Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect

Continuous
Affirmative: Affirmative: Affirmative: Affirmative:

S+VB 1(+s/es la a 3-a S+TO BE+VB+ING S+HAVE/HAS(a3-a sg) S+HAVE/HAS(a3-a

sg) +VB3 sg)+
BEEN+VB+ING
I work I am working I have worked
You work You are working You have worked I have been working
He/she/it works He/she/it is working He/she/it has worked You have been working
We work We are working We have worked He/she/it has been
You work You are working You have worked working
They work They are working They have worked We have been working
You have been working
They have been
working

Negative: Negative: Negative: Negative:

S+DO/DOES(a3-a sg) S+TO BE+NOT+VB S+HAVE/HAS+NOT+VB3 S+HAVE/HAS+NOT+

+NOT+VB1 +ING BEEN+VB+ING

I /you/we/they do not I am not working I/you/we/they have not

work (I’m not working) worked I/you/we/they have not
He/she/it does not He/she/it is not He/she/it has not worked been working
working he/she/it has not been
DO NOT se (He isn’t working) HAVE NOT se prescurteaza working
prescurteaza DON’T you/we/they are not HAVEN’T
working
DOES NOT se (you/we/they aren’t HAS NOT se prescurteaza
prescurteaza working) HASN’T
DOESN’T

Interrogative: Interrogative: Interrogative: Interrogative:

DO/DOES(a3-a sg) TO BE+S+VB+ING HAVE/HAS(a3-a sg) HAVE/HAS+S+

+S+VB1 +S+VB3 BEEN+VB+ING

Do I /you/we/they Am I working? Have I /you/we/they

work? Are you/we/they Have I/you/we/they been working?
Does he/she/it work? working? worked? Has he been working?
Is he/she/it working? Has he/she/it worked

1
Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect
Continuous
Affirmative: Affirmative: Affirmative Affirmative:

S+VB2 S+WAS/WERE+VB+I S+HAD+VB3 S+HAD+BEEN+VB+I

NG NG
I/you/he/she/it/we/they I/you/he/she/it/we/they
worked I/he/she/it was working had worked I/you/he/she/it/we/they
You/we/they were had been working
working

WAS NOT se
prescurteaza WASN’T

WERE NOT se
prescurteaza WEREN’T

Negative: Negative: Negative: Negative:

S+DID+NOT+VB1 S+WAS/WERE+NOT+ S+HAD+NOT+VB3 S+HAD+NOT+BEEN

VB+ING +VB +ING
I/you/he/she/ie/we/they I/you/he/she/it/we/they I/you/he/she/it/we/they
did not work I/he/she/it was not had not worked had not been working
working (hadn’t)
(prescurtat DIDN’T) (wasn’t)
you/we/they were not
working
(weren’t)

Interrogative: Interrogative: Interrogative: Interrogative:

DID+S+VB1 WAS/WERE+S+VB+I HAD+S+VB3 HAD+S+BEEN+VB+

NG ING
Did Had
I/you/he/she/it/we/they Was I/he/she/it working? I/you/he/she/it/we/they Had
work? Were you/we/they worked? I/you/he/she/it/we/they
working? been working?

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Future Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect
Continuous
Affirmative: Affirmative: Affirmative: Affirmative:

S+SHALL/WILL+VB S+SHALL/WILL+BE+ S+SHALL/WILL+BE+ S+SHALL/WILL+HA

1 VB+ING VB+ING VE +BEEN+VB+ING
I/we shall have been
I/we shall work I/we shall be working I/we shall be working working
You/he/she/it/we/they You/he/she/it/we/they You/he/she/it/we/they will You/he/she/it /we/they
will work will be working be working have been working

Negative: Negative: Negative: Negative:

S+SHALL/WILL+N S S+SHALL/WILL+NOT S+SHALL/WILL+NO

OT +SHALL/WILL+NOT +HAVE T+
+VB1 +BE+ +VB3 HAVE+BEN+VB+IN
VB+ING G
I/We shall not work I/We shall not have
You/he/she/it/they will I/We shall not be working I /we shall not have
not work working You/he/she/it will not been working
You/he/she/it will not be have working You/he/she/it will not
SHALL NOT se working have
prescurteaza SHAN’T been working

WILL NOT se
prescurteaza WON’T

Interogativul se
formeaza la toate
timpurile viitoare prin
inversiune intre auxiliar
si subiect

Future-in-the-Past Future-in-the-past
Simple continuous
Affirmative: Affirmative:

S+SHOULD/WOULD+ S+SHOULD/WOULD
VB1 +
BE+VB+ING
I/We should work
You/he/she/it would work I/we should work
You/he/she/it would
work
Negativul se realizeaza
inserand NOT intre
auxiliar si verb
Interogativul se realizeaza
prin inversiune

3
PRESENT SIMPLE

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE: S+VB1(la persoana a treia singular se adauga –S sau –ES la verb)

Ex> I/you/we/they write

He writes
Adaugarea terminatiei –s/-es la verb la persoana a treia singular:

1)verbele care se termina in –e adauga doar –s:

to live> he lives

2)verbele care se termina in –o

-x
-z
-s adauga -es
-ch
-sh

to go>he goes
to mix(a amesteca)>he mixes
to buzz(a bazai) >the bee buzzes
to kiss > he kisses
to watch >he watches
to wash >he washes

3)la verbele care se termina in –y avem doua situatii:

>-y precedat de o vocala,situatie in care –y ramane neschimbat si adaugam –s:

TO PLAY>+s>HE PLAYS

Vocala

>-y precedat de o consoana,situatie in care –y se schimba in –i si adaugam –es:

TO CRY> y>i >CRI > + es >CRIES

Consoana

: NEGATIVE: S+DO/DOES(pers.a 3-a singular)+NOT+VB1

I /you/we/they do not write

(don’t)

He/she/it does not write

(doesn’t)

INTERROGATIVE: DO/DOES(a3-a pers sg)+S+VB1

Do I/you/we/they write?
4
 Does he/she/it write?

USE:

1.pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile:

Ice melts in the sun.

The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

2.pentru a exprima actiuni- repetate

-obisnuite
-permanente.
Astfel de actiuni sunt de obicei insotite de adverbe ca:-EVERY DAY/WEEK/MONTH/YEAR
(in fiecare zi/saptamana/luna/an)
-NEVER(niciodata)
-OCCASIONALLY(ocazional)
-OFTEN(des)
-SELDOM(rar)
-SOMETIMES(uneori)
-USUALLY(de obicei)
-ONCE A WEEK(o data pe saptamana)
-TWICE A WEEK(de doua ori pe saptamana)
-THREE
-FOUR
-FIVE
. TIMES A WEEK/YEAR etc
.
.
-N
(de trei/patru/cinci…..n ori pe saptamana/an etc)

ex.>We go to school every morning.(actiune repetata)

Father smokes too much.(actiune obisnuita)

Jane works in a big factory.(actiune permanenta)

2.in instructiuni sau demonstratii pas cu pas:

ex> First,I take the potatoes and slice them.Then,I slice the tomatoes,fry the onion and parsley in
a little fat until the onions are translucent…

3.In comentarii sportive.In acest caz the Simple Present se refera la actiuni mai rapide(care
sunt terminate inaintea propozitiei care le descrie).Pentru actiuni mai lungi se foloseste Present
Continuous:

ex>The goal-keeper passes to Maradona,but Hagi intercepts;Hagi to Lacatus and he shoots

and
it’s a goal!@The Romanians are leading by three goals to nil in the second half.

*three goals to nil=trei la zero/NIL =nimic/zero(in sport)

Nastase serves!(this very moment)

Nastase is serving in the game we are watching now.(the service is a continuing activity)

5
4.Pentru a exprima o actiune planificata oficial sau care apartine unui program bine stabilit:

ex>The championship starts next Saturday.(will start)

The tourists visit the British Museum on Friday morning.(will visit)

5.Pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare:

a)intr-o propozitie de timp a carei actiune este simultana cu alta actiune viitoare:

ex>Tom will like English grammar 1/ when he understands it.2/

-in propozitia 1 avem o actiune viitoare care este simultana cu actiunea viitoare din
propozitia 2
!!!!!! -trebuie sa retinem ca in limba engleza nu avem voie sa folosim
un timp viitor intr-o
propozitie de timp

b)intr-o propozitie conditionala(conditionala de tipul 1)

ex>If our cousin comes here tomorrow,we’ll go to the cinema.

(Daca verisorul nostru va veni aici maine,vom merge la cinema)

6.In proverbe si zicatori:

ex> Despair gives courage to a coward.

7.in propozitii exclamatorii care incep cu HERE sau THERE:

ex> Here they come!

There goes the train!

-dar daca propozitiile nu sunt exclamatorii,trebuie sa folosim aspectul continuu:

ex>They’re coming.

The train is going now.

8.Cu verbul TO CONTINUE si echivalentii sai(„to go on”,”to keep on”etc)deoarece ele contin in
ele insele sensul de continuitate,prin urmare,nu este necesar sa folosim aspectul continuu:

ex>The children continue to write.

The pupils go on reading.

Dar cand „to go on” inseamna „to happen”,trebuie folosit aspectul continuu:

What is going on there?

EXERCISES –PRESENT SIMPLE

I.Complete with –s or –es where necessary:

6
1.I like- jam.
2.My brother like- honey.
3.We go- to school in the morning.
4.The girl go- to the cinema on Saturday.
5.The teacher read- the lesson every day.
6.The pupils read- the lesson,too.
7.The bus stop- at the traffic lights.
8.Tom watch- TV in the evening.
9.We stop- in front of this house.
10.I dress- quickly every morning.
11.My sister want- to read that book.
12.Alice wear- this blouse every Sunday.
13.You want- to see a good film.
14.We watch- TV every afternoon.

II.Translate into English:

1.Adesea invat poezii lungi.

2.Jane alearga pe strada in fiecare dimineata.

3.Tu bei ceai in fiecare zi.

4.Tu nu visezi in fiecare noapte.

5.Ana scrie cu mana stanga.

6.Plec de acasa in fiecare zi la ora sapte dimineata.

7.In fiecare seara cand luam cina ,tata taie painea.

8.Am o pisica desteapta,in fiecare zi ea deschide usa singura.

9.John fumeaza prea mult.

10.Noi vizitam muzee foarte rar.

11.Copiii se joaca in gradina de doua ori pe saptamana.

12.Bunica ne spune povesti interesante in fiecare seara.

13.Ea se grabeste la scoala in fiecare dimineata.

7
III.Work on the model: IS THE CAT SLEEPING UNDER THE TABLE?
YES,IT OFTEN/USUALLY/GENERALLY SLEEPS THERE.
1.Are the children listening to a record?

2.Are you having a party next week?

3.Am I eating a cake?

4.Is Tom crossing the street?

5.Are you wearing a sweater today?

6.Are the boys drinking milk now?

7.Is mother making the bed?

8.Am I writing a letter?

9.Are the girls talking?

10.Are you looking aut of the window?

IV.Complete the sentences using Simple Present:

1.You always……………………………………………………

2.We only…………………………………………………………ocassionally.

3.Whenever she comes to see us,she……………………………………….

4.Nobody ever…………………………………………………nowadays.

5.Those girls never……………………………………………….

6.You usually………………………………………………………

7.His brother often………………………………………………

8.These birds always…………………………………………..

V.Fill in with DO or DOES:

1…………..you speak English?
2………….Lucy clean the blackboard?
3…………..father work in a factory?
4…………….I go there every morning?
5…………….we help mother at home?
8
6…………..you read French books?
7……………………………..children like fruit?
8……………you live in a village?
9……………the girl eat in the dining-room?
10……………we walk in the park?

VI>Turn the following sentences into the interrogative:

1.We live in a big house.

2.Albert jumps high.

3.I work hard at my office.

4.You go to bed late.

5.This boy greets me in the morning.

6.We like storybooks.

7.You cook in the evening.

8.I know very many jokes.

9.We help her in the garden.

10.Susan dresses beautifully on Sundays.

