TOPIC Sub Topic

Excel preliminaries Definitions

Data types

Customizing Widening columns

Inserting columns and rows
Deleting columns and rows

Sheet operations Inserting sheets

Naming sheets
Linking sheets
Selecting areas of sheets

Saving and Printing

Naming cells

Copying (1) Fully relative copying

Copying (2) Dollar fixing

IF statements (1) Two outcome IF statements

IF statements (2) Nested If statements

Vlookup function Categorization

Sumproduct function
 Link
Basic Excel terminology

Rows and columns in Worksheets

Worksheet operations

Saving and printing

Naming cells

Copying formulae

Copying with dollar fixing

IF statements

IF statements with more than two outcomes (nesting)

Vertical Lookup function

SUMPRODUCT Function
CONTENTS Basic Excel terminology

Welcome to an Excel Workbook.

The Workbook is composed of Worksheets and this one is known as Sheet1.
A worksheet is made up of columns and rows. Columns are alphabetically labelled as
A B C…Z AA AB….BA BB…………IV. Rows are numbered as 1 2 …..65536.
The intersection between a row and a column is known as a Cell and has a
denoted by its column letter and its row number - A8, B6, J12 etcetera.
By default the cells are blank but when we click on a cell to activate it and make
an entry it then contains a Data Element.
Data elements can adopt four basic forms.
1) Text such as "average" or "score", no arithmetic operations can be performed
on text entries. They are purely for descriptive purposes.
2) Single Numbers such as 25, 56, 1234.
3) Formulae that perform arithmetic or algebraic calculations.
The crucial feature of formulae is that they must be preceded by an equals sign.
For example to add the number three to the number five we enter: =3+5
We will get the answer of eight. Try this in the blue cell immediately below.

Formulae can also be composed of cell addresses. To see this note that the M1 and M2
cells contain the single numbers 3 and 5 respectively. We can sum these numbers by
entering: =M1+M2. Try it in the blue cell immediately below.

Formulae are composed of Arithmetic Operators, the most important of which are:
+ - * / ^ <
These can be combined in a variety of ways. For example to divide 3 by 5 and then add 3
we write =3/5+3 Or in terms of cell addresses =M1/M2+M1 Try both in the blue cells below.
3.6
4) Functions. These are pre-defined formulae that perform a variety of tasks and contain a numb
arguments. For example: =SUM(M1:M2) adds up the range of cells in M1 to M2 and so is equiv
to =M1+M3. Here =SUM is the function's Name and its argument inside brackets is M1:M2.
Try it in the blue cell below. NOTES 1

PROCEED TO SHEET 2 (Rows and columns in Workshee

 3
5

wn as Sheet1.
habetically labelled as
2 …..65536.
ell and has a Cell Address

vate it and make

COMMENT

can be performed

y an equals sign.

note that the M1 and M2

um these numbers by

ortant of which are:

> <= >= <>
vide 3 by 5 and then add 3
ry both in the blue cells below.

riety of tasks and contain a number of

cells in M1 to M2 and so is equivalent
nt inside brackets is M1:M2.

ows and columns in Worksheets)

