EE-434 Power Electronics

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

Topi 23460, Pakistan
[email protected]

March 8, 2019

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 Overview

1 Full wave rectifier

UCFW| Capacitance output filter
Capacitance output filter| The input current
Voltage doublers
UCFW | LC filtered output
Example 4-5

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 Capacitance output filter

Circuit below shows a full wave bridge rectifier with a capacitive output
filter.

When D1 and D2 conducts, D3 and D4 are reverse biased. Each pair works
for one half cycle so the output is a unipolar sinusoidal shape with no zero
intervals. Hence it is called a full wave rectifier. The use of single
quadrant device shows that the power can only flow from ac-dc. The point
of interest for this kind of rectifier circuit is the shape of the supply
current ,output current, load current and load voltage

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 UCFW| Capacitance output filter

Compared to a half wave rectifier, here, the output voltage ripple is

one-half. Note that the output is a pesudo dc link if the capacitor is not
present.
Because there are two diodes in this circuit that operate simultaneously,
therefore the peak output voltage is less than a half-wave rectifier.
When the diodes are on,

vo (ωt) = |Vm sinωt| (1)

When diodes are off

vo (ωt) = (Vm sinθ)e−(ωt−θ)/ωRC (2)

where,
θ = tan−1 (−ωRC) = −tan−1 (ωRC) + π (3)
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 UCFW| Capacitance output filter
The maximum output voltage is Vm and the minimum output voltage is
determined by evaluating vo at the angle at which the second pair of diode
turns on i.e., at ωt = π + α. At this boundary
(Vm sinθ)e−(π+α−θ)/ωRC = −Vm sin(π + α) (4)
or
(sinθ)e−(π+α−θ)/ωRC − sinα (5)
The peak to peak voltage variation, or ripple, is the difference between
maximum and minimum voltage
∆Vo = Vm − |Vm sin(π + α)| = Vm (1 − sinα) (6)
In practical circuits, ωRC >> π.
π
θ = α =≈ (7)
2
The minimum output voltage is at π.
vo (π + α) = Vm e−(π+π/2−π/2)/ωRC = Vm e−π/ωRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(8)
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 UCFW| Capacitance output filter

The ripple voltage is then approximated as

∆Vo ≈ Vm (1 − e−π/ωRC ) (9)

The exponential term can be approximated as

π
e−π/ωRC ≈ 1 − (10)
ωRC
Therefore, the peak to peak ripple is
Vm π Vm
∆Vo ≈ = (11)
ωRC 2fRC

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 The input current

Now, let us analyze the input current of the circuit.

The input current flows only when the input voltage exceeds the output
voltage.
As a result the current is of different shape then the voltage and therefore,
such circuits are major cause of power pollution.

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 Simulation results of input current
Figure shows the effect of source inductance on current shape. This
current shape has odd harmonic.

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 Simulation of input current
During the first half cycle, the capacitor is not charged and therefore, it
act a a short circuit. This short circuit path creates a high inrush current
spike as shown below.

If the system is connected at the peak of the ac supply, the magnitude of

inrush current increases. Therefore, inrush current limiting mechanisms are
desired. .
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 Techniques to suppress inrush current

There are various methods to decrease the inrush current magnitude.

Series resistance
Series thermistor
Relay based series resistance
Switch in series with the load

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 07 Resources March 8, 2019 10 / 23
 Suppressing inrush current | Method 1

The use of a small series resistance reduces the amplitude of inrush

current.

This method generates continuous losses in the system and is therefore,

not recommended. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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 Suppressing inrush current | Method 2

The use of a thermistor (temperature dependent resistor) also reduces the

inrush current. However, the thermistor must have a negative temperature
coefficient.

This method is widely used in commercial products. During the start, the
termistor is cold and hence offer some resistance. As the current flows the
thermistor gets hot and its resistance decreases. This method is not good
in case of frequent light tripping
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 07 Resources March 8, 2019 12 / 23
 Suppressing inrush current | Method 3
The use of a relay is good to shunt the series resistance. This requires an
additional circuit to energize the relay. Two possibilities are shown

Additional circuit is required to energize the relay and that can be tapped
from the output of the rectifier. When Vx > Vz the base current flows and
Q operates to energize the coil.Once power is off Vc = Vx = 0 so relay is
demagnetized. .
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 Suppressing inrush current | Method 4
Using a mosfet in series with the load also controls the inrush current.