VII>Complete the following sentences by supplying the correct form of the verb given in brackets.Use
the Simple Present:

1…………….the doctor……………..to see his patient every evening?(to come)

2…………….these girls…………..playing tennis?(to like)
3……………..Mr.Smith…………that house?(to own)
4.Where………your friends…………when they go to Paris?(to stay)
5…………..you………….milk or tea?(to prefer)
6……………the museums…………..on Monday in your town?(to open)
7.How often…………..Mary……………..to the theatre?(to go)
8…………the children …………in that room?(to sleep)
9……………anyone…….when the manager left?(to know)
10………….you…………how far it is?(to imagine)

VIII>Work on the model:

JANE SLEEEPS IN A LARGE BEDROOM.(WHERE)
WHERE DOES SHE SLEEP?

9
1.I drink a glass of water.(what)

2.You wash your hands in the morning.(when)

3.Lucy lives in a new house.(where)

4.We work in a hospital(where)

5.Mrs.Smith likes spring.(what)

6.We read stories in the evening.(What;when)

7.The children run in the fields(where)

8.You want a new car.(what)

9.We eat oranges in winter.(what;when)

10.Jack plays tennis well on Saturday.(what;how;when)

IX.Answer these questions reffering to Thomas using the words given in brackets:

1.When does he get up?(usually)

2.What does he do on Sunday mornings?(often)

3.Where does he spend his summer holidays?(usually;occasionally)

4.What sort of radio programmes does he listen to?(usually;always;never)

5.How does he get to school?(always)

10
6.What does he take if he has a headache?(usually;never)

7.What sort of books does he read?(generally)

8.What kind of films does he enjoy?(always)

9.What does he keep in his handbag?(usually)

10.What time does he go to bed?(almost always;never)

X.Fill in the blanks with DON’T or DOESN’T:

1.we……………….live in a village.
2.Mother……………………cook in the bedroom.
3.You………………go to school in the evening.
4.I……………..speak French.
5.Jack…………….go to the theatre on Monday.
6.We ……………..plant trees in winter.
7.You……………..write many letters.
8.They……………draw the map of England.
9.Father……………..come home late.
10.I ……………….want to go there now.

XI>Turn the following sentences into the negative:

1.You dig potatoes in the garden.

2.It rains heavily in the mountains.

3.I leave home very late.

4.We read Oliver Twist.

5.The girls walk in the forest.

6.The sun rises early.

7.I repair tape recorders.

8.You quarrel with them every day.

9.We do a lot of exercises at school.

10.Harris plays chess very well.

XII>Translate into English:

1.Ei vorbesc engleza foarte bine.

11
2.Mary nu cunoaste aceasta strada.

3.Dupa cum vad,tu nu te speli pe maini foarte des.

4.Eu locuiesc intr-un oras mare dar Nick locuieste intr-un oras mic.

5.Nick prinde peste in fiecare saptamana.

6.Tatal meu citeste ziarul in fiecare dimineata.

7.Mama nu gateste niciodata dupa amiaza.

8.Noi vedem filme bune duminica.

9.Tu nu uzi florile acum dar nu le uzi in fiecare zi.

10.Profesorul arata la harta cand ne explica ceva.

11.Jane nu-l ajuta pe fratele ei in fiecare zi.

12.Noi nu suntem buni alpinisti deci nu urcam pe munti foarte des.

13.Sora mea scrie exercitii foarte des,ii place matematica foarte mult.

14.Tu ,de obicei,nu explici lucrurile foarte bine.

15.Ei niciodata nu striga pe strada.

16.Studentii nu iau notite mereu,ei uneori doar il asculta pe profesor.

17.Noi calatorim cu avionul foarte rar.

18.Ei sunt foarte ocupati asa ca nu danseaza prea des.

19.Unchiul meu repara acoperisul casei lui in fiecare an.Casa lui este foarte veche.

12
20.Eu beau mult lapte dar Mary nu.

21.Noi o ajutam pe mama foarte des dar tu nu.

22.Tie iti place acest cantec dar noua nu.

23.Tom vorbeste engleza foarte bine dar noi nu.

24.Mama vine devreme acasa dar tata nu.

25.Noi deschidem ferestrele in fiecare dimineata dar voi nu.

26.Tu canti la pian dar sora ta nu.

XIII>Give short answers to the following questions:

1.Does London lie on a river?(yes)

2.Do I speak English?(Yes)

3.Do you study Chemistry?(No)

4.Do the Browns watch tv in the evening?(Yes)

5.Does your father teach Maths?(No)

6.Do I know this man?(No)

7.Do you eat lunch at home?(Yes)

8.Do the girls draw many cars?(No)

9.Do Jane and Fred love music?(Yes)

10.Does your mother make good cakes?(Yes)

THE CONTINUOUS PRESENT

13
FORM

AFFIRMATIVE: S+TO BE +VB +ING

I am speaking
You are speaking
He/she/it is speaking
We are speaking
You are speaking
They are speaking

NEGATIVE: S+TO BE +NOT+ VB+ING

I am not speaking (I’m not…)

You are not speaking(you aren’t…)
He is not speaking(he isn’t…)
We aren’t speaking(we aren’t…)
You are not speaking(you aren’t)
They are not speaking(they aren’t…)

INTERROGATIVE: TO BE+ S +VB + ING (deci se realizeaza prin inversiunea intre primele doua
componente ale formei afirmative)

Am I speaking?
Are you speaking?
Is he speaking?
Are we speaking?
Are you speaking?
Are they speaking?

PROBLEME CU PRIVIRE LA ADAUGAREA TERMINATIEI -ING LA VERBE:

1.la verbele care se termina in consoana,consoana finala se dubleaza daca este precedata de o
singura litera vocalica,pronuntata ca vocala scurta in cazul verbelor monosilabice(formate dintr-o
singura silaba),precum si in cazul verbelor polisilabice(formate din mai multe silabe),daca ultima
silaba este accentuata:

TO DROP.>>>+P>>> DROPP>>>+ING>>>DROPPING
(a scapa jos,a picura)

TO TRANSMIT>>>+T>>>TRANSMITT>>>TRANSMITTING
(a transmite)

TO PREFER>>>+R>>>PREFERR>>>+ING>>>PREFERRING
(a prefera)

2.in engleza britanica(dar nu si in cea americana)consoana –L se dubleaza,indiferent daca silaba

finala este accentuata sau nu:

TO COMPEL>>>COMPELLING
(a obliga,sili)
TO CANCEL>>>CANCELLING
(a anula)
TO FULFILL>>>FULFILLING

14
(a implini)
TO TRAVEL>>>TRAVELLING
(a calatori)

3.o atentie speciala o cer- verbele a caror radacina se termina in –EE :

TO SEE>>>SEEING
TO AGREE>>>AGREEING

-precum si verbele:
TO DYE>>>DYEING
(a vopsi)
TO BE>>>BEING
TO SHOE>>>SHOEING
(a potcovi,a inalta)
TO SINGE>>>SINGEING
(a parli)

4.vocala –Y nu este afectata de adaugarea terminatiei –ING:

TO FRY>>>FRYING
TO OBEY>>>OBEYING

Si se pronunta distinct:
„studying”se pronunta in trei silabe>>>stad-i-ing

5.verbele terminate in –IE schimba aceste vocale in –Y:

TO DIE>>>(IE>Y)>>>DY>>>+ING>>>DYING

TO UNDERLIE>>>UNDERLYING
(to underlie/underlay/underlain=a fi ,a sta la baza/ a se afla dedesubtul/a fundamenta,sustine,intemeia)

USE:

1.pentru a exprima o actiune in progres in momentul vorbirii(durata actiunii este

limitata).Adesea actiunea este insotita de adverbele”NOW” sau „JUST”:

The sun is shining in the sky now.

(Soarele straluceste pe cer acum)

The pupil is just writing the exercise.

(Elevul tocmai scrie exercitiul)

2.pentru a exprima o abatere de la regula(o actiune temporara):

We usually go to work by bus but today we are going by cab.

(De obicei mergem la munca cu autobuzul dara stazi mergem cu taxiul)

3.pentru a exprima planurile imediate ale cuiva:

What are you doing tomorrow?

(Ce faci maine?)

(timpul actiunii trebuie sa fie precizat)

15
4.pentru a exprima viitor in special cu verbe de miscare ca:to come,to arrive,to go,to leave:

Our friends are ariving tomorrow.

(Prietenii nostri sosesc/vor sosi maine.)

He is going to London on Friday.

(El merge la Londra maine.)

5.pentru a exprima o actiune care prin repetare supara,irita.In aceasta situatie actiunea este insotita de
adverbe de frecventa ca:-ALWAYS
-CONSTANTLY
-CONTINUALLY

He is always borrowing money from his friends but never gives it back.
(El mereu imprumuta bani de la prietenii lui dar niciodata nu-i da inapoi.)

6.cu verbele care exprima senzatii fizice(TO ACHE=A DUREA,TO FEEL=A SIMTI,TO HURT=A
RANI etc) si cu constructia TO LOOK FORWARD TO,nu exista o mare diferenta intre forma continua
si cea simpla(present simple sau continuous):

How do you feel today?=Hoe are you feeling today?=Cum te simti astazi?

My finger aches.=My finger is aching.=Ma doare degetul.

We look forward to their arrival=We are looking forward to their arrival.=

=Asteptam cu nerabdare sosirea lor.

7.cu verbele TO GET sau TO GROW pentru a exprima o tranzitie(o trecere) de la o stare la alta:

It is getting dark.=Se intuneca.

Our parents are getting older and older.=Parintii nostri imbatranesc din ce in in ce mai mult.

Verbs not used in their continuous aspect:

1. Verbs of feeling:. feel, hear, notice, see, smell, taste

e.g. The soup tastes delicious. I can see the plane now.

This bar of soap smells wonderful.

However, the verbs "to smell", "to taste", "to feel" may be found in the continuous aspect when
they imply a voluntary action on the part of the subject:

e.g. I am smelling this bar of soap.

She is tasting the soup now.

Besides, the verb "to see" may also be used in the continuous aspect, but with different
meanings: to meet by appointment, to visit, to have hallucinations.

Examples:

16
2. Verbs of mental activity: to agree, distrust, doubt, find, foresee( a anticipa, prevedea) , forget,
guess, imagine, know, mean, mind (a deranja) , remember, recognize, recollect, regard,
suppose, trust, think (that), understand, etc.

Example:

3. Verbs expressing wish: to desire, intend, want, wish.

4. Verbs expressing attitudes, feelings, emotional states: to abhor, adore, detest, dislike,
displease, like, love, hate, please, prefer etc.

5. Verbs expressing possession: belong, have, hold, keep, owe, own, possess.
Examples:

6. Verbs expressing a state, a condition: to appear, to be, consist of, contain, differ, deserve,
equal, exist, resemble, seem, suit, etc.

7. Miscellaneous verbs: to compare, expect, matter, suffice(a ajunge,a fi de ajuns)

It is important to mention that the adverbs of frequency and indefinite time (always, often,
seldom, generally, ever, never, etc.) may be used with the continuous aspect, denoting a modal
charge, i.e. emotional charge (joy, admiration, irritation). Therefore, MODALITY is the attitude of
the speaker towards the communication.

e.g. You are always drinking and driving! ( I am angry at that person) = Intotdeauna conduci in
stare de ebrietate!

The Home Secretary is always buying old books and paintings! (Ministrul de Interne
intotdeauna cumpara carti si tablouri vechi!)

EXERCISES

SUPPLY THE CORRECT PRESENT TENSE AND EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE!

17
1. My cousins (to work) very hard; Thomas (to study) for an exam and Lucy (to practise) the piano for her first
concert.

2. "What your father (to read) when he is on holiday?" "He (to read) detective stories, but now he (to read) a
science-fiction book."

3. THE pupils (to understand) now the use of the two present tenses?

,4. As soon as Mary (to find) Michael's address, she will write a long letter to him.