CONTENTS Rows and columns in Worksheets

Widening Columns or Rows in worksheets

The appearance of a worksheet can be modified in a variety of ways.
For example, sometimes the result of a calculation is too large for the default
column width. When this happens excel will show ########.
To widen the column place the mouse pointer on the edge of the solid border
containing the column letters. The pointer will change from solid white to
narrow black. Now depress the left hand mouse button and drag to the right. The column will wid
4 16 To widen several adjacent columns click on the solid column letter border and
depress the left hand mouse button. now drag to the right and a range of columns will
be selected. Now widen any one of them and you will find that they are all widened.
Inserting Rows or Columns in worksheets
To do this place the mouse pointer in the column or row before where you want
the insertion to be made. Then from the main menu select Insert and from the sub menu
that appears select either column or row. The insertion will be made at the cursor location.
Notice that all formulae will be updated automatically after the insertion. For example
the formula in B10 squares the value in A10 from the formula: =A10^2
Now suppose we need to insert a column at column A. Clearly what was column A will now
become column B and it might be thought that we would have to rewrite the formula as
=B10^2 This is not the case however - Excel updates it automatically. Try it for yourself by
putting the mouse pointer anywhere in column A and then insert and column from the menu.
Now place the cursor in C10 and note that the formula has updated automatically.
Now click the undo button (the blue backward pointing arrow) and the insertion will
be undone. NOTES 2
Deleting Rows or Columns in worksheets
Deleting rows or columns is done from the Edit option on the main menu. Place the mouse
pointer in the column or row that you want to delete and then select Edit. From the sub menu
select Delete and then from the box that appears select either entire row or entire column.
WARNING: deletion can be dangerous if it removes data that formulae refer to elsewhere in the
sheet. For example, place the cursor in column A then select edit, delete, entire column.
The blue cell that was in column B is now in column A and shows the error message #REF.
This is because it refers to A10 and A10 has been deleted.
Click Undo now to restore the integrity of the sheet.

PROCEED TO SHEET 3 (Worksheet operations)

 the right. The column will widen.

nge of columns will

are all widened.

ere you want

nd from the sub menu
e at the cursor location.
rtion. For example

at was column A will now

ewrite the formula as
cally. Try it for yourself by
nd column from the menu.
d automatically.
the insertion will

menu. Place the mouse

t Edit. From the sub menu
e row or entire column.
ulae refer to elsewhere in the
delete, entire column.
he error message #REF.
CONTENTS Worksheet operations

Inserting new Worksheets to the Workbook

When you open an Excel workbook for the first time it will usually
only contain a few sheets (sometimes only one).
To add a new sheet select Insert from the main menu and then Worksheet.
Excel will add a new worksheet and give it the name Sheet2 if there is currently
only one sheet in the workbook or sheet4 if there three, etcetera.
These names however can be customized.
To do this double click on the sheet name tab at the bottom of the screen. it will become
highlighted in black and you can supply a new name of your choosing.
Deleting Worksheets from the Workbook
Sheets can be deleted as required by selecting Edit from the main menu and then
Delete sheet. WARNING: This can be even more dangerous than deleting rows or columns
since undo will not work. So if Excel warns you that there is data in this sheet select Cancel.
Linking workbooks
When a workbook contains more than one sheet the data in each of them can be
For example suppose we want the data in M1 and M2 of Sheet1 to appear in the two blue
cells below. To do this click on the first of these (C22) now type an equals sign and then
click on the Sheet1 tab and then in M1. Press enter. Repeat the process for the C23 cell only
this time select M2 from Sheet1. Press enter.

The contents of the C22 and C23 cells of this sheet are now linked to the contents of the
M1 and M2 cells of Sheet1, and will change automatically if these source values should change.
Selecting areas of the Worksheet
Areas of the worksheet can be selected with the mouse. Simply click on the first cell to be selecte
depress the left hand mouse button and drag down and along until the desired area is highlighted
This area has now been selected and can be subjected to a variety of procedures.
One of the most useful of these is Formatting. For example suppose we want to colour the
A29 to B30 range blue. Use the mouse to select the desired range, and then from the main menu
select Format and from the submenu select Cells. From the next screen select Patterns
pick blue. Try it now. NOTES 3

PROCEED TO SHEET 4 (Saving and printing)

 reen. it will become

menu and then

eleting rows or columns
his sheet select Cancel.

them can be linked.

appear in the two blue
quals sign and then
cess for the C23 cell only

o the contents of the

urce values should change.

on the first cell to be selected,

he desired area is highlighted.
of procedures.
we want to colour the
and then from the main menu
een select Patterns and then

