES. THIS AND
THE PRECEDING TWO CASES CAN ALSO BE READ
AS SINGLE VOLUMES OF SPACE WHICH ARE
DIVIDED INTO TWO RELATED ZONES.
EXAMPLES:-
D) SPACES LINKED BY A COMMON SPACE :-
 TWO SPACES MAY RELY ON AN INTERMEDIARY
SPACE FOR THEIR RELATIONSHIP.
 THE TWO SPACES, AS WELL AS THE
INTERMEDIATE SPACE, CAN BE
EQUIVALENT IN SIZE AND SHAPE AND
FORM A LINEAR SEQUENCE OF SPACES.
 TWO SPACES THAT ARE SEPARATED BY
DISTANCE CAN BE LINKED OR RELATED TO EACH
OTHER BY A THIRD, INTERMEDIATE, SPACE. THE
VISUAL AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE TWO SPACES DEPENDS ON THE NATURE OF
THE THIRD SPACE WITH WHICH THEY SHARE A
COMMON BOND.THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE CAN
DIFFER IN FORM AND ORIENTATION FROM THE
TWO SPACES TO EXPRESS ITS LINKING
FUNCTION.
 THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE CAN ITSELF BECOME LINEAR IN FORM TO LINK
TWO SPACES THAT ARE DISTANT FROM EACH OTHER, OR JOIN A WHOLE
SERIES OF SPACES THAT HAVE NO DIRECT RELATIONSHIP TO ONE
ANOTHER.

 THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE CAN, IF LARGE

ENOUGH, BECOME THE DOMINANT SPACE
IN THE RELATIONSHIP, AND BE CAPABLE
OF ORGANIZING A NUMBER OF SPACES
ABOUT ITSELF.

 THE FORM OF THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE

CAN BE RESIDUAL IN NATURE AND BE
DETERMINED SOLELY BY THE FORMS AND
ORIENTATIONS OF THE TWO SPACES
BEING LINKED.
EXAMPLES:-
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION IS THE ARRANGEMENT OF DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF OBJECTS (PHYSICAL AND HUMAN) ON THE EARTH'S
SURFACE.

TYPES OF SPATIAL ORGANIZATION :-

A) CENTRALIZED ORGANIZATION
B) LINEAR ORGANIZATION
C) RADIAL ORGANIZATION
D) CLUSTERDED ORGANIZATION
E) GRID ORGANIZATION
A) CENTRALIZED ORGANIZATION:-
 a central, dominant space about which a
number of secondary spaces are grouped.
 a centralized organization is a stable,
concentrated composition that consists of a
number of secondary spaces grouped around a
large, dominant, central space.
 The central, unifying space of the organization is generally
regular in form and large enough in size to gather a number
of secondary spaces about its perimeter.
 The secondary spaces of the organization may be
equivalent to one another in function, form and size, and
create an overall configuration that is geometrically regular
and symmetrical about two or more axes.
 The secondary spaces may differ from one another in form
or size in order to respond to individual requirements of
function, express their relative importance or acknowledge
their surroundings. This differentiation among the secondary
spaces also allows the form of a centralized organization to
respond to the environmental conditions of its site.
 SINCE THE FORM OF A CENTRALIZED
ORGANIZATION IS INHERENTLY NON-
DIRECTIONAL, CONDITIONS OF
APPROACH AND ENTRY MUST BE
SPECIFIED BY THE SITE AND THE
ARTICULATION OF ONE OF THE
SECONDARY SPACES AS AN ENTRANCE
OR GATEWAY.
 CENTRALIZED ORGANIZATIONS WHOSE
FORMS ARE RELATIVELY COMPACT AND
GEOMETRICALLY REGULAR CAN BE
USED TO:
a)ESTABLISH POINTS OR PLACES IN SPACE
b)TERMINATE AXIAL CONDITION
c)SERVE AS AN OBJECT-FORM WITHIN A
DEFINED FIELD OR VOLUME OF SPACE
B) LINEAR ORGANIZATION:-
 A LINEAR SEQUENCE OF REPETITIVE SPACES.