5. Everybody (to know) that the Danube (to flow) into the Black Sea.

6. You can't talk to Jimmy now. He just (to see) some specialists at the moment.

7. Grandmother (to cook) in the kitchen now; she always (to cook) in the afternoons.

8. Four times twenty (to equal) eighly

.9. Look out! Something (to burn) over there!

10.The teacher generally (to sing) in English, but today she (to sing) in French.

11.That little boy who (to walk) past our gate (to live) next door.

12.We (to spend) this week-end in the mountains. We (to go) to the mountains nearly every week.*

13.You always (to forget) where your keys are!

14. My aunt (to wear) that large hat because the sun (to shine) brightly today.

15.Trains (to travel) from Jassy to Bucharest in about five hours.

16. On her way to work mother generally (to meet) many children who (to hurry) to school.

17. l (not to know) why now you just (to be) silly.
-don’t know
-are

.18."I (to see) that you (to wear) your best clothes. You (to go) to a party?" "No, l (to go) to a wedding." "And
who is the unhappy man who (to throw) away his freedom? You must tell him l (to fee/) sorry for him!" "He (to
speak) to you now!' (Stannard Allen, Living English Structure)

18
-see
-are wearing
-are you going
-i am going
-throwing
-feel
-is speaking

19. "What music the girl (to sing) next?" "She (to sing) an old Scottish song. She (to sing) it very well."
-is singing
- is singing
-sings

20. Mother (to think) this meat has gone bad.

thinks

21. This rule (to apply) to any person who (to apply) for this job?
--applies
-applies

22. Tell me if the coffee (to taste) sweet enough.

-tastes

23. l (to weigh) your suitcase again since you say it (not to weigh) more than 10 kilos

-am weighing

Doesn’t weigh
-.
24) Mary (not to be) here because she just (to have) a bath.

Is not here

-had
-

25. As you see, nothing else can be done. So, it (not to matter) if you (to hurry) or not.

-is doesn’t matter

-hurry

26. Call the doctor quickly! This patient (to die).

27 The child just (to taste) some plums/He (to know) that plums (to taste) sweeter than apples.

19
28. Alice just (to see off) one of her classmates and then she will be able to talk to you

-sees off

29. Mike (to leave) his workshop at three o'ctock in the afternoon, but this week he (to work) later.

-leaves
-is working

30. Whenever Cathy (to go) tc London, she (to stay) with her cousin who (to be) married to an
Englishman.

-goes
-stays
-is

31. We (not to like) onion when we (to smell) it, but we (to Iove) it when we (to taste) it.

-don’t like
-smell
-love
taste

32. Water (to consist) of Hydrogen and Oxygen.

consist

33. That student (to walk) very slowly because the bottle which he (to carry) (to contain) nitroglycerine and
nitroglycerine (to explode) if it (to be) shaken.

34. Children always (to look forward) to Christmas.

-are looking forward

35. They say that Richard (to play) the piano very well now.

-plays

36. We usually (to get up).at_6.30, but this week we (to be) on holidays and so we (to get up) later.

20
 Get
Are
get

37.I (to smoke) a lot these days because I (to study)for my final exams.
l always (to smoke) much when l (to study)
-smoke
-study
-smoke
-study

38. It (not to matter) how often l (to fail). But, if l (to persevere), l will succeed sooner or later.
-doesn’t matter
-fall
-persevere

39. My son (to have) his birthday party tomorrow and he (to look forward) to it very much.
-has
-is looking forward

40. Our house (to smell) pleasant now because we have just had it repainted.
-smells

41."Father (to want) to speak to my brothers at once. You (to know) where they (to be) now?" "Yes, Tom (to cut) some
flowers in the garden and l (to think) that Richard still (to repair) his bicycle."
-wants
-do you know
-are they
-cuts
-think
-is repairing
42. If William (to drink) one glass of wine, he (to get) drunk. It (to be) curious because he (not to get drunk) when he
(to drink) whisky which (to be) much stronger.
-drinks
-gets
-is
-doesn’t get
-drinks
-is

43) Our dog usually (to bark) at the neighbour's children. But look at that! Now it (to be) friendly to them.
-barks
-is

Jack (to be) sure that his new ţie (to suit) his grey costume.
-is
-suits
45. It (to seem) that our new classmate (to see) only enemies all around.
-seems
-sees

46. l (not to know) why l (to see) strange things, although my doctor continuously (to assure) me that l (to get) better.
-don’t know
-see
-assures
21
-i’m getting better
47. My brother and l (to go) to the concert every Friday, but this Friday we (to go) to some friends.
-go
-are going

48. l (to be) sure they left Paris two hours ago. l (to wonder) whether they (to travet) by air or by car.
-am
-wondering
-travel

49. Margaret (not to come) here this afternoon because her father (to be) very ill and she (to mind) him.
-doesn’t come
-is
-minds

22
6.Answer the following questions using the appropriate present tense:
What time does Martin get up? (usually; today)
Well, he usually gets up at 6, but today he is getting up much later.
1. Where do they spend their week-ends? (in the country; at home)

' 2. Where do you work? (in a factory; in an oftice)

3. Where does Alice sleep? (at home; in a big hotel)

4. Who helps you r daughter with her (homework? (/; my husband)

5. How does your son go to the University?(by tram; by our neighbour's

car)

6. What do your children drink in the morning? (milk; tea)

7. What does your grandfather read? (history books;

a thriller)

8. When does Maggie do the shopping? (in the morning; in the

afternoon

) 9. Where do your chiidren play? .(in the garden; in their room)

10. What TV programmes does your sister watch? (films; a play)

23
 TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
1. Cresc preţurile; carnea costă acum mai mult ca oricând.

2.Sunt sigur ca acum cainele ne aude deoarece se uita spre noi.

3.După cate stim aceasta casa iti apartine acum.

4. Copacii înfloresc asa ca gradinile au un miros placut.

5.Thomas ne vede acum,ne face semne cu mana.

6. Ea tocmai cumpără câteva codouri pentru nepoţii ei. îi iubeşte atât de

mult!

7. Mereu îmi dă telefon şi îmi pune întrebări stupide

8.Acumcândare mustaţă el seamănă foarte mult cu tatăl său.

24
 9. "Uite, vine tramvaiul! îl iei sau aştepţi autobuzul?" "Cred că am să-l iau. Dacă
nu voi lua acest tramvai voi întârzia la teatru. Şi, dacă voi întârzia, nu mi se va
permite să intru."

10. Ştiu că el a colecţionat multe timbre, dar cJasorul acesta conţine tot ce am putut
găsi.

11. Copiii par foarte obosiţi în această dimineaţă.

12. Cele două fete doar pretind că sunt prietene; în realitate ele se urăsc.

13. Mă bucur că îţi place cadoul meu.

14. "Deranjează francheţea mea?" "Cred că da. Omului de rând nu-i place
întotdeauna să audă o părere sinceră."

15. "Cât timp staţi în oraşul nostru?" "Cred că încă două-trei zile. Plec poimâine
noapte. Mă duc şi la părinţii mei."

16. Mă întreb de ce nici băieţii nici fetiţa nu dorm la această oră. De obicei ei se
culcă mult mai devreme.

25
17. Fratelui meu îi place să fluiere ceva vesel în timp ce conduce maşina

. 18. "încerci să. verifici calculatorul?" "Nu, calculatorul nu are nevoie de nici un
control." "Şj dacă face vreo greşeala?" "Calculatorul nu face niciodată greşeli."

19. închipuiţi-vă că suntem în tren acum şi călătorim spre Londra. Unul din călători
se uită pe fereastră, altul citeşte o carte, alţii doi discută. Deodată se aude un
zgomot teribil. Trenul se opreşte brusc iar bagajele cad unul după altul.

20. "Ce cauţi?" "îmi caut stiloul." "Mereu cauţi ceva! Mă întreb când vei fi mai
grijuliu cu lucrurile tale."

21. "De ce este aşa de mult praf aici?" "Se demoleaza casele vechi din jurul
nostru."

22. "Jane şi Mary îl conduc pe fratele lor la gară. De ce nu mergi şi tu? Ştii că
fratele lor spune o mulţime de glume aşa că veţi petrece câteva momente
plăcute."

23."Sora ta arată foa îngândurată. La ce se gândeşte?" " Sunt sigur că se

gândeşte la vacanta de vară.

26
 24. "Mergi undeva în seara asta, Robert?" "Nu, stau acasa. Vecinii noştri vin să
se uite la televizor." "îi inviţi des la tine?" "Se invită singuri ori de câte ori este un
film bun."

25. Este sâmbătă si familia Smith este acasă. Doamna Smith ascultă un concert la
radio, domnul Smith citeşte ziarul, iar fiica lor, Juliet, se joacă cu păpuşi. Işi petrec
aproape fiecare sâmbătă seara în acest fel.

26. Tata se scoala foarte devreme, dar el se spală, se bărbiereşte şi îşi ia micul
dejun asa de incet incat nu auzim nimic,dar il auzim cand pleaca de acasa fiindca
masina noastra este veche si face un zgomot groaznic.

27. Ai nevoie de caiet chiar în această săptămână?

28. Toţi ghizii vorbesc trei-patru limbi străine deoarece foarte mulţi turişti vin aici
să-şi petreacă o parte din vacanţă.

27
THE PAST TENSE SIMPLE

In functie de modul in care-si formeaza Past Simple(vb2) si Past Participle(vb3),in limba engleza verbele
se impart in:>VERBE REGULATE
>VERBE NEREGULATE
-VERBELE REGULATE sunt cele care formeaza Past tense si Past Participle prin adaugarea sufixului –
ED la forma lor de infinitiv scurt(fara”to”)

Reguli cu privire la formarea Past tense la verbele regulate:

1.cand infinitivul scurt al verbelor se termina in „-e”,se adauga doar „-d”

EX> TO DANCE>DANCED

TO RECITE>RECITED

2.cand un verb dintr-o silaba se termina intr-o singura consoana(cu exceptia consoanelor „-c”,”-
w”,”-x”)precedata de o singura vocala,consoana finala se dubleaza si adaugam „-ed”

EX>TO DROP>DROPP>DROPPED

TO PAT>PATT>PATTED

3.verbele care se termina in „-c”,adauga „-k”dupa „-c” si apoi sufixul „-ed”

EX>TO PANIC>PANICK>PANICKED

TO PICNIC>PICNICK>PICNICKED

4.Cand un verb format din mai mult de o silaba se termina intr-o singura consoana precedata de o
singura vocala,consoana finala se dubleaza daca silaba finala este accentuata:

EX>TO OMIT>OMITT>OMITTED

TO OCCUR>OCCURR>OCURRED

-dar daca silaba finala nu este accentuata nu dublam consoana finala:

EX>TO VISIT>VISITED

TO LISTEN>LISTENED

Exceptii:to kidnap>kidnapped;to handicap>handicapped

5.in ce priveste „-Y” final ne confruntam cu doua situatii:

 cand „-Y” final este precedat de o vocala,”-Y” ramane neschimbat si

adaugam „-ED”:
vocala+Y>+ed

EX> TO PLAY>PLAYED

>cand „-Y” final este precedat de o consoana,”-Y” se schimba in „-i” si se

adauga „-ed”:
28
 consoana+Y > Y>i+ed

EX>TO TRY>TRI>TRIED
In ce priveste verbele neregulate,ele sunt acelea care au forme speciale pentru Past Tense si Past
Participle(vb2 si vb3) deci nu le formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului „-ed”

EX> to begin-began-begun
To give-gave-given
To see-saw-seen

FORM TO WRITE-WROTE-WRITTEN

AFFIRMATIVE: S+VB2

I WROTE

INTERROGATIVE: DID+S+VB1

DID I WRITE?