g and printing)
CONTENTS Saving and printing

When a new excel workbook is opened excel automatically calls the file Book1 or Book2, Book
if there is more than one file open.
Usually however we will want to supply a file name of our own.
Naming Files
To do this select File from the main menu and then select Save As.
You will be prompted for a file name so supply something appropriate and then click
This will be the workbook's file name from now on.
When you have finished working with the file do not click Save As again.
Simply select File and then Save. The workbook will be saved with the original name that you s
Creating a new file
If you want to create a new file then select File and then New and then
Printing Excel worksheets
To print the contents of a worksheet select the one to be printed. Then from the main menu sel
Click OK and the entire worksheet will be printed.
Printing a selected area of a Worksheet
Sometimes however it is only a section of the worksheet that you want to print.
To do this select the area that you want to print with the mouse. It will become highlighted.
Now select File and then Print Area and from the sub menu Set Print Area
The selected area will be all that is printed when you select print from the file menu.
Changing the print area
To alter the print area select File and then Print Area and from the sub menu select
Print preview
Finally, in order to prevent paper wastage and printing costs, it is usually best to get a print prev
This is obtained from the File menu then Print Preview.
Here you can alter the margins to accommodate data that would otherwise spill onto two pages
For example, the dotted line at the end of column I in this sheet indicates that all the text to the
would spill onto a second page.
Printing the worksheet on one page
Although it may not always be possible we can attempt to get it all onto one page by using two
from the Print Preview menu.
First, we note that by default Excel wants to print in Portrait format (longer than wide). But clea
could sometimes get more onto one page if we selected landscape (wider than long).
So from Print Preview select Setup and then change the setting to Landscape
You should find that the entire text in this sheet is now printable on one page.
If not, then you may be able to widen the margins. To do this select print preview and then
Then use the mouse to drag both the right and the left margins to the left and right.
If this fails to get it all onto one page then, if acceptable, reducing the font size might help.
To do this select the area containing the text (or the numerical data) and then click on the font s
tab on the main menu. (In this sheet it shows Arial 10). Now reduce the size and use print prev
inspect the effects.

PROCEED TO SHEET 5 (Naming cells)

y calls the file Book1 or Book2, Book3 etcetera

appropriate and then click Save.

ave As again.
ved with the original name that you supplied. NOTES 4

ew and then Save As with a new name as explained above.

rinted. Then from the main menu select File and then Print.

hat you want to print.

ouse. It will become highlighted.
u Set Print Area.
t print from the file menu.

om the sub menu select Clear Print Area.

s, it is usually best to get a print preview.

would otherwise spill onto two pages.

sheet indicates that all the text to the right

get it all onto one page by using two devices

t format (longer than wide). But clearly we

ndscape (wider than long).
etting to Landscape.
table on one page.
his select print preview and then Margins.
gins to the left and right.
ducing the font size might help.
ical data) and then click on the font size
w reduce the size and use print preview to

D TO SHEET 5 (Naming cells)

 CONTENTS Naming cells

price unit Excel allows us to Name cells and then use these names in a variety of ways.
20 10 For example, the M1 and M2 cells contain two numerical data elements (5 and 6)
200 As we have seen before we can add them together from the formula: =M1+M2
Or multiply them together from =M1*M2
Now suppose that M1 contained the price of a product and M2 contained the number of units so
Clearly the product of these two cells represents the seller's income or revenue.
So could we write something like =price*sales and get the correct answer (30)?
The answer is that we can if we use the Insert Name command,
To do this place the cursor in M1 and then select insert and then Name and then Define
At the dialogue box that should now be on screen supply the name price and click ok.
Now select M2 and repeat the process only this time supply the name sales.
To see if this has worked use the blue cell below to contain =price*sales

The advantages of Naming cells

Naming cells can be useful in a variety of ways. First of all mnemonic names can be
used that are easier to remember when writing formula than M1 or M2.
Second, the name will be available under the Goto command and can help navigation and
selection of cells. The Goto command is obtained from function key 5 (F5).
Use this now and you will see all the named areas of this workbook. Simply select the one
that you want to go to and the cursor will be placed there. Try it.
Third a named cell is what is known as Absolutely Fixed from the point of view of copying.
As we will see in a later sheet this can be very useful.

