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SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
GMR Institute of Technology

By
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. RAMANA PILLA

Professor
Department of EEE

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INTRODUCTION
 The speed of induction motor is given by
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The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator side are further
classified as:
(i) V/f control or frequency control
(ii) Controlling supply voltage
(iii) Changing the number of stator poles
(iv) Adding rheostat in the stator circuit
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The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor side are further
classified as:
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(i) Adding external resistance on rotor side

(ii) Cascade control method
(iii) Injecting slip frequency e.m.f. into rotor side
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1. Speed Control from Stator Side

(i) V/f control or frequency control
 Whenever 3-phase supply is given to 3-phase IM rotating magnetic field is
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produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by

120 f
Ns 
P
 The synchronous speed and, therefore, the speed of motor can be controlled
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by varying the supply frequency.

 In 3-phase induction motor e.m.f is induced by induction similar to that of

transformer which is given by
V
E or V  4.44Tf m or m 
4.44Tf
 Now if we change supply frequency, synchronous speed changes but with
decrease in frequency, flux will increase which causes saturation of rotor
and stator cores which will further cause increase in no load current of the
motor.
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 So, it’s important to maintain flux, фm constant and it is only possible

if we change voltage i.e. if we decrease frequency flux increases but at
the same time if we decrease voltage flux will also decease causing no
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change in flux and hence it remains constant.

 So, here we are keeping the ratio of (V/f) as constant. Hence its name
is V/f control method.
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 For controlling the speed of three phase induction motor by V/f

method we have to supply variable voltage and frequency which is
easily obtained by using converter and inverter set.

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(ii) Controlling supply voltage

 The torque under running condition of a 3-phase induction motor is given
by
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sE 22 R2
T K
R22  (sX 2 ) 2

 In low slip region ‘s’ is very small i.e. it is approximately equal to zero. Due
to this, the term (sX2)2 is small and hence negligible when compared to
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R22. So torque becomes

sE 22
T
R2
 Since rotor resistance, R2 is constant so the equation of torque further
reduces to T  sE 22
 We know that rotor induced e.m.f. E2 ∝ V. So, T ∝ sV2
 From the above equation it is clear that if we decrease supply voltage
torque will also decrease. But for supplying the same load, the torque must
remains the same and it is only possible of increase the slip and if the slip
increases the motor will run at reduced speed.
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(iii) Changing the number of stator poles

 In this method the stator is provided with two separate windings which
are wound for two different pole numbers. These two stator windings are
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electrically isolated from each other.

 Using switching arrangement, at a time, supply is given to one winding

only and hence speed control is possible.
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 Suppose that a motor has two windings for 6 and 4 poles. For 50 Hz
supply the synchronous speed will be 1000 rpm and 1500 rpm
respectively. If the full load slip is 5% in each case, the operating speeds
will be 950 rpm and 1425 rpm respectively.

 A disadvantage of this method is that the smooth speed control is not

possible.

 This method is more costly and less efficient as two different stator
winding are required.
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(iv) Adding rheostat in the stator circuit

 In this method of speed control of 3-phase induction motor, rheostat is

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added in the stator circuit due to this voltage gets dropped.

 In case of 3-phase induction motor torque produced is given by T ∝ sV2.

 If we decrease supply voltage torque will also decrease. But for

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supplying the same load , the torque must remains the same and it is only
possible of increase the slip and if the slip increase motor will run with
reduced speed.

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2. Speed Control from Rotor Side

(i) Adding external resistance on rotor side
 In this method of speed control of 3-phase induction motor the motor
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speed is reduced by introducing external resistance in the rotor circuit.

 The equation of torque for 3-phase induction motor is
sE 22 R 2
T K
R 22  (sX 2 ) 2
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 The 3-phase induction motor operates in low slip region. In low slip
region, the term (sX2)2 becomes very small when compared to R2. So, it
can be neglected and also E2 is constant. So the equation of torque after
simplification becomes,
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s
T
R2
 Now if we increase rotor resistance R2, torque decreases but to supply the
same load, torque must remains constant. So, we increase slip, which will
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further results in decrease in rotor speed.

 Thus by adding additional resistance in rotor circuit we can decrease the

speed of three phase induction motor.

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(ii) Cascade control method

 In this method of speed control, two 3-phase induction motors are

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connected on common shaft and hence called cascaded motor.

 One motor is called the main motor is of slip ring type and another motor
is called the auxiliary motor which can be slip ring type or squirrel cage
type.
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 The 3-phase supply is given to the stator of the main motor while the
auxiliary motor is derived at a slip frequency from the slip rings of the
main motor. This is called cascading of the motors.

 If the torques produced by both act in the same direction, cascading is

called cumulative cascading. If torques produced are in opposite
direction, cascading is called differential cascading.

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(iii) Injecting slip frequency e.m.f. into rotor side

 When the speed control of 3-phase induction motor is done by adding
resistance in rotor circuit, some part of power called slip power is lost as
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I2R losses. Therefore the efficiency of three phase induction motor is

reduced by this method of speed control.

 This slip power loss can be recovered and supplied back in order to
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improve the overall efficiency of 3-phase induction motor and this

scheme of recovering the power is called slip power recovery scheme.

 The basic principle of slip power recovery is to connect an external

source of e.m.f. of slip frequency to the rotor circuit.

 The injected e.m.f. can either oppose the rotor induced e.m.f. or aids the
rotor induced e.m.f.

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 If it opposes the rotor induced e.m.f., the total rotor resistance

increases and hence speed decreases and if the injected e.m.f. aids the
main rotor e.m.f. the total resistance decreases and hence speed
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increases.

 Therefore by injecting induced e.m.f. in rotor circuit the speed can be

easily controlled.
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 The e.m.f. can be injected by various methods such as Kramer

system, Scherbius system etc.

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CRAWLING AND COGGING

(i) Crawling
 Sometimes, squirrel cage induction motors exhibit a tendency to run at very
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slow speeds (as low as one-seventh of their synchronous speed). This

phenomenon is called as crawling of an induction motor.
 Crawling can be reduced by reducing fifth and seventh harmonics. This can be
done by using a chorded or short pitched winding.

(ii) Cogging (Magnetic locking or teeth locking)

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 Sometimes, even when full supply voltage is applied to the stator winding, the
rotor of a squirrel cage induction motor refuses to start.
 This happens especially when number of rotor teeth is equal to number of
stator teeth, or has an integral ratio. Due to this, strong alignment forces are
produced between stator and rotor at the instant of starting. These forces may
create an alignment torque greater than the accelerating torque with consequent
failure of the motor to start. This phenomenon of magnetic locking between
stator and rotor teeth is called cogging or teeth locking.
 In order reduce to eliminate cogging the number of stator slots are never made
equal to rotor. Cogging can also be reduced by using skewed rotor.

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THANK YOU
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