NEGATIVE: S+DID+NOT+VB1

I DID NOT WRITE

EXEMPLE DE VERBE CONJUGATE LA PAST TENSE SIMPLE

TO HAVE

AFFIRMATIVE: INTERROGATIVE: NEGATIVE:

I HAD HAD I? I HAD NOT(HADN’T)

YOU HAD HAD YOU? YOU HAD NOT(HADN’T)
HE/SHE/IT HAD HAD HE/SHE/IT? HE /SHE/IT HAD NOT
WE HAD HAD WE? WE HAD NOT
YOU HAD HAD YOU? YOU HAD NOT
THEY HAD HAD THEY? THEY HAD NOT

TO BE

I WAS WAS I? I WAS NOT(WASN’T)

YOU WERE WERE YOU? YOU WERE NOT(WEREN’T)
HE/SHE/IT WAS WAS HE/SHE/IT? HE/SHE/IT WAS NOT(WASN’T)
WE WERE WERE WE? WE WERE NOT(WEREN’T)
YOU WERE WERE YOU? YOU WERE NOT(WEREN’T)
THEY WERE WERE THEY? THEY WERE NOT(WEREN’T)

TO DO

A: I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/THEY DID

I: DID I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT DO?

N: I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/THEY DID NOT DO(DIDN’T)

29
TO PLAY

A: I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/THEY PLAYED

I: DID I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/THEY PLAY?

N: I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT DID NOT PLAY

TO GO

A:I /YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/THEY WENT

I: DID I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT GO?

N: I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT DID NOT GO.

USE:

1.Past Tense se foloseste pentru a exprima o actiune inceputa si terminata in trecut,fara legatura cu
momentul prezent(este un timp narativ folosindu-se cand povestim)
-in acest caz se folosesc adverbe ca: -WHEN
-THEN
-YESTERDAY
-LAST WEEK
-LAST MONTH
-LAST YEAR
- THAT DAY
-THE OTHER DAY
-ONCE
-IN 1989
-ON SUNDAY
-AGO etc

EX> Yesterday I met my old friend Jack.

When did the train arrive?

2.pentru a exprima un obicei din trecut sau o actiune repetata din trecut:

EX> Grandmother drank three cups of coffee a day.(Bunica obisnuia sa bea trei cesti de cafea pe
zi)>obicei
In acest caz pot fi folosite de asemenea „USED TO” sau „WOULD”(care exprima aceasta idee de
repetitie a unei actiuni,de obicei din trecut):

EX>We went to the theatre every Friday evening.

We used to/would go to the theatre every Friday evening.

3.In Indirect Speech pentru a exprima un Present Tense din Direct Speech:

Ex> DS: „We live in a big house,”the girl said.

30
 IS: The girl said they lived in a big house.

4.Pentru a introduce cuvintele cuiva in Direct Speech:

EX> „Where are the children?”mother asked.

5.In propozitia conditionala,pentru a exprima un conditional prezent(IF2):

EX>My friend would help me if he were here.

6.Dupa :-WISH
-AS IF/AS THOUGH(de parca,ca si cum)
-IF ONLY(numai daca)
-WOULD RATHER(cand subiectele sunt diferite)
-IT’S HIGH TIME(e timpul)
se foloseste Past Tense

EX> I wish I were on holiday now.(As vrea sa fiu in vacanta acum)

He is speaking as if he knew everything about the accident.(El vorbeste de parca ar sti totul despre
accident.)

It’s high time my son learnt English too.

-constructia WOULD RATHER este urmata de Past Tense daca subiectele sunt diferite:

Our neighbours would rather we didn’t make so much noise in the afternoon.

-daca subiectele nu sunt diferite,trebuie folosit infinitivul scurt:

Paul would rather stay here than go there.

7.Pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare,intr-o propozitie de timp care este simultana cu o alta exprimata de
un Future-in –the-Past:

EX> He promised me that he would tell me the truth when he knew it.

-propozitia ,in limba romana ar fi:

El mi-a promis ca imi va spune adevarul cand il va sti.>

>He promised 1/that he will tell me the truth2/ when he will know it.3/

Dar:nu avem voie:-viitor in propozitia de timp(p3)>actiunile din p2 si p3 sunt simultane>folosim present

simple pentru exprimarea viitorului in p3

>He promised 1/that he will tell me the truth2/when he knows it.3/

Dar: atunci cand avem un timp trecut in propozitia regenta,nu avem voie sa folosim present sau viitor in
propozitiile secundare subordonate ,prin urmare transformam timpurile din secundare dupa cum urmeaza:

WILL TELL>WOULD TELL KNOWS>KNEW

Iar propozitia devine:

31
 He promised that he would tell me the truth when he knew it.

PAST TENSE:EXERCISES

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH „WAS”OR”WERE”:

1.You……………….late yesterday.
2.I…………………happy last week.
3.The children…………………….tired in the evening.
4.We………………….absent on Monday.
5.You………………ill last Thursday.
6.I………………in the park in the morning.
7.The boys…………………..early yesterday.
8.You…………………at the party on Saturday.
9.Katie…………………in the classroom at eight o’clock.
10.We…………….. sleepy last night.

II.TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INTERROGATIVE:

1.She was ill last week.

2.We were at home.

3.You were busy in the morning.

4.They were in front of the gate.

5.I was very surprised.

6.Lucy and Jack were sad on Sunday.

7.Pamela was in the garden.

8.Father was tired in the evening.

9.We were hungry at noon.

10.You were very proud of your father.

III.WORK ON THE MODEL: SHE WAS HERE.(THERE)

SHE WASN’T THERE.
1.You were thirsty.(hungry)

2.Iwas at home.(at the cinema)

3.We were in the garden.(in the street)

4.The milk was hot.(cold)

5.You were busy.(free)

6.Your hands were dirty.(clean)

32
7.I was ill.(well)

8.We were present.(absent0

9.The children were happy.(sad)

10.The book was on the desk.(in the schoolbag).

IV.WORK ON THE MODEL: I HAD THREE BOOKS.(THREE PENCILS)

I HADN’T THREE PENCILS.
1.We had a dog.(a cat)

2.I had a red pencil.(a brown pencil)

3.You had many flowers.(many pictures)

4.They had much sugar.(much coffee)

5.The boy had a big ball.(a small ball)

6.I had a new car.(a new bicycle)

7.We had yellow apples.(yellow pears)

8.You had ripe grapes.(ripe cherries)

9.I had a large dining-room.( a small dining-room)

10.You had a cake.(an icecream)

V.TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO PAST TENSE:

1.I ask many questions.

2.you recite many poems.

3.We remember her address.

4.They travel a lot.

5.You watch TV.

6.I want to help you.

7.She loves her daughter.

8.We skate on the skating-rink.

9.Somebody knocks at the door.

10.It snows in the morning.

33
VI.WORK ON THE MODEL: I OPENED THE DOOR.(THE WINDOW)
I OPENED THE DOOR, BUT I DIDN’T OPEN THE WINDOW.

1.I learnt the lesson.(the poem)

2.You helped mother.(father)

3.We finished the exercise.(the composition)

4.He played tennis.(football)

5.They lived in London.(New York)

6.I posted the postcard.(the letter)

7.You missed the bus.(the train)

8.Mother liked the book.(the film)

9.Tom studied English.(French)

10.We skated in the morning.(in the morning)

VII.FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS:

1./I……………….English last week.(to speak)

2.We ………….....our parents yesterday.(to help)
3.The boys…….................rugby last Saturday.(to play)
4.You….......................a long letter last week.(to write)
5.I…...........................a good cake yesterday.(to eat)
6.The children….........................................at the cinema last Friday.(to laugh)
7.We…..................................................at eight o’clock last Sunday.(to get up)
8.I…......................................in the sea last summer.(to swim)
9.You…..............................your new dress yesterday afternoon.(to wear)
10.The teacher......................................…us a new song yesterday.(to teach)
11.The girls...........................................…all the questions last time.(to answer)
12.I..............................................…my old friend last Tuesday.(to meet)
13.You.........................................…the name of this man at last.(to remember)
14.The pupils...........................................…this museum last month.(to visit)
15.We..................................................…our dog in the forest last Sunday.(to lose)
16.The boy on duty.............................................…the blackboard yesterday.(to clean)
17.The kid........................................................…another toy.(to choose)
18.I…................................................a long poem last Wednesday.(to recite)
19.You............................................…very good apples then.(to buy)
34
20.Father...........................................…a big fish last week.(to catch)

VIII.SAY WHAT YOU DID YESTERDAY AND AT WHAT TIMES.USE THE FOLLOWING VERBS:
1.to get up 2.to wash 3.to get dressed 4.to have breakfast 5.to say good-bye to your parents
6.to go to school 7.to do exercises 8.to play in the schoolyard 9.to read a new lesson
10.to draw a map 11.to write a composition 12.to come back home 13.to have lunch
14.to have a rest 15.to do your homework 16.to help your parents 17.to go for a walk
18.to watch tv 19.to have dinner 20.to read a story 21.to go to bed 22.to say good –night

IX.WORK ON THE MODEL: I WENT TO THE CINEMA.

DID I GO TO THE CINEMA?

1.Mother made a good cake.

2.The pupils did many exercises.

3.The children said good-bye.

4.Father left the house an hour ago.

5.The bell rang at seven o’clock.

6.We bought a new car.

7.Jane sold her new dress.

8.Our friend began to study French.

9.The children drank much milk.

10.The boys sat down on a bench.

X.WORK ON THE MODEL: HE/TO WRITE THE LETTER/YESTERDAY/LAST WEEK

35
 DID HE WRITE THE LETTER YESTERDAY?
NO,HE DIDN’T WRITE THE LETTER YESTERDAY.
HE WROTE IT LAST WEEK.

1.You/to see the film/on Monday/on Tuesday.

-
-
-
2.The children/to run/in the street/in the garden
-
-
-
3.The pupil/to do/two exercises/five exercises
-
-
-
4.I/to drink/the milk/the coffee
-
-
-
5.you/to shut the door/the window
-
-
-
6.We/to speak/to the schoolmaster/to the formteacher
-
-
-
7.The girls/to make/a cake/a pie
-
-
-
8.This man/to drive/fast/slowly
-
-
-
9.I/to take/the bus/the train
-
-
-
10.you/to show her/the map/the picture
-
-
-

XI.TURN INTO INDIRECT SPEECH:

1.”I am very tired today,”said John.

2.”We have a large garden,”the children explained.

3.”We are good at English,”the girls told me.

36
4.”My mother has a new blouse,”Tom said.

5.”I live in a new flat,”I told her.

6.”We don’t work on a farm,”the women explained.

7.”She doesn’t speak English very well,”Peter let me Know.

8.”I am not fond of tennis,”Paul told his friend.

XII.CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES ACCORDING TO THE MODEL:

THEY VISITED THEIR GRANDPARENTS ON SUNDAYS.

THEY USED TO VISIT THEIR GRANDPARENTS ON SUNDAYS.

1Mary wrote many letters.

2.we got up early.

3.You watched tv every evening.

4.Mother made good cakes on Saturdays.

5.I climbed trees in my childhood.

6.My sister played the piano very well.

7.Maggie opened these windows every morning.

8.you rang me up every day.

9.We went shopping every Friday.

I bought bread every morning.

XIII>PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE RIGHT TENSE:

1.IF I(to meet) her,I’d give her the dictionary.
-
37
2.We’d translate the text if we (to know)these words.
-
3.You’d buy that book if you(to have)money.
-
4.My cousin would go to the doctor if he(to be)ill.
-
5.If she(to understand)you,she would answer your questions.
-
6.What would Alison do if she (to lose)her keys?
-
7.If you(to read)this letter,you would fiind aut the truth.
-
9.You would see a good film if youy(to go)to the cinema.
-

XIV.WORK ON THE MODEL: YOU/TO SPEAK GERMAN/SPANISH

A:DO YOU SPEAK GERMAN?
B:NO,I DON’T.I SPEAK SPANISH.
A:WHAT A PITY!I WISH YOU SPOKE GERMAN.