PROCEED TO SHEET 6 (Copying formulae)

 5
6

ned the number of units sold.

e and then Define.

ce and click ok.

names can be

help navigation and

imply select the one

t of view of copying.
CONTENTS Copying formulae

PRICE SALES REVENUE

5 20 Excel has the ability to Copy cell data in a variety of ways and is one of its mos
6 30 assets. First of all, look at the data on price and sales for eight products in colu
7 50 The task is to use column C to calculate the income (or revenue) from each of
8 20 The secret of copying is to write a single Source Formula
9 60 into another area. In this case it should be clear that we want to use C4 to hou
10 25 formula and then copy it into the C5:C11 range.
11 30 Consequently, in C4 make the entry: =A4*B4. This will calculate the income fr
12 40 product. For the second product we could write: =A5*B5
But with copying there is no need for this laborious procedure.
Making sure that C4 contains our single source formula (
in this source formula cell. Now notice that there is a small rectangular "blob" o
bottom right hand corner of the cell border.
Move the mouse pointer onto this blob so that the solid white cross of the poin
narrowed and black.
When it is like this (and only when it is like this) we have activated what is know
If this is the case depress the left hand mouse button and drag down to C11.
The source formula in C4 will have been copied and updated so that we get
PRICE SALES REVENUE so on until =A11*B11 Try it now.
5 20
6 30 Another way of copying and achieving the same results is to use the
7 50 Edit option of the main menu. To see how to do this we have replicated the da
8 20 Once again we need to write our source formula. So allowing for the new locat
9 60 data we should use C22 to contain: =A22*B22 Make this entry now.
10 25 Next, activate the C22 source formula cell by clicking on it and the select
11 30 menu and then Copy. The source cell will become agitated.
12 40 Now place the mouse pointer in C23 (but do not activate the handle - just keep
of the cell so that it is solid white). Now depress the left hand mouse button an
The C23:C29 range should now be highlighted and represents the destination
which the source cell formula will be copied.
If this is the case select Edit from the main menu and then
will be effected.

PROCEED TO SHEET 7 (Copying with do

ariety of ways and is one of its most powerful
and sales for eight products in columns A and B.
income (or revenue) from each of the products.
urce Formula that can then be copied consistently
lear that we want to use C4 to house this source

B4. This will calculate the income from the first

write: =A5*B5 and then =A6*B6 and so on.
borious procedure.
rce formula ( =A4*B4) place the mouse pointer
here is a small rectangular "blob" on the

at the solid white cross of the pointer becomes

his) we have activated what is known as the Handle.

se button and drag down to C11.
pied and updated so that we get =A5*B5, =A5*B5 … and

ame results is to use the Copy facility from the

do this we have replicated the data set in A21:B29.
mula. So allowing for the new location of the
B22 Make this entry now.
y clicking on it and the select Edit from the main
ecome agitated.
not activate the handle - just keep it in the middle
ess the left hand mouse button and drag down to C29.
ed and represents the destination area into

menu and then Paste. The copying procedure

D TO SHEET 7 (Copying with dollar fixing)

CONTENTS Copying with dollar fixing

€ 1.40
The previous sheet has shown the power of copying and that b
£PRICE SALES £ REVENUE € REVENUE default Excel does this in what is known a fully relative
£5.00 20 £100.00 row numbers (and column letters) are automatically
£6.00 30 £180.00 copying down or across the sheet. However, sometimes full up
£7.00 50 £350.00 is too powerful for what we require. To see this look at the data
£8.00 20 £160.00 A, B and C. This is simply the results that we obtained in Shee
£9.00 60 £540.00 However, as the header in column D indicates, we would now l
£10.00 25 £250.00 obtain the(sterling) income expressed in Euros.
£11.00 30 £330.00 To do this clearly requires an exchange rate between the poun
£12.00 40 £480.00 Euro, and we have entered this as €1.40 to the D3 cell.
Clearly the £100 revenue from the first product produces 100*€
So use the D6 cell to contain: =C6*D3
Now copy this into D7:D13.
We immediately encounter a problem as the #VALUE entries a
incorrect calculations indicate (£180 cannot possibly translate t
revenue of zero).