A LINEAR ORGANIZATION CONSISTS

ESSENTIALLY OF A SERIES OF SPACES.
THESE SPACES CAN EITHER BE DIRECTLY
RELATED TO ONE ANOTHER OR BE LINKED
THROUGH A SEPARATE AND DISTINCT
LINEAR SHAPE.
 A LINEAR ORGANIZATION USUALLY CONSISTS
OF REPETITIVE SPACES WHICH ARE ALIKE IN
SIZE, FORM AND FUNCTION. IT MAY ALSO
CONSIST OF A SINGLE THAT ORGANIZES
ALONG ITS LENGTHS A SERIES OF SPACES
THAT DIFFER IN SIZE, FORM OR FUNCTION. IN
BOTH CASES, EACH SPACE ALONG THE
SEQUENCE HAS AN EXTERIOR EXPOSURE.
 Spaces that are functionally or symbolically
important to the organization can occur
anywhere along the linear sequence and
have their importance articulated by their
size and form. Their significance can also
be emphasized by their location:
• At the end of the linear sequence
• Offset from the linear organization
• At pivotal points of a segmented linear form

 Because of their characteristic length, linear

organizations express a direction and signify
movement, extension and growth. To limit their
growth, linear organizations can be terminated
by a dominant space or form, by an elaborate
or articulated entrance, or by merging with
another building form or the topography of its
site.
 The form of a linear organization is inherently flexible
and can respond readily to various conditions of its
site. It can adapt to changes in topography,
maneuver around a body of water or a stand of trees
or turn to orient spaces to capture sunlight and
views. It can be straight, segmented or curvilinear. It
can run horizontally across its site, diagonally up a
slope or stand vertically as tower.
 The form of a linear organization can relate to other
forms in its context by:

Linking and organizing them along its length

•Serving as a wall or barrier to separate them into
different fields
•Surrounding and enclosing them within a field of
space
EXAMPLES:-
C) RADIAL ORGANIZATION:-
 A CENTRAL SPACE FROM WHICH
LINEAR ORGANIZATIONS OF SPACE
EXTEND IN A RADIAL MANNER.
A RADIAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE
COMBINES ELEMENTS OF BOTH
CENTRALIZED AND LINEAR ORGANIZATIONS.
IT CONSISTS OF A DOMINANT CENTRAL
PLACE FORM WHICH A NUMBER OF LINEAR
ORGANIZATIONS EXTEND IN A RADIAL
MANNER. WHEREAS A CENTRALIZED
ORGANIZATION IS AN INTROVERTED SCHEME
THAT FOCUSES INWARD ON ITS CENTRAL
SPACE, A RADIAL ORGANIZATION IS AN
EXTROVERTED PLAN THAT REACHES OUT TO
ITS CONTEXT. WITH ITS LINEAR ARMS, IT CAN
EXTEND AND ATTACH ITSELF TO SPECIFIC
ELEMENTS OR FEATURES OF ITS SITE.
 As with centralized organizations, the
central space of a radial organization is
generally regular in form. The linear arms,
for which the central space is the hub,
may be similar to one another in form and
length and maintain the regularity of the
organization’s overall form.
 The radiating arms may also differ from one
another in order to respond to individual
requirements of function and context.
 A specific variation of a radial organization is
the pinwheel pattern wherein the linear arms
of the organization extend from the sides of a
square or rectangular central space. This
arrangement results in a dynamic pattern that
visually suggests a rotational movement about
the central space.
EXAMPLES:-
D) CLUSTERD ORGANIZATION:-

 Spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing

of a common visual trait or relationship.
 A clustered organization relies on physical
proximity to relate its spaces to one another. It
often consists of repetitive, cellular spaces that
have similar functions and share a common
visual trait such as shape or orientation. A
clustered organization can also accept within its
composition spaces that are dissimilar in size,
form and function, but related to one another by
proximity or visual ordering device such as
symmetry or an axis. Because its pattern does
not originate from a rigid geometrical concept, the
form of a clustered organization is flexible and
can accept growth and change readily without
affecting its character.
 Symmetry or an axial condition can be used to
strengthen and unify portions of a clustered
organization and help articulate the importance of
a space or group of spaces within the
organization.

 Clustered spaces can be organized about a point of

entry into a building or along the path of movement
through it. The spaces can also be clustered about a
large defined field or volume of space.
 This pattern is similar to that of a centralized
organization, but it lacks the latter’s compactness
and geometrical regularity. The spaces of a clustered
organization can also be contained within a defined
field or volume of space.
 Since there is no inherent place of importance within
the pattern of a clustered organization, the
significance of a space must be articulated by its
size, form or orientation within the pattern.
EXAMPLES:-
E) GRID ORGANIZATION:-
 Spaces organized within the field of a
structural grid or other three-dimensional
framework.
 A grid organization consists of forms and
spaces whose positions in space and
relationships with one another are regulated by
a three-dimensional grid pattern or field.
 A grid is created by two, usually perpendicular, sets of
parallel lines tat establish a regular pattern of points at
their intersections. Projected into the third dimension,
the grid pattern is transformed into a set of repetitive,
modular units of space.