1.You/to play tennis/volleyball

-
-
-
2.She/to live in a village/in a town
-
-
-
3.They/to listen to folk music/light music
-
-
-
4.You/to go to school by bus/on foot
-
-
-
5.Your sister/to be healthy/ill
-
-
-
6.The boys/to come here every day/on Friday
-
-
-
7.You/to remember him/her
-
-
-
8.Jack/to know Helen/Lucy
-
-
-
9.The children/to eat oranges/plums
-
-
38
-
10.You/to understand me/her
-
-
-

XV.TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1.Am cunoscut-o pe verisoara ta in 1988.

2.Cand Peter era tanar,alerga timp de o jumatate de ora in fiecare dimineata.

3.Cand l-ai vazut ultima data?

4.Am inteles atunci cat de mult isi iubea fratele.

5.E timpul ca ei sa cunoasca adevarul.

6.As fi de parere sa te duci acolo cat mai curand posibil.

7.Mary recita poezii ca si cum ar fi o mare artista.

8.Ce oras ai vizitat anul trecut?

9.De-as sti adresa lui acum.

10.As dori sa intelegeti aceasta situatie.

39
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE: S+HAVE/HAS(A3-A PERSOANA SG.)+VB 3

EX.I have understood

NEGATIVE: S+HAVE/HAS(A 3-A SG)+NOT+VB3

Ex: I have not understood

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE+S+VB 3

Ex: Have I understood?

USE:

.In limba engleza o actiune trecuta poate fi exprimata in doua moduri:

>prin past simple ,cand este vorba despre o actiune care a inceput in trecut si s-a incheiat in trecut ,fara
nici o legatura cu momentul prezent:

Ex I met Paul yesterday.

 prin present perfect ,cand este vorba de o actiune care a inceput in trecut dar are o legatura cu
prezentul
ex: I have met Tom .

1.cand nu ne intereseaza momentul cand a avut loc actiunea ci rezultatul ei in prezent:

Ex: I have visited an interesting museum.(inca imi aduc aminte lucurile pe care le-am vazut acolo)

2.cand actiunea trecuta continua in prezent si probabil in viitor:

Ex: Many pupils have learnt in this school.(multi elevi au invatat in trecut,multi invata astazi si multi vor
invata in viitor)

3.Pentru a exprima actiuni terminate intr-un trecut imediat.In acest caz verbul este in general acompaniat
de adverbele:
-JUST
-LATELY
-RECENTLY
-OF LATE ( de curand ,in ultima vreme,recent)
-LATTERLY( de curand,in zilele noastre, recent )
-TILL NOW
-UP TO NOW
-SO FAR
-UP TO THE PRESENT
-THE LAST FEW DAYS
-THESE TWENTY MINUTES,ETC
Ex.The train has just left.(=a plecat cu putin timp in urma)

40
(nu trebuie sa confundam aceasta utilizare a adverbului”JUST” cu cea in care are sensul de
„BARELY”,”NEARLY”.Cand are acest inteles poate fi folosit cu mai multe timpuri:
Ex.Mike just wanted to help us.)

4.Cu cuvinte denumind o perioada incompleta de timp:

-TODAY
-THIS WEEK/MONTH/YEAR
-ALL DAY/NIGHT
-THIS MORNING etc
Ex. Last week I wrote three letters,but this week I have written only one.
DAR:”this morning”,”all night”,”all evening” pot fi folosite cu Past Tense daca se refera la o perioada
terminata de timp:
Ex.I have seen John tih morning.(acum este ora zece dimineata,deci fiind inca
dimineata exista posibilitatea ca actiunea sa se petreaca din nou,perioada nu este terminata,e inca
dimineata)
I saw John this morning.(acum este ora 14 deci perioada-dimineata-este incheiata)

5. Present Perfect se foloseste cu HOW LONG cand acesta se refera la o perioada de timp care se extinde
pana in prezent:
DESEN
How long have you been ill Lizuca?
(dupa cum se vede Lizuca este inca bolnava)

I have been ill for two days.

Pe de alta parte daca „HOW LONG”se refera la o perioada determinata de timp,care nu se extinde pana in
prezent este indicat sa folosim Past Tense:
Ex
AT THE AIRPORT(in Bucharest):

(Raducu si Lizuca discuta,ea tocmai s-a intors de la Londra)

41
How long did you stay in London,Lizuca? I spent two weeks in London.
(remarcam ca Lizuca este acum in aeroportul din Bucuresti,perioada de stat in Londra s-a incheiat).

6.Cu adverbe de timp nedefinit sau care exprima frecventa:

-EVER
-NEVER
-OFTEN
-SELDOM
-ALWAYS
-SEVERAL TIMES

EX. We have never visited New York.

Have you ever been to the North Pole?
I have always wanted to understand Japanese.
Mary has often visited her grandparents.
I have seldom believed him.
I have read „David Copperfield”several times.
Desigur ca aceste adverbe pot fi folosite si cu timpul trecut dar asta numai cand apar in contexte legate de
trecut:
EX> Did you ever meet his sister?(=cand ti-ai petrecut vacanta in acel oras)
She always loved him.(atata timp cat a trait)
Nobody ever helped David Copperfield when he worked in London.

Intrebarile retorice referindu-se la trecut contin adesea adverbul EVER:

Did ever seen a more beautiful landscape?

7.Cu adverbele ALREADY si YET:

-ambele adverbe pot aparea in propozitii interogative dar totusi cu o diferenta:
-YET indica faptul ca intrebarea vrea sa afle daca actiunea e terminata sau nu
-ALREADY arata ca suntem surprinsi ca actiunea s-a terminat

EX. Tom usually gets up at 7 o’clock in the morning.

a)It’s 7 o’clock.Mother gets into Tom’s bedroom and asks:

Have you got up yet?

b)It’s 6.30 in the morningMother sees that the light is on in Tom’s bedroom.She opens the
door and asks him:
Have you got up already?

AlREADY poate aparea si in propozitii afirmative:

The student has already translated the lesson.

In propozitii negative YET are sensul de (NU) inca:

Albert has not learnt the poem yet.

8.Cu SINCE si FOR:

SINCE=arata momentul inceperii unei actiuni(de cand,din)

EX>I haven’t seen Alice since 1989

-Christmas
42
 -she went to London

FOR=arata durata actiunii(de atata…timp)

EX>These boys have been here for half an hour.

My neighbour has not repaired the roof of his house for a long time.

Desigur ca atunci cand FOR se refera la o perioada terminata de timp trebuie sa folosim Past Tense:
My uncle lived in London for five years and then he moved to Paris.

9.Pentru actiuni trecute al caror timp nu este mentionat:

EX>Has Peter had lunch?

10.Pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare,intr-o propozitie de timp,anterioara alteia reprezentata de un timp

viitor.In acest tip de context Present Perfect este de obicxei insotit de AFTER
WHEN(cand inseamna AFTER)
TILL/UNTIL
BY THE TIME (THAT)
THE MOMENT(THAT)
EX>I shall ring you up as soon as mother has left home.

Propozitie principala Propozitie circumstantiala de timp

(intai pleaca mama apoi te sun eu-P2 anterioara P1)

11.in propozitii conditionale:

EX. Little Paul will come here at once if Grannie has made a cake.

Mary will not be permitted to go for a walk in the park unless she has done her homework.

12.Pentru a descrie o actiune trecuta care are consecinte in prezent:

EX>Jane has not eaten anything and she is hungry now.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM: AFFIRMATIVE: S + HAVE/HAS(3rd sigular) + BEEN + VB + ING

43
 EX. I have been reading.

NEGATIVE: S + HAVE/HAS(3rd singular)+ NOT+BEEN+Vb+ING

EX. I have not been reading

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS(3rd singular)+S+BEEN+VB+ING

EX. Have I been reading?

USE:

1.In timp ce Present Perfect Simple implica faptul ca atentia se concentreaza pe repetitia sau terminarea
actiunii,Present Perfect Continuous accentueaza durata,continuitatea actiunii in prezent:

EX. Mother has watered the flowers.(treaba ei tocmai s-a terminat)

Mother has been watering the flowers for half an hour(ea inca face actiunea)

2.Present perfect Continuous poate fi gasit de asemenea in propozitiile subordonate de timp,pentru a arata
ca actiunea care a inceput in trecut inca se petrece:

EX> While Nick has been watching Judith,she has been drinking her glass of milk.

3.Uneori nu exista mare diferenta intre Present Perfect Simple si cel Continuous astfel incat oricare forma
poate fi folosita,fara sa schimbe sensul comunicarii:

EX. Jack has lived in this house for two years.

Jack has been living in this house for two years.

Sau

How long have you studied German?

How long have you been studying German?

(Desigur ca acest lucru nu este posibil cu verbele care nu pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu)

EXERCISES:

1.TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

44
1.Surorile mele tocmai au venit de la scoala.

2.De cat timp dorm copiii?

3.A terminat Jack deja exercitiul?Au trecut doar zece minute de cand i l-am dictat.

4.Ai incercat vreodata sa-l ajuti?

5.Arthur exerseaza la pian de la ora opt.

6.Ce vor face fratii tai dupa ce vor termina scoala?

7.Noi muncim in gradina de mai bine de trei ore si nu am obosit inca.

8.Nu am auzit nimic de ei in ultima vreme.

9.Ai citit ultima poezie a colegului meu de banca?

10.Voi jucati carti de vreo doua ore dar nu v-ati terminat inca temele.

11.Harry nu i-a oferit flori sotiei de foarte mult timp.

12.De cand stie David adevarul despre bunicul sau?

13.Ma gandesc la cele spuse de ea de mai bine de doua ore dar tot nu pot intelege ce s-a intamplat acolo.

14.Am incercat adesea sa-i spun adevarul.

45
15.Ea nu l-a inteles niciodata.

16.Ei si-au imbunatatit mult pronuntia anul acesta.

17.Ce muzee importante ale lunii ai vizitat pana acum?

18.De cat timp n-a mai fumat Christine?

19.Supa fierbe de la ora zece dar nu este inca gata.

20.Prietenii mei vor pleca in strainatate de indata ce-si vor cumpara masina.

2.Translate into English:

1.Peter a venit de la scoala la ora doua pm iar acum vorbeste la telefon de mai bine de zece minute.

2.Nici unul din prietenii nostri nu a auzit vreodata de un lucru atat de ciudat.

3.E timpul sa intelegeti importanta limbilor straine.

4.Anul trecut ai vizitat Londra iar anul acesta ai vizitat Parisul.

5.Am dori sa fim la mare acum.

6.Dupa ce vor cumpara biletele vor intra in sala de spectacole.

7.Mary nu ne-a telefonat de cand a plecat din orasul nostru.

46
8.Am aflat multe lucruri interesante despre acest actor in ultima vreme.

9.Verisorul meu a locuit in Canada timp de opt ani iar apoi s-a mutat in Argentina.

10.De cat timp patineaza nepotelul tau?

11.De-ar sti Harry unde suntem cu siguranta ar veni aici.

12.Vecinul nostru ar fi de parere sa nu plantam toti acesti pomi in gradina.

13.Turistul tocmai ne-a explicat ca a luat trenul ieri dupa amiaza si ca a ajuns aici in aceasta dimineata.
14.L-ai intrebat vreodat ce facultate a urmat cat timp a stat la Londra?

15.Ai vazut ultimele picturi ale surorii mele?

16.Cand au fost aici ei ne-au promis o multime de carti dar nu am primit nimic pana acum.

17.Imi spunea o darta prietenul tau ca nu-ti gaseai carnetul de conducere.Ce-ai facut in cele din urma?

18.Daca as fi in locul tau as cumpara pe data apartamentul.

19.Cand vei fi citit toata cartea, vei intelege mai bine intrebarile mele.]

20.Asculta!El vorbeste englezeste ca si cum ar fi limba lui materna.

3.Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or Past Tense:

1.I(not to play)football since I (to break)my leg.

-
47
-

2.Tom(to play)football when he(to be) at school.

-
-

3.We( not to see )them for ages!Where they( to be)?