The problem stems from fully relative copying

£PRICE SALES £ REVENUE € REVENUE the D3 cell address to become D4, D5 etcetera. Clearly in this
£5.00 20 £100.00 do not want the D3 reference to update. We want it always to b
£6.00 30 £180.00 Excel allows us to do this with a process known as
£7.00 50 £350.00 do with currency).
£8.00 20 £160.00 To do this we attach a dollar sign in front of the row number of
£9.00 60 £540.00 reference. That is, instead of writing D3 we write D$3.
£10.00 25 £250.00 The data have been replicated in the A22:C30 range alongside
£11.00 30 £330.00 enter: =C23*D$3 to the C23 cell and copy it down to D30.
£12.00 40 £480.00 Now it will be found that the correct results are obtained. Try it.
Lastly, select D23:D30 with the mouse, right click, select
and select Euro from the list.

Now recall that in Sheet5 we said that naming a cell

cell address. To see that this is equivalent to dollar fixing selec
and then Insert Name Define and supply the name ER.
Now replace the entry in D23 (=C23*D$3) with
D24:D30. the same correct answers will be obtained.

PROCEED TO SHEET 8 (IF statement

he power of copying and that by
known a fully relative way. That is,
s) are automatically updated when
et. However, sometimes full updating
re. To see this look at the data in columns
sults that we obtained in Sheet6. NOTES 5
mn D indicates, we would now like to
essed in Euros.
change rate between the pound and the
as €1.40 to the D3 cell.
he first product produces 100*€1.40 = €140.

blem as the #VALUE entries and the obviously

180 cannot possibly translate to a Euro

ative copying since this has updated

4, D5 etcetera. Clearly in this case we
update. We want it always to be D3.
process known as dollar fixing (nothing to

in front of the row number of the D3 cell

ing D3 we write D$3.
n the A22:C30 range alongside so you should
l and copy it down to D30.
ect results are obtained. Try it. NOTES 6
mouse, right click, select Format Cells and then Currency

d that naming a cell absolutely fixes the

equivalent to dollar fixing select the D3 cell
d supply the name ER.
C23*D$3) with =C23*ER and copy it into
wers will be obtained.

D TO SHEET 8 (IF statements)

€ 1.40
€ 1.40
€ 1.40
€ 1.40
€ 1.40
€ 1.40
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€ 1.40
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CONTENTS IF statements

Conditional statements involving logical tests with the IF function

Logical Tests in Excel are carried out by what is known as an IFstatement.
This is an Excel function that allows the contents of the cell in which it is housed to adopt
either of two distinct sets of values depending upon the result of the logical test.
The general construction of an if statement can be thought of as follows.
=IF(Logical test,Result if test true,Result if test false)
To make this general idea more specific, think of a number - any number. Now suppose that we w
multiply this number by two if it is less than 100 but divide it by two if it is greater than or equal to
We can build up the if statement that will do this as follows.
logical test is the number less than 100?
if it is then multiply the number by 2
otherwise divide the number by two
To continue enter any number of your choosing to the yellow cell below (C20).
We start with =IF(C20<100, this is the logical test.
Then we have C20*2, This the result if the test is true.
Finally we have C20/2 This is the result if the test is false
Putting the three parts together gives =IF(C20<100,C20*2,C20/2) Enter this now to the blue c

Now check that correct answers are returned for C2

are respectively less than 100, or 100 or more.
The logical test above returned a numerical value in each of the two sets of circumstances.
However sometimes we may want a string of text to be returned. To do this we simply enclose ea
of the desired text values in double quotes. For example suppose that in order to pass an examin
a minimum mark of 50 is required. Enter any mark between 0 and 100 to the yellow cell below (C
Now enter the following if statement to the blue cell below (C29) =IF(C28>=50,"PASS","FAIL

Once again check your answer for marks that pass

PROCEED TO SHEET 9 (IF statements with more

h it is housed to adopt
e logical test.

umber. Now suppose that we want to

if it is greater than or equal to 100.

2) Enter this now to the blue cell below (C21).

ct answers are returned for C20 values that

than 100, or 100 or more.
o sets of circumstances.
o do this we simply enclose each
that in order to pass an examination
100 to the yellow cell below (C28).
IF(C28>=50,"PASS","FAIL")

ur answer for marks that pass or fail.