 The organizing power of a grid results from the

regularity and continuity of its pattern that pervades
the elements it organizes. Its pattern establishes a
stable set or field of reference points and lines in
space with which the spaces of a grid organization,
although dissimilar in size, form or function, can share
a common relationship.
 A grid is established in architecture most often by a
skeletal structural system of columns and beams.
Within the field of this grid, spaces can occur as
isolated events or as repetitions of the grid module.
Regardless of their disposition within the field, these
spaces, if seen as positive forms, will create a second
set of negative spaces.
 Since a three-dimensional grid consists of repetitive,
modular units of space, it can be subtracted from,
added to or layered, and still maintain its identity as a
grid with the ability to organize spaces. These formal
manipulations can be used to adapt a grid form to its
site, to define an entrance or outdoor space, or to
allow for its growth and expansion.
 To accommodate the specific dimensional
requirements of its spaces or to articulate zones of
space for circulation or service, a grid can be made
irregular in one or two directions. This dimensional
transformation would create a hierarchical set of
modules differentiated by size, proportion and
location.
 A grid can also undergo other
transformations. Portions of the grid
can slide to alter the visual and
spatial continuity across its field. A
grid pattern can be interrupted to
define a major space or
accommodate a natural feature of its
site. A portion of the grid can be
dislocated and rotated about a point
in the basic pattern. Across its field,
a grid can transform its image from a
pattern of points to lines, to planes
and finally to volumes.
EXAMPLES:-
WHAT IS CIRCULATION ?
WHAT ISCIRCULATION?
■ THE WORD CIRCULATION MEANT THE MOVEMENT OF BLOOD AROUND
THE HUMAN BODY WHEN IT COMES TO SCIENCE
■ IN ARCHITECTURE, THE CONCEPT OF CIRCULATION ISN'T SO
DIFFERENT IT REFERS TO THE WAY PEOPLE, THE BLOOD OF OUR
BUILDINGS, MOVE THROUGH SPACE.
■ IN PARTICULAR, CIRCULATION ROUTES ARE THE PATHWAYS PEOPLE
TAKE THROUGH AND AROUND BUILDINGS OR URBAN PLACES.
CIRCULATION IS OFTEN THOUGHT OF AS THE 'SPACE BETWEEN THE
SPACES', HAVING A CONNECTIVE FUNCTION, BUT IT CAN BE MUCH
MORE THAN THAT. IT IS THE CONCEPT THAT CAPTURES THE
EXPERIENCE OF MOVING OUR BODIES AROUND A BUILDING, THREE-
DIMENSIONALLY AND THROUGHTIME.
CIRCULATION IN ARCHITECTURE
■ CIRCULATION OF ARCHITCIRCULATION IN ARCHITECTURE REFERS
TO HOW THE SPACE OR BUILDINGS IS DESIGNED TO FACILITATE
THE HUMAN FLOW IN THE BUILDING. CIRCULATION IN BUILDINGS
BOTH COMMONLY MOVE VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY
WITH THE USE OF STAIRCASES AND LIFTS. CIRCULATION IN
BUILDING PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN HOW THE CIRCULATION IS
DESIGNED.
CIRCULATION DEFINITION & ELEMENTS
I. THE CIRCULATION PATH IS THE SPACE THAT
LINKS THE OTHER SPACES OF A BUILDING OR
ANY OTHER INTERIOR OR EXTERIOR SPACES.
II. APPROACH: THE DISTANT VIEW.

III. ENTRANCE: FROM OUTSIDE TO INSIDE.

IV. CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH: THE SEQUENCE

OF SPACES.

V. PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIPS: EDGES,

NODES, AND TERMINATIONS OF THE PATH.

VI. FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE:

CORRIDORS, HALLS, GALLERIES, STAIRWAYS
AND ROOMS.
THE BUILDING APPROACH.
 THE FIRST PHASE OF THE CIRCULATION SYSTEM OF A BUILDING IS THE
PATH THAT WE USE TO APPROACH THE ENTRANCE.

 IT CAN BE LONG WHERE WE NEEDS LONG TIME TO PASS, AND, IN OTHER

CASES, IT CAN BE SHORT WHERE WE NEED SHORT TIME TO PASS.

 IF CONTINUED INTO THE BUILDING, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INSIDE

AND OUTSIDE WILL BE STRENGTHENED.