D5 and D6 are used to charge the Cx . When the input goes off the filter
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capacitor
Engr. discharges
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed through theWeek
Sher (FEE, GIKI) load resistance.
07 Resources March 8, 2019 14 / 23
 Voltage doublers

When the switch is open, the circuit

is similar to a full wave rectifier.
When the switch is closed, circuit
C1 charges to Vm through D1 when acts as a voltage doubler.
source is positive. C2 charges to Vm C1 charges to Vm through D1 when
through D2 when source is positive. source is positive. C2 charges to Vm
Load voltage is twice the input through D4 when source is positive.
voltage(2Vm ). Diodes D2 and D3 remain reverse
biased in this mode.
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 UCFW | LC filtered output

Using an LC filter has two advantages. First, the capacitor smooths out
the voltage and inductor smooth the current, thus reducing the peak
current from the diode.
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Circuit can operate in CCM or DCM mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 07 Resources March 8, 2019 16 / 23
 LC filtered output | Continuous current

For continuous current, the voltage vx is a full- wave rectified sine wave
with an average value of 2Vm /π.
Since the average voltage across inductor is zero in steady state, the
average output voltage for continuous inductor current is
2Vm
Vo = (12)
π
Average inductor current must equal to the average resistor current
because the average capacitor current is zero.
Vo 2Vm
IL = IR = = (13)
R πR

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 07 Resources March 8, 2019 17 / 23
 LC filtered output | Continuous current
The variation in inductor current can be estimated using Fourier series.
The full wave rectified sinusoidal voltage across the load can be expressed
as
∑∞ ( ( ))
2Vm 2Vm 1 1
vo (t) = + − cos(nωo t + π) (14)
π π n−1 n+1
n=2,4...

The first ac term is obtained with n=2. The amplitude of inductor current
for n=2 is
V2 V2 4Vm /3π 2Vm
I2 = ≈ = = (15)
Z2 2ωL 2ωL 3πωL
For a positive current, the amplitude of ac term must be less than the dc
term. Using above equations and solving for L
2Vm 2Vm R
I2 < IL =⇒ < =⇒ L > (16)
3πωL πR 3ω
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 LC filtered output | Continuous current

For continuous current

3ωL
>1 (17)
R
2Vm
If the above condition is true then the output voltage is π .
If not the output is determined from analysis for DCM.

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 LC filtered output | Discontinuous current
For DCC the current becomes positive only when the bridge output
voltage reaches the level of capacitor voltage. Let that particular point
along ωt axis be α. ( )
−1 Vo
α = sin (18)
Vm
While the current is positive, inductor voltage is calculated using KVL as

vL = Vs(t) − Vo = Vm sin(ωt) − Vo (19)

where the output voltage Vo is unknown. Inductor current is expressed as

∫ ωt
1
iL (ωt) = [Vm sin(ωt) − Vo ]d(ωt) = (20)
ωL α
1
[Vm (cosα − cosωt)] − Vo (ωt − α) = 0
iL (ωt) = (21)
ωL
valid for α ≤ ωt ≤ β when β < π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 07 Resources March 8, 2019 20 / 23
 LC filtered output | Discontinuous current

The solution for load voltage Vo is based on the fact that the average
inductor current must equal the current in load resistor. An iterative
method is presented below.
1. Estimate a value of Vo slightly above Vm and solve (18) for α.
2. Solve for ωt = β in (21) for inductor current. 3. Solve for average
inductor current IL .
∫ [ ]
1 β 1
iL = Vm (cosα − cosωt) − Vo (ωt − α) d(ωt) (22)
π α ωL

4. Solve for load voltage Vo based on average inductor current as

Vo = Il R (23)

5. Repeat the steps until the computed value of Vo in setp 4 equals the
estimated value in step 1.
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 07 Resources March 8, 2019 21 / 23
 Example 4-5
A full-wave rectifier has a source of vs (t)=100 sin(377t) V. An LC filter is
used, with L=5 mH and C=10,000µF. The load resistance is (a) 5Ω and
(b) 50Ω. Determine the output voltage for each case.
Solution:
Using (17), continuous inductor current exists when
R < 3ωL=3(377)(0.005)=5.7Ω. This means that for 5Ω the current is
continuous and for 50Ω the current is discontinuous. For R=5Ω, the
output voltage is determined using (12) as Vo = 2Vπm = 63.7V

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 Full-Wave Rectifier with LC Filter
For R=50Ω, the output current is discontinuous and the procedure
outlined in (21) is used.
Let the output voltage be Vo =90V. The calculated values are shown
below.

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