ET 9 (IF statements with more than two outcomes)

-100
-100
 CONTENTS IF statements with more than two outcomes (nesting)

Logical tests with more than two outcomes

In the previous sheet there were only two outcomes that could result from the logical test.
However it is easy to think of circumstances in which there could be three or four possible outcom
For example, suppose that we define all numbers that are less than 10 to be small and all numbe
are greater then 100 to be large. By implication all numbers between 10 and 100 inclusive are to
classed as medium. This is clearly a three way test since there are three possible outcomes.
The if statement deals with this by a process known as Nesting and can be understood as follow
First of all enter any number to the yellow C16 cell. The first part of the IF statement is as follows
=IF(C16<10,"small", Now add a second IF statement inside the first one
IF(C16>100,"large", These two lines check whether the number is small
"medium")) Consequently if it is neither small nor large it must b
The full if statement is therefore =IF(C16<10,"small",if(C16>100,"large","medium"))
Enter this now to the blue C17 cell and check out each of the three possibilities.
MY NUMBER

As a final topic in logical tests consider circumstances in which we need to test the values in
one cell. For example, suppose that in order to pass a particular subject a mark of at least 50 mu
obtained in each of two assignments.
Enter any two marks to the two yellow cells below (C24 and C25).
To test whether both C24 and C25 are greater than or equal to 50 we put each test inside bracke
and connect them with the * operator. this gives: =IF((C24>=50)*(C25>=50),"pass","fail")
MARK 1
MARK 2

Now suppose that in the example above the regulations were such that not only did both assessm
have to be at least 50, but in addition the average of the two marks had to be at least 60. It is left
exercise for you to complete the section below in line with the labels in column A.
MARK 1
MARK 2
MARK 1 + MARK 2 NOTES 7
AVERAGE MARK
VERDICT PROCEED TO SHEET 10 (Vertical Loo
sult from the logical test.
be three or four possible outcomes.
an 10 to be small and all numbers that
een 10 and 100 inclusive are to be
e three possible outcomes.
nd can be understood as follows.
of the IF statement is as follows
F statement inside the first one. that is:
ck whether the number is small or large.
neither small nor large it must be medium.
100,"large","medium"))
e possibilities.

e need to test the values in more than

subject a mark of at least 50 must be

we put each test inside brackets

*(C25>=50),"pass","fail") Enter this now to C26.

h that not only did both assessment marks

ks had to be at least 60. It is left as an
els in column A.

ED TO SHEET 10 (Vertical Lookup function)

SMALL
XXX

FAIL

FAIL
 CONTENTS Vertical Lookup function

It will often be the case in Data Analysis that we want to classify numerical data into categories
(Such as small, medium or large). We did this in the previous sheet with a nested IF statement.
However as the number of classification categories increases, the IF statements become increasing
complex. This is where a function known as VLOOKUP can be helpful. To appreciate its use suppos
firms with less than 16 employees are classified as small, while those with 25 or more employees a
large. Those firms with between 16 and 25 employees are classified as medium.
Now look at the data in rows 10 to 12. Given our classification criteria we have categorized each firm
as S, M or L. However in row 12 this was simply done by inspection.
Company No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No. of employees 15 35 21 60 16 24 26 35
Category (S, M, L) S L M L M M L L
VLOOKUP category
Clearly it would be useful if we could get Excel to do this for us.
0 S The method is to use a function called =VLOOKUP which takes the
16 M arguments:
25 L 1 The value to be looked up. Clearly the first value is the one of 15
2 The table where the value is to be looked up. In this case we cre
=VLOOKUP(B12,TABLE1,2) table alongside in the A16:B18 range and we named this range as T
3 The column number of the lookup range from which we want to ge
category associated with the value being looked up. For example Ta
only two columns and the size category is in the second column. Co
the value of this argument should be 2.
Bearing these points in mind the lookup function we require is shown
A20. Enter this now as an operational formula to the B14 cell.
Then copy it along row 14 and confirm that this gives the same resu
were obtained from inspection.

There is an important point to note about the VLOOKUPfunction. The values in the first column of the defined lookup
table (Table1 in our case) must be in ascending order (as they are - 0 16 25). If this is not the case then the function must
contain an additional argument: FALSE. In other words, we would write:
=VLOOKUP(B12,TABLE1,2,FALSE)

PROCEED TO SHEET 11 (SUMPRODUCT Func

 data into categories.
nested IF statement.
ments become increasingly
appreciate its use suppose that
h 25 or more employees are

have categorized each firm

9 10 11 12 13
15 12 19 25 50
S S M L L

xcel to do this for us.