-
-
4.”I just( to hear) that Emily is in Spain.””Oh,don’t you know she( to leave )our town at the end of July?I
(to receive) a letter from her the other day.
-
-
-
5.”My brother( not to start )work yet.He’s still at the University.””How long he( to be)at the
University?””He( to be) there for three years;before that he( to spend )four years at the high school.”
-
-
-
-

6.”You ever( to eat) snails?””No,I never( to eat )snails and,if I( to be) you,I should not eat them either.”
-
-
-

7.When George(to come)into the room,Lucy(to sit)in an armchair in a corner of the room.George(not to
see)Lucy and he(to go)to the bookcase and (to choose)a book.Then,Lucy(to cough)and George(to
turn)round quickly and(to say):”Excuse me,I(not to see)you.”
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

8.This car(to be)in our family for more than eleven years.Father(to drive)it for the first six years,my
sister(to use)it for the first two years,and I(to have)it for the last three years.
-
-
-
-

9.”Mother(not to come)back yet?””Yes,she (to come)half an hour ago.She (to go)straight to the
kitchen.””Funny!I(not to hear)her.”
-
-
-
-

48
10.”I hear that your secretary(to leave).””Yes,she(TO leave)two weeks ago.””Anybody (to be)appointed
to take her place?””I think several women (to apply)to the job,but so far nothing(to be)decided..”
-
-
-
-
-
11.”You (to see) any good plays lately?””I (to go)to the theatre last week and I (to see) a French
comedy.””You(to like)it?””Yes,I(to love)it.But,of course,I(not to understand)very many words.”
-
-
-
-
-
-

12.”Harold(to book)the hotel room yet?””Well,he(to write)to the hotel ten days ago,but they (not to
answer)him yet.”
-
-
-

13.”Your friend(to know)any English when she first (to arrive)?””No,she(not to know)a word,but she(to
work)hard since then and so,she understands almost everything.”
-
-
-
-

14.At six o’clock pmMr.Brown (to ring)me up and (to say):”Is Hob with you?”Hob is his son and he (to
come)to my place almost every day last week.”I(not to see)him today,”I(to answer)him.”But my sons(to
go)to the cinema this afternoon and they(not to come)back yet.Perhaps Hob(to go)with them.”
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

15.Peter(to meet)Robert at school yesterday morning and (to tell)him:”I(not to see)you at the bus stop this
morning.You(to miss)the bus?””I(not to miss)it,”(to answer)Peter.”I(not to miss)the bus for months.But
this morning my neighbour(to give)me a lift.”
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

16.Mr.Williams.Peggy’s employer,(to dictate)four letters and (to tell)Peggy to type them quickly.About an
hour later he(to ring)Peggy’s office.He(to say):”You(to finish)all the letters?””I(to type)the letters to the
49
Oil Company and to Mr.White.Now I’m typing the letter to Mr.Sullivan,but I(not to begin)The one to
Mr.Jackson yet.”
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17.”How long Lucy(to be)in her present job?””I think she(to be)there for three years.””And what she(to
do)before that?””She(to work)in a shoe factory,I suppose.”
-
-
-
-

18.”How long Peter(to work)in that office?””He (to work)there for two years.””He(to enjoy )working
there?””No,he(not to enjoy)it at all.That is why he(to come)to our factory where he(to work)for more than
a year now.”
-
-
-
-
-
-

19.”Where else Mr.James(to be)since he (to arrive)in Romania?””Oh,he(to be)to the monasteries in
Northern Moldavia,but he(not to visit)Jassy yet.”
-
-

PAST CONTINUOUS theory

50
FORM

AFFIRMATIVE: S+WAS(1st,2nd person singular)+VB+ING

WERE

I/HE/SHE/IT WAS READING

WE/YOU/THEY WERE READING

NEGATIVE: S+WAS/WERE+NOT+VB+ING
(WASN’T READING)

I/HE/SHE/IT WASN’T READING

WE/YOU/THEY WEREN’T READING

INTERROGATIVE: WAS/WERE+S+VB+ING

WAS I/HE/SHE/IT READING?

WERE WE/YOU/THEY READING?

USE

1.Pt a exprima o actiune in desfarurare la un anumit moment din trecut:

EX> I remember that at eight o’clock my brother was watching tv.

2.Pt a exprima ca o actiune era in desfasurare(ca un background)la un anumit moment cand altceva ,mai
important sau mai dramatic avea loc:

EX> While Lizuca was crossing(actiunea de fundal)the bridge ,she saw(actiunea mai dramatica)a flying
saucer in the sky.(In timp ce Lizuca trecea podul,ea a vazut o farfurie zburatoare pe cer)

DESEN

3.Pt a arata ca doua sau mai multe actiuni se petreceau in acelasi timp in trecut:

EX. While mother was cooking,father was reading a book and the kittens were playing on the carpet.

4.In Indirect speech pentru a exprima un Present Continuous din Direct Speech:
51
EX. IS: „My doll is sleeping now”, little Kate explained.

DS:Little Kate explained that her little doll was sleeping then.

Transformarile care au avut loc sunt: my > her

Is sleeping(present continuous)> was sleeping(past continuous)
Now>then

5.Pentru a exprima un aranjament viitor vazut din trecut:

EX> Our neighbours did not come to our place that evening because they were taking the night train to
London.(Vecinii nostri n-au venit la noi in seara aceea deoarece luau trenul de noapte spre Londra)

6.Cu ALWAYS pt a exprima actiuni repetate din trecut care supara vorbitorul:

EX>The two pupils were always laughing during my classes.

8..In propozitii conditionale pt a exprima un conditional prezent in progres:

EX.What would you say if the boys were sleeping now?

PAST CONTINUOUS-EXERCISES

1.TURN INTO INDIRECT SPEECH:

1.”The dog is barking,”Tim told me.

2.”I am writing a letter,”Jane explained .

3.”We are going on a long trip,”the children said.

4.”I am listening to an English lesson,”John said.

5.”Mother is sleeping,”Jane let me know.

6.”The wind is blowing,”the girl noticed.

7.”My brother is having breakfast,”June told me.

8.”Susan is knitting,”yhe boy said.

9.”Paul is just opening the door,”Mary explained.

10.”My friends are talking now,”Kate told her mother.

II.USE THE PAST TENSE SIMPLE OR THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS OF THE VERBS GIVEN
IN BRACKETS ACCORDING TO THE MEANING:

1.I(to go)to school yesterday when I (to see) a house on fire.

-
2.He(to meet)her as he(to cross)the bridge.
-
3.The mouse(to hide)while the cat(to watch).
52
-
4.I(to tell)him he should not read while he(to eat).
-
5.He(to run)in the street when he(to fall) and(to break)his leg.
-
-
6.She (not to like)to play while others(to work).
-
7.When I (to get up)this morning it(to be)so late that the sun(to shine)high in the sky.
-
-
8.I(to feel)ill when you(to come)to see me,but I(to feel)better when you(to leave).
-
-
9.He(not to see)me as he (to read)a book when I(to come)into the room.
-
-
10.I(to shout)to him to stop,but at the moment he(to run)too fast to hear.
-
11.She(not to go out)because the rain(to fall).
-
12.As I(to go) to the museum yesterday,a man(to refuse)to pay his ticket on the tram;so the conductor(to
refuse)to go on,and(to wait)until the inspector( to come).
-
13.Mike(to read)a letter when father(to open)the door.
-
14.We(to have)lunch when the telephone rang.
-
15.As the sun(to set),we(to get) to the chalet.
-
16.What she(to wear)when you( to see )her.
-
17.I(to be)very surprised because nobody(to wait)for me.
-
18.We(to start)our conversation while we(to look)at the painting.
-
19.What they(to do) when they(to hear)that noise?
-
20.My friends(to arrive)just as the train(to leave)the station.
-
III.TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
1.Cand am plecat de la politie,Albert si sotia lui mai vorbeau inca cu un politist.

2.Ce se intamp-la in casa ta cand am trecut pe la tine ieri seara?Am sunat la usa dar nu mi-a raspuns
nimeni desi se auzea muzica inauntru.

3.El dormea dus cand fu trezit de un zgomot.Cobori scarile sa vada ce se intampla.A inteles ca ceva nu
este in regula deoarece cainele latra furios.

53
4.I-am pus aceasta intrebare de cateva ori dar el nu m-a auzit fiindca citea ziarul.

5.Pe cand imi cautam ochelarii,a sunat telefonul;in timp ce mergeam sa raspund,cineva a batut la
usa;telefonul inca mai suna cand am deschis usa dar cand m-am intors,el s-a oprit.

6.Intentionam sa te rog sa ma ajuti, dar dormeai cand am intrat in camera ta asa ca am renuntat si am facut
totul singur.

7.Matilda cobora strada cand vazu u om imbracat ciudat.El purta o haina neagra,pantaloni rosii,un pantof
gri si altul verde.In mana isi tinea cravata si ciorapii.

8.E inca vie!Se ineca dar acest tanar a sarit in apa si a salvat-o tocmai la timp.

9.Eu mai dormeam inca atunci cand stewardesa a venit sa ne spuna ca treceam peste Himalaya.M-am
uitat pe fereastra si am fost surprins sa vad ca zburam deasupra unor munti atat de inalti.

10.Nu ne-am dus la teatru ieri deoarece niste prieteni de-ai nostri veneau pe la noi la ora sapte seara.

11.Mi-am amintit de unde il cunosc pe acest om:am impartit camera cu el cand eram studenti.Mereu
deschidea fereastra indiferent cat de frig era afara!

PAST PERFECT
1.PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
2.PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
54
 1.THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM

AFFIRMATIVE: S+HAD+VB3

EX. I HAD WRITTEN

NEGATIVE: S+HAD+NOT+VB3

EX. I HAD NOT WRITTEN

(HADN’T WRITTEN)

INTERROGATIVE: HAD+S+VB3

EX. HAD I WRITTEN?

USE:

1.Se foloseste pentru a exprima o actiune trecuta care a avut loc inaintea unui alt moment trecut sau altei
actiuni trecute.(de fapt este echivalentul din trecut al Present Perfect).
In unele din propozitiile in care apare Past Perfect se folosesc:WHEN
-BEFORE
-AS SOON AS
-AFTER
EX. The boy explained that he had seen somebody in the garden.

When father came home,Dick had done his homework.

Father came home after Dick had done his homework.

Dick had done his homework before father came home.

2.Pentru a exprima durata pana la un anumit moment din trecut:

EX> By the time the rain started,we had dug the whole garden.

. 3Cu -JUST
-ALREADY
-HARDLY///BARELY///SCARCELY
-NO SOONER
pt a arata ca actiunea trecuta s-a terminat cu putin timp inaintea altei actiuni trecute:

EX> Mary told us that her brother had just left.

We did not know that he had already repaired his car.

Constructia NICI BINE NU……………..CA SI poate fi redata in engleza astfel:

55
HARDLY +PAST PERFECT(cu inversiune)+…+WHEN+ PAST SIMPLE+…
SCARCELY
BARELY

Sau

NO SOONER+ PAST PERFECT(cu inversiune)+…+THAN +PAST SIMPLE+…

EX. Hardly//scarcely had I entered the room when somebody knocked at the door.
(Nici bine n-am intrat in camera ca a si batut cineva la usa.)

No sooner had she seen the photos than she remembered everything about the accident.
(Nici bine n-a vazut fotografiile ca si-a si adus aminte de accident.)

4.Cu SINCE si FOR cand punctul de referinta este in trecut:

EX> In 1980 I had been a teacher for ten years.(In 1980 eram profesor de zece ani)
I knew she had not seen him since Christmas.(Stiam ca nu-l vazuse de la Craciun)

5.In Indirect Speech(vorbirea indirecta),pt a exprima un Past Tense sau un Present Perfect din Direct
speech(vorbirea directa):

Indirect Speech: „I saw this film last week”,Nick said.

Direct Speech: Nick said he had seen that film a week before.

Indirect Speech:”I have never visited Madrid”,the boy explained.

Direct Speech: The boy explained(that)he had never visited Madrid.