 THE BUILDING APPROACH CAN BE FRONTAL, OBLIQUE OR SPIRAL.

EXAMPLES :-
FRONTAL APPROACH
 THIS KIND LEADS DIRECTLY TO THE BUILDING’S ENTRANCE ALONG A
STRAIGHT AXIAL PATH.
 IT USUALLY TERMINATES WITH THE ENTRANCE OF THE FRONTAL FAÇADE
OF THE BUILDING.
OBLIQUE APPROACH
 IN THIS CASE, THE EFFECT OF THE PERSPECTIVE IS STRONG ON THE
FRONT FACADE OF THE BUILDING THAT WE AIM TO ARRIVE.
 THE PATH CAN BE REDIRECTED ONE OR MORE TIMES TO DELAY AND
 PROLONG THE SEQUENCE OF THE APPROACH.
 IF A BUILDING IS APPROACHED AT AN EXTREME ANGLE, ITS
ENTRANCE CAN PROJECT BEYOND ITS FACADE TO BE MORE
CLEARLY VISIBLE.
SPIRAL APPROACH
 This kind of paths prolongs the approach to the building and, at the same time,
provide an over whole idea about the building by moving around it.
 Accordingly, the entrance may be viewed from the front or it may be hidden until
the point of arrival.
BUILDING ENTRANCE
 The location of the entrance, relative to the
space entered, will determine the
configuration of the path within the space and
the pattern of the activities within the space.
 Entrances can be reinforced by: Changing
the dimensions (lower, wider, narrower) from
the anticipated.
 Making the entrance extra-deep or
circuitous.
 Articulating the opening with decorative
ornaments.
CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH
 THE MOVEMENT PATH IS ALWAYS LINEAR.
 THIS MEANS THAT THERE IS A STARTING
POINT AND AN END POINT.
 HUMAN HAS MUCH MORE FREEDOM THAN
VEHICLES OR EVEN THAN BICYCLES IN
CHANGING DIRECTION IN HIS MOVEMENT
PATH.
 VEHICLES NEED THE PATH TO BE SMOOTH,
BUT DIMENSIONALLY LIMITED.
 PEDESTRIANS, ON THE OTHER HAND, REQUIRE
A GREATER VOLUME OF SPACE THAN THEIR
BODILY DIMENSIONS, AND GREATER
FREEDOM OF CHOICE ALONG THE PATH.
CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH
 CROSSING OF THE PATHS IS ALWAYS A
POINT OF DECISION-MAKING FOR THE
PERSON APPROACHING IT. WHICH PATH?
 PATHS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO MAJOR
AND MINOR PATHS.
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTINUITY
AND SCALE OF THE PATHS CAN
DISTINGUISH MAJOR PATHS FROM THE
SECONDARY PATHS. IN ADDITION, MAJOR
PATHS LEAD TO MAJOR SPACES.
 SOMETIMES, THE NATURE OF A PATH’S
CONFIGURATION INFLUENCES THE
ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN OF THE SPACES
IT LINKS. IN OTHER TIMES, THE NATURE OF
A PATH’S CONFIGURATION IS INFLUENCED
BY THE ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN OF THE
SPACES IT LINKS.
CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH
SIX TYPES:
1. THE LINEAR CONFIGURATION: THE
STRAIGHT PATH IS THE PRIMARY
ORGANIZING ELEMENT FOR A
SERIES OF SPACES. IT CAN BE
CURVILINEAR OR SEGMENTED,
INTERSECT OTHER PATHS, HAVE
BRANCHES, OR FORM A LOOP.
2. THE RADIAL CONFIGURATION:
DIFFERENT LINEARPATHS EXTEND
FROM A CENTRAL COMMON POINT.
3. THE SPIRAL CONFIGURATION: IT IS A
SINGLE CONTINUES PATH THAT
ORIGINATES FROM A CENTRAL
POINT, REVOLVES AROUND IT IN A
SPIRAL WAY.
THE GRID CONFIGURATION: CONSISTS OF TWO
SETS OF PARALLEL PATHS THAT INTERSECT AT
REGULAR INTERVALS CREATING SQUARE OR
RECTANGULAR SPACES.
THE NETWORK CONFIGURATION: CONSISTS OF
RANDOM PATHS THAT CONNECT DIFFERENT
POINTS IN SPACE.
THE COMPOSITE CONFIGURATION: USUALLY, IT
IS THE CONFIGURATION USED IN BUILDINGS
WHICH USUALLY USED A COMBINATION OF THE
PRECEDING PATTERNS. IT IS SUPPOSED TO BE
DESIGNED CAREFULLY TO AVOID CREATING
ANY CONFUSION. IMPORTANT POINTS IN ANY
PATTERN ARE CENTERS OF ACTIVITY,
ENTRANCES TO ROOMS AND HALLS, AND
PLACES FOR VERTICAL CIRCULATION
PROVIDED BY STAIRWAYS, RAMPS, AND
ELEVATORS.
LINEAR CONFIGURATION RADIAL CONFIGURATION
GRID CONFIGURATION
PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIP
PATHS MAY BE RELATED TO THE SPACES THEY LINK IN DIFFERENT WAYS:
THE PATH PASS BY SPACES:-
THE IDENTITY OF EACH SPACE IS MAINTAINED.
THE CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH IS FLEXIBLE.
MEDIATING SPACES CAN BE USED TO LINK THE PATH WITH THE SPACES.