OOKUP which takes the following

rst value is the one of 15 in B12.

up. In this case we created this
we named this range as Table1.
from which we want to get the
oked up. For example Table1 has
n the second column. Consequently

nction we require is shown in

ula to the B14 cell.
this gives the same results as

f the defined lookup

e then the function must

11 (SUMPRODUCT Function)
#REF!
CONTENTS SUMPRODUCT Function

The yellow highlighted area contains a product's price and sales data over a period of
seven days.
DAY SALES PRICE EARNINGS The task is to calculate the total earnings for the wee
Mon 100 £10.00 First of all use D6 to contain:
Tue 125 £11.00 =B6*C6
Wed 165 £9.00 Then copy this down into D12.
Thu 120 £12.00 Next use D14 to contain:
Fri 140 £11.00 =SUM(D6:D12) An answer of £8280 wil
Sat 90 £10.00
Sun 60 £9.00 We now note however that the same answer could h
in one cell from an Excel function called =SUMPROD
TOTAL EARNINGS = The general syntax is =SUMPRODUCT(first data
SUMPRODUCT = Consequently use D15 to contain:
=SUMPRODUCT(B6:B12,C6:C12)
The same answer as before will be obtained.
It is important to note what the SUMPRODUCT funct
It multiplies each data element by its pair and then a
products.
In short, it multiplies the individual values together an
This is not the same as adding them up and then mu
together
over a period of

total earnings for the week.

An answer of £8280 will result.

the same answer could have been obtained

nction called =SUMPRODUCT
MPRODUCT(first data range,second data range)

e will be obtained.
the SUMPRODUCT function does.
ent by its pair and then adds up these

ividual values together and then adds them up.

ing them up and then multiplying the sums
1000
1375
1485
1440
1540
900
540

8280
8280
 CONTENTS

Explanatory comments have been added to a number of cells throughout this file. These
are indicated by a red tag is the top right corner of the cell viz:
The comment will only be visible when the mouse pointer is placed on top of the cell although you can see
all comments in the sheet by selecting view from the main menu and then comment. Repeat the process
to restore the original comment status.

A full list of all the available Excel functions along with their arguments and
their purpose can be obtained by clicking on the fx button to the left of the formula bar.

The undo button is immensely useful. Click as many times as are necessary to restore
the worksheet to its previous state. Clearly the number of clicks will depend upon the
number of things that you have done but it has a fairly long memory and can undo as many
as ten or twelve previous actions.

Formatting cells has a wide range of options other than patterns:

Number --- this can select the number of decimal places to show, as well as currency options
Alignment --- this allows text or numbers to be left, right, or centre justified
Font -- a wide range of font types and sizes can be chosen
Border -- solid borders can be placed around the selected area to create a boxed effect

It is recommended that you use the save facility frequently during your work on the file.
"Save as you go along" is an important watchword. This way, if your computer crashes or
you make a catastrophic error then you will only lose the work carried out since your last save.

To express the price and income data as sterling currency we selected A6:A13 and then format and cells
from the main menu. Under the number option we selected currency and for the currency tab
selected the £ option. this was repeated for the C6:C13 range.

Placing a dollar sign in front of the row number inhibits row updating when copying
down the sheet.
Placing a dollar sign in front of the column letter inhibits column updating when copying
across the sheet.
Placing a dollar sign in front of the row number and column letter inhibits row and column updating when
copying down and across the sheet.

The entry in C34 is =C32+C33

The entry in C35 is =C34/2
The IF statement in C36 is =IF((C32>=50)*(C33>=50)*(C35>=60),"PASS","FAIL")
 Return to Basic Excel terminology

Return to Rows and columns in Worksheets

Return to Worksheet operations

Return to Saving and printing

Return to Copying with dollar fixing

Return to Copying with dollar fixing

Return to IF statements with more than two outcomes