6.Pentru a exprima un Past Conditional intr-o propozitie conditionala(IF 3):

EX> I would have given her that book if I had met her.(I-as fi dat cartea daca as fi intalnit-o)
If only you hadn’t lied to her!(Daca macar n-ai fi mintit-o!)

7.Pt a exprima o dorinta neimplinita:

EX> I wish(wished)I had not missed the train.(As vrea sa nu fi pierdut trenul).

8.Dupa WOULD RATHER//HAD RATHER(cand subiectele sunt diferite)si dupa

AS IF//AS THOUGH

EX. Yesterday I’d rather you had stayed here than gone there.(Ieri as fi preferat ca tu sa fi stat aici decat
sa pleci acolo)
She spoke about that play as if/though she had seen it.(Ea vorbea despre piesa de parca ar fi
vazut-o)

9.Pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare care are loc inaintea altei actiuni exprimate de un FUTURE-IN-
THE-PAST:

56
 EX. I told my friend that I would lend him the book after I had read it.(I-am spus prietenului meu ca-i
voi imprumuta cartea dupa ce o voi citi)

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM

AFFIRMATIVE: S+HAD+BEEN+VB+ING

I HAD BEEN READING

NEGATIVE: S+HAD+NOT+BEEN+VB+ING

I HAD NOT BEEN READING

INTERROGATIVE: HAD+S+BEEN+VB+ING

HAD I BEEN READING?

USE

1.Se utilizeaza pentru a exprima continuitatea unei actiuni pana la un anumit moment din trecut:

EX> The pupils had been reading the lesson for five minutes when the school master came into the
classroom.(Elevii citeau lectia de cinci minute cand dirigintele intra in clasa)

2.In Indirect Speech,pentru a exprima un Past Tense Continuous sau un Present Perfect Continuous din
Direct Speech:

EX> IS: „I was watching Tv at seven o”clock”,Harry explained to his mother.

DS: Harry explained to his mother that he had been watching tv at seven o’clock.

Modificarile care au avut loc sunt:I > HE

Was watching > had been watching

IS: „We have been learning English for two years”,the children told me.

DS: The children told me they had been learning English for two years.

Modificarile care au avut loc sunt:we > they

Have been learning(present perfect continuous) > had been
learning(past perfect continuous)
EXERCISES-PAST PERFECT

1.Turn into Indirect Speech:

1.”I have just finished my homework”,Tom told his mother.

57
2.”What film did you see yesterday?”Peter asked me.

3.”We visited this museum two years ago.,the pupils explained.

4.”My friend has been on a sightseeing tour”,Peter said.

5.”My son has not come yet”,Mrs,Keith told the girl.

6.”I have never believed this man”,Mary explained to her sister.

7.”How long have you been here?”the policeman wanted to know.

8.”Did you hear a terrible crush last night?”John asked me.

9.”I have lost my pen today”,little Eliza told her mother.

10.”We did not expect you to come so soon”,they let me know.

2.Translate into Englis

1.Dupa ce am scris scrisoarea, am pus-o la posta.

2.Dupa ce ai incuiat usa ,ai plecat din casa.

3.Dupa ce copiii au luat cina s-au dus la culcare.

4.Dupa ce am cumparat biletele ,ne-am urcat in tren.

5.Dupa ce am maturat podeaua,am sters praful de pe mobila.

6.Dupa ce pacientul a luat medicamentul,s-a simtit mult mai bine.

7.Dupa ce ploaia s-a oprit ,am mers la plimbare.

8.Dupa ce ai inteles regula,ai facut un exercitiu dificil.

9.Dupa ce batrana a citit telegrama ,a izbucnit in lacrimi.

10.Dupa ce a plecat trenul,baietii au mers acasa.

3.Use the past perfect simple to explain what john had done before a certain time on Monday:
58
ex. 6.30-to get up
By 6.30 john had got up.

1. 7-to wash 6.to answer many questions

2. 7.10-to get dressed 7.to get a good mark
3. 7.30-to have breakfast 8.1 p.m.-to leave school
4. 7.40-to leave for school 9.3:30-to have lunch
5. 8-to arrive at school 10.6 p.m.-to do his homework

4.Translate into English:

1.Bunica lui a murit dupa ce a fost bolnava timp de trei ani.

2.I-am multumit pt ceea ce a spus despre pictura mea.

3.Dupa ce oaspetii au plecat,am mers la culcare.

4.Verisorul meu nu ma vazuse de mult timp cand l-am intalnit acum trei zile.

5.Ea mi-a raspuns la intrebare dupa ce i-am repetat-o de trei ori.

6.Lui i-a parut rau ca o ranise.

7.Nici bine nu si-a amintit Paul numarul ei de telefon ca a si incercat sa o sune.

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8.Cersetorul se uita la bucata de paine de parca nu mancase de mult timp.

9.Daca i-as fi stiut adresa cu siguranta i-as fi facut o vizita.

10.Intr-o saptamana ea si-a dat seama de greseala infioratoare pe care o facuse.

11.Sosisera deja in jur de zece oameni cand ea a intrat in camera.

12.Exista ceva familiar cu privire la fata lui dar ea nu-si putea aminti unde il vazuse inainte.

13.Imediat ce doctorul a plecat ,bolnava a dorit sa-l vada din nou.

14.Politistul a dorit sa stie de ce venise ea acolo.

15.As fi vrut sa n-o fi intalnit pe fata aceea inainte.

16.I-am explicat ca-l voi ajuta la acele exercitii dupa ce-mi voi termina tema.

17.Ea se uita la noi de parca nu ne-ar fi recunoscut.

18.Cand erau folosite topoarele din piatra,metalul nu fusese inca descoperit.

19.Focul se intinsese si la cealalta casa inainte sa soseasca pompierii.

20.Nici bine nu s-au stins luminile cand s-a auzit un zgomot ciudat.

5.Use the verbs in brackets in the Past Tense Simple or Past perfect simple according to the
meaning.

60
1.Yesterday morning she (to leave) the house in a hurry,but she(not to go) far before she(to discover) that
it(to be)going to rain and she(to leave )her umbrella at home.
- -
- -
- -
2.She accordingly(to go)back to fetch it,but her mother(to tell)her that her brother(to take )it a few
minutes before.
-
*accordingly=prin urmare//to fetch=a se duce sa aduca
3.The discovery of the art of writing(to enable)the ancient Egyptians to remember what their ancestors(to
do) before them.
-

*to enable to=a da posibilitatea de a/sa;a permite sa//ancestor=stramos,strabun

4.It (to be)difficult to know an exact date in ancient times,because the calendar not yet (to be fixed).
-
5.If his car(not to break)down,he would have caught the train.
-
6.When William(to stamp)and (to seal)the envelope,he(to go) back to the window and(to draw) a long
breath.
-
-
*to seal=a sigila
7.The Browns(to finish)packing by 5 o’clock.
-
8.More than a year (to pass)since he first(to think)of this idea.
-
9.They wished they(not to be)met there by their neighbours.
-
10.She no sooner(to reach)the door when she(to remember)about the book.
-

WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS

1.FUTURE TENSES:-FUTURE SIMPLE

-FUTURE CONTINUOUS
61
 -FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
-FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
-FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST-SIMPLE
-FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST-CONTINUOUS

2.OTHER TENSES:-PRESENT SIMPLE

-PRESENT CONTINUOUS
-PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
-PAST SIMPLE
-PAST CONTINUOUS
-PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

3.OTHER WAYS:-TO BE GOING TO

-TO BE TO
-TO BE ABOUT TO

FUTURE TENSES

1.FUTURE SIMPLE:

FORM

AFFIRMATIVE: S+SHALL(I/WE)//WILL+VB1

EX. I /WE SHALL GO

YOU/HE/SHE/IT/THEY WILL GO

NEGATIVE: S+SHALL/WILL+NOT+VB1

EX. I SHALL NOT GO

INTERROGATIVE: SHALL/WILL+S+VB1

EX. SHALL I GO?

USE

-Ca regula SHALL se foloseste la persoana intai singular si plural iar WILL cu persoanele a doua si a
treia singular si plural.Aceste forma se folosesc de obicei in limbajul formal si se numeste PURE
FUTURE,desi in vorbirea normala cel mai adesea intalnim formele I’LL si WE’LL.Datorita unei dorinte
naturale de uniformizare ,in vorbire se foloseste cel mai adesea WILL pt toate cele trei persoane.
-PURE FUTURE se foloseste pt a exprima:
a)un eveniment viitor neutru,o predictie despre viitor,fara vreo nuanta de
dorinta,promisiune:

EX> I shall go on an interesting trip next week.

My friend will see a good film in the afternoon.

b)O actiune viitoare in principala propozitiei conditionale:

EX>I shall read this book if she gives it to me.

If the rain stops,the boys will play in the garden.

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-in anumite contexte,forma interogativa SHALL I/WE sau forma WILL YOU…? pot avea diferite
intelesuri:
EX> Shall I/We open this window? Inseamna „Would you like me/us to open this
window?(Vreti ca eu/noi sa deschid/deschidem fereastra?)

Will you help me with this translation? Inseamna

Are you willing to /would you like to help me with this translation?(Vrei sa ma ajuti
la aceasta traducere?)

SHALL si WILL mai pot exprima si alte aspecte:

SHALL

a)determination,resolution:

EX> We shall speak when we think fit.

The enemy shall not pass.(Dusmanul nu va trece)

b)promise:

EX>If you repair this car,you shall have a three days holiday.(Daca repari aceasta masina,vei avea o
vacanta de trei zile)

c)refusal:

EX> As you have not taken care of the book you borrowed,you shall not have another one!(Cum n-ai avut
grija de cartea pe care ai imprumutat-o,nu vei mai primi alta!)

d)threat(amenintare):

EX> If Mary has done such a thing,she shall pay dearly for it.(Daca Mary a facut un astfel de lucru ,ea va
plati scump pentru asta)

e)Prophetic utterances(rostiri profetice):

EX> „…But the eternal summer shall not die.”(Shakespeare,Sonnet XVIII)

f)Constructii cu SHALL pot aparea si in THAT-clauses(subordonate/propozitii cu THAT) ca si in

documente legale:

EX> I have decided that she shall go there at once.(Am decis ca ea va merge acolo imediat)

Payment shall be made in due time.(Plata trebuie facuta la timp)

WILL

a)willingness,determination(dorinta,hotarare):

EX> I will pay you as much as you ask for.(iti voi plati cat de mult ceri/vrei)
b)promise(promisiune):

EX> I won’t make such a mistake again.(Nu voi mai face o astfel de greseala)

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c)possibility,assumption(posibilitate,presupunere):

EX> That girl under the the tree will be his sister.(Fata aceea de sub copac o fi/e posibil sa fie sora lui)

d)Estimation of capacity(estimarea capacitatii):

EX> This school will hold more than one thousand people.(Aceasta scoala are capacitatea de a tine mai
mult de o mie de oameni)

e)Something unavoidable or that recurs very often(ceva de neevitat sau care se petrece foarte des)

EX> Boys will be boys.

Sometimes she will look out of the window for hours without hearing anything around her.

!!! Trebuie facuta o distinctia clara intre constructia cu sau fara WILL din propozitiile conditionale:

>If you will help us(=daca vei dori sa ne ajuti/if you want to help us),we shall be gratefull to you.

>If you help us,we shall finish our work in time.

2)THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS:

FORM

AFFIRMATIVE: S+SHALL/WILL+BE+VB+ING I/WE SHALL BE SPEAKING

YOU/HE/SHE/IT/THEY WILL BE SPEAKING

INTERROGATIVE: SHALL/WILL+S+BE+VB+ING

SHALL I/WE BE SPEAKING?

WILL YOU/HE/SHE/IT/THEY BE SPEAKING?

NEGATIVE:S+ SHALL/WILL+NOT+BE+VB+ING

I/WE SHALL NOT BE SPEAKING

YOU/HE/SHE/IT/THEY WILL NOT BE

SPEAKING.