THE PATH PASS THROUGH SPACES:-

THE PATH MAY PASS THROUGH A SPACE AXIALLY, OBLIQUELY, OR ALONG
ITS EDGE.
THE PATH WILL DETERMINE THE CONFIGURATION OF THE SPACE.
PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIP
THE PATHS TERMINATE IN A SPACE:
THE LOCATION OF THE SPACE ESTABLISHES THE PATH.
THE RELATION IS USED TO APPROACH AND ENTER
FUNCTIONALLY OR SYMBOLICALLY IMPORTANT SPACES.
FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE
 CIRCULATION SPACE FORMS AN
INTEGRAL PART OF ANY BUILDING
ORGANIZATION.
 ITS VOLUME OF SPACE CAN NOT
BE IGNORED ANYWHERE.
 IT CAN BEHAVE AS FUNCTIONAL
SPACE, CORRIDOR FOR EXAMPLE,
LINKING MANY OTHER SPACES.
 ITS VOLUME, FORM AND SCALE
MUST ACCOMMODATE THE
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IN
ADDITION TO THEIR FACILITIES
AND SERVICES.
FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE
 THE FORM OF A CIRCULATION
PATH DEPENDS ON:
 THE DEFINITION OF ITS
BOUNDARIES.
 THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
SPACES IT LINKS.
 THE ARTICULATION OF ITS SCALE,
PROPORTION, LIGHT AND VIEW.
 THE OPENING OF THE ENTRANCES
COMING INTO IT.
 THE CHANGING IN LEVELS WITH
STAIRS AND RAMPS.
FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE
 A CIRCULATION SPACE CAN BE EITHER ENCLOSED, OPEN ON ONE SIDE
OR OPEN ON BOTH SIDES .

 THE CIRCULATION SPACE CAN BE ENLARGED BY MERGING WITH THE

SPACES IT PASSES THROUGH.
 THE CIRCULATION PATH IN A LARGE SPACE CAN BE RANDOM,
WITHOUT FORM OR DEFINITION. IT IS DETERMINED BY THE
ACTIVITIES OR THE FURNITURE WITHIN THE SPACE.
THE LINEAR CITY: NAVI MUMBAI
 THE GROWTH OF MUMBAI CITY IS
CONSTRAINED BY SEA AT SOUTH, EAST AND
WEST. AS A RESULT TOTAL LAND AREA
AVAILABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MUMBAI IS
LIMITED.
 THE COST OF REAL ESTATE AND HOUSING IN
NAVI MUMBAI IS MUCH LESS THAN COSTS IN
MUMBAI AND SUB-URBAN AREAS.
 MANY GOVERNMENT AND CORPORATE
OFFICES HAVE BEEN SHIFTED FROM
MUMBAI TO NAVI MUMBAI .
 THE TALOJA AND THANE BELAPUR INDUSTRIAL
BELT OF NAVI MUMBAI OFFER JOB
OPPORTUNITIES OF EVERY CONCEIVABLE
KIND - FROM ENGINEERS TO MECHANICS TO
CLERKS TO PEONS. AS A RESULT A LARGE
POPULATION OF SERVICE CLASS AND MIDDLE
CLASS POPULATION SHIFTED TO NAVI MUMBAI.
THE RADIAL CITY: MOSCOW

SUCCESSIVE EPOCHS OF
DEVELOPMENT ARE TRACED BY THE
 THE BOULEVARD RING AND
 THE GARDEN RING,
 THE MOSCOW LITTLE RING
RAILWAY,
 AND THE MOSCOW RING ROAD.