USE:

a)pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare,in desfasurare,la un anumit moment din viitor:

EX> This time tomorrow we shall be watching TV.(Maine pe vremea asta ne vom uita la tv)

b)pentru a exprima evenimente viitoare care sunt planificate:

EX> We shall be spending our next holiday in the mountains.

3)THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

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FORM: S+SHALL/WILL+HAVE+VB3 I/WE SHALL HAVE WRITTEN

INTERROGATIVE: SHALL I/WE HAVE WRITTEN

NEGATIVE: I SHALL HAVE NOT WRITTEN

USE:

The future perfect simple este folosit pentru a indica:

a)o actiune care va fi terminata inaintea unui anumit moment sau a altei actiuni din viitor.In acest caz este
adesea insotit de/asociat cu prepozitia BY in constructii ca:
>BY MONDAY(pana luni)
>BY THAT TIME(pana in acel moment)
>BY THE END OF…(pana la sfarsitul…)etc

EX> It is nine o’clock.I’m sure may sister will have written her composition by eleven o’clock.(E ora
noua.Sunt sigur ca sora mea isi va scrie/va fi scris compunereapana la ora 11.)

>I’m sure that mother will have cooked dinner by seven o’clock
by the time father comes home.
(Sunt sigur ca mama va gati cina pana la ora sapte/pana vine tata acasa)

b)durata pana la un anumit moment din viitor:

EX>Tomorrow we shall have been on holiday for one month.(Maine vom fi in vacanta de o luna)

c)possibility or assumption(posibilitate sau presupunere):

EX> If Jack has taken a taxi he will have arrived at the railway station in time.(= presupun ca a sosit/e
posibil sa fi sosit)
(Daca Jack a luat un taxi el va fi sosit la gara la timp)

4)THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM: S+SHALL/WILL+HAVE+BEEN+VB+ING >I SHALL HAVE BEEN WRITING

INTERROGATIVE:>SHALL I HAVE BEEN WRITING?

NEGATIVE: >I SHALL HAVE NOT BEEN WRITING

USE:

>pentru a exprima durata unei actiuni pana la un anumit moment din viitor:

EX> At six o’clock your sister will have been sleeping for two hours.(La ora sase sora ta va dormi de
doua ore)

5)THE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST-SIMPLE

FORM: S+SHOULD/WOULD+SHORT INFINITIVE >I/WE SHOULD WRITE

65
USE:

>acest timp este folosit pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare vazuta dintr-un punct de vedere din
trecut(apare in propozitiile completive directe-object clauses)

EX> She told me that she would go there soon.(Ea mi-a spus ca va merge curand acolo)

(Ea mi-a spus ca va merge curand acolo.> s-ar traduce: >She told me that she WILL GO there soon.
Dar nu avem voie sa folosim viitor in propozitia subordonata daca propozitia regenta are ca predicat un
timp trecut si conform corespondentei timpurilor vom transforma Future Simple in Future-in-the-past-
simple adica WILL GO>WOULD GO,daca am fi avut SHALL GO l-am fi transformat in SHOULD GO
Iar proipozitia devine
She told me that she WOULD GO there soon.

6)THE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST-CONTINUOUS

FORM: >S+SHOULD/WOULD+BE+VB+ING >I SHOULD BE WRITING

USE:

>Acest timp exprima un Future Continuous vazut dintr-un punct de vedere din trecut:

EX> The woman assured us that ,in less than half an hour,her baby would be sleeping.
(Femeia ne-a asigurat ca in mai putin de jumatate de ora,bebelusul ei va dormi)

>explicatia este aceeasi ca mai sus la Future-in-the-past-simple,e o problema de corespondenta a

timpurilor.

OTHER TENSES(alte timpuri care exprima actiuni viitoare)

1)PRESENT SIMPLE
>este folosit pentru a exprima actiuni viitoare in urmatoarele situatii:
a)in propozitii conditionale:

EX> She will catch the train if she takes a taxi.(Ea va prinde trenul daca ia un taxi)

b)in propozitii de timp(pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare care este simultana cu alta actiune
viitoare)
EX> you will like the book when you see it.(Iti va placea cartea cand o vei vedea)

c)pentru a exprima o actiune planificata oficial:

EX> Our plane leaves at 10 o’clock,so the tourists arrive in London at about 3 o’clock pm.
(Avionul nostru va sosi la ora 10,asa ca turistii vor ajunge la Londra in jur de ora 3
dupa amiaza)
>The championship starts next week.(Campionatul va incepe saptamana viitoare)
66
2)THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

>este folosit pentru a exprima:

a)o actiune planificata,un aranjament:

EX>We are visiting our neighbours tomorrow.(Ne vizitam vecinii maine)

>We are going to our grandparents this Saturday.(Noi mergem la bunicii
nostri smabata viitoare).

3)THE PRESENT PERFECT

>este folosit pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare,intr-o propozitie de timp,care va avea loc inaintea altei
actiuni viitoare:
EX>The children will play in the garden after they have finished their homework.(Copiii se vor juca in
gradina dupa ce isi vor termina tema)

4)THE PAST TENSE

>acest timp exprima o actiune viitoare,intr-o propozitie de timp,simultana cu alta actiune exprimata de un
Future-in-the-past:
EX> I was sure they would like this book when they understood it.

5)THE PAST PERFECT

>poate fi folosit pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare,intr-o propozitie de timp,care va avea loc inaintea
altei actiuni exprimata de un Future-in-the-past

EX>My friend explained to his parents that he would go on a trip abroad after he had passed his exams.
(Prietenul meu a explicat parintilor lui ca va merge intr-o excursie in strainatate dupa ce-si va trece
examenele.)

6)THE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

>este folosit pentru a exprima un plan vazut dintr-un punct de vedere din trecut:
67
EX>He was nervous.He was getting married only three days from now and he wasn’t sure.
(era nervos.Se casatorea peste trei zile si nu era sigur.)

OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS

(alte modalitati de exprimare a actiunilor viitoare)

1)TO BE GOING TO(„THE NEAR FUTURE”)

>constructia”to be going to”este folosita pentru a exprima >PREDICTIE
>INTENTIE
EX> Look,it’s going to rain.
 Our neighbour is going to buy a new car.(Vecinul nostru urmeaza /intentioneaza sa-si cumpere o
masina noua.)

>”to be going to”este folosita pentru a exprima INTENTIE doar cu actiuni premeditate:

>A: What are you doing this afternoon?

B: I’m going to help my daughter with her homework.(m-am gandit dinainte la asta,am
premeditat actiunea)
Dar
>A:Father,I can’t do my homework.
B:All right,I will help you!.nu „I’m going to help you”

2)TO BE TO

>aceasta modalitate de a exprima actiuni viitoare are anumite sensuri:

a)ceva care este destinat sa se intample:

EX>The famous tennis player began the meci in which he was to break his arm.
(Faimosul tenisman incepu meciul in care avea sa-si rupa bratul)

b)un plan/aranjament oficial:

EX>The President was to arrive at 10 o,clock.

She is to see her dentist tomorrow.

c)dorinta unei persoane,diferita de cea a vorbitorului:

EX> This bad news is to be given to him after his exam.

d)datorie:

EX> What exercises are we to do?

e)posibilitate,probabilitate:

EX>Prices are to be much higher soon.

3)TO BE ABOUT TO

>aceasta constructie este folosita pentru a exprima ceva ce se va intampla intr-un viitor apropiat:
68
EX>Our guests are about to leave.
>I am about to go to the seaside.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS_EXERCISES

I.Translate the following sentences into Romanian:

1.Where will the children go after the lesson?
1.

2.Our company is going to open a second office.

2.

3.Will you be listening to a record this time tomorrow?

3.

4.I was sure she would be delighted when she heard that.
4.

5.Lucy has just paid for the holiday she is taking in July.
5.

6.When i am not so busy,I will pay a visit to you.

6.

7.Please,ring me up when you have made up your mind what you want to do.
7.

8.Mother will have cooked dinner by the time father comes back home from the factory.
8.

9.Eliza said she would be skiing in the mountains at that time on Friday.
9.

10.If Peter klnows the lesson well,he will get a good mark.
10.

11.Mike explained to me why he would have to leave so early.

11.

12.They are to be married soon.

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12.

13.By this time tromorrow,our cousin will have been travelling for five hours.
13.

14.The children let me know they wouild go to bed after I have told them a story.
14.

15.He said he would love her till the seas ran dry.
15.

16.I didn,t imagine that they would get angry after I had told them the truth.
16.

II.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Maine pe vremea asta vom vizita Muzeul Britanic.

2.Dupa o noapte furtunoasa,urmeaza o zi insorita.

3.Nu te culca inainte de a-ti lua medicamentul.

4.Veti fi vazut acest film, presupun,cand erati mai mici.

5.Actorul meu preferat urmeaza sa apara intr-o noua piesa.

6.Am asigurat-o pe mama ca nu voi intarzia la scoala.

7.Daca June va gasi cartea,o va cumpara.

70
8.Prietenii nostri tocmai sunt pe punctul de a pleca.

9.Orchestra va repeta de doua ore cand solistul va ajunge la opera.

10.Nu credeam ca la ora aceea tu vei mai canta la pian.

11.Unde mancam in seara asta?

12.De cat timp vei asculta muzica cand bunica te va chema la cina?

13.Te voi anunta de hotararea mea dupa ce imi voi consulta avocatul.

14.Am promis ca ma voi juca cu ei cand nu am sa mai fiu asa ocupata.

15.I-am ex plicat secretarei ca va putea merge acasa numai dupa ce va bate la masina toate scrisorile.

III.Future Continuous

Translate into English:

71
1.sunt sigur ca la ora aceea fratii tai vor dormi.

2.Probabil ca elevii vor scrie inca exercitiile cand va suna clopotelul.

3.Maine pe vremea asta sora mea va canta la pian.

4.Voi va veti juca in gradina toata dimineata.

5.Aproape nu-mi vine sa cred ca vinerea viitoare ne vom plimba pe malul Tamisei.

6.Il voi anunta pe Tom de invitatia voastra deoarece il voi vedea diseara la teatru.

IV>THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

Translate into English:

1.Pana la sfarsitul saptamanii vom fi invatat corespondenta timpurilor in limba engleza.

2.Piesa va fi inceput inainte de a ajunge noi la teatru.

3.Pana la ora cinci Mary va fi scris toate scrisorile.

4.Sper ca pana maine dimineata sa se opreasca ploaia.

5.Ma tem ca toate magazinele se vor incgide pana sa plec eu de la birou.

72
6.Daca nu va grabiti avionul va fi decolat cand veti ajunge la aeroport.

7.Sunt sigur ca aceste carti se vor vinde pana saptamana viitoare.

8.Vei fi auzit de ultimul roman al acestui mare scriitor.

V.THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS.

Translate into English:

1.De cat timp vei lucra in acest birou cand vei iesi la pensie?

2.La sfarsitul acestui an scolar fiica mea va invata engleza de patru ani.

3.In septembrie John va locui in aceasta casa de sapte ani.

4.Pe la sfarsitul acestei saptamani voi astepta de doua luni sa mi se repare masina.

5.Maine pe la ora 11 ne vom plimba in acest parc frumos de cel putin o ora.

6.Prieteniii nostri vor fi calatorind de trei luni inainte de a ajunge in Australia.

VI.THE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST-SIMPLE
Translate into English:

1.John spera ca toti prietenii lui vor veni la petrecere.

73
2.Paula ne-a anuntat ca trenul va sosi in zece minute.

3.Eram sigur ca o vei gasi acasa.

4.Thomas mi-a promis ca imi vei imprumuta cartea aceea a doua zi.

5.Unde ai spus ca isi vor petrece ei vacanta de iarna?

6.nimeni nu stia ca,in curand,acest cantaret va fi renumit in toata lumea.

7.Lucy a promis ca va veni cu noi de indata ce va fi libera.

8.Am inteles atunci ca vei incerca sa o ajuti.

VI.THE FUTURE IN THE PAST CONTINUOUS.

TRANSLATE INTO English:

1.Ne-am amintit ca,a doua zi la ora 11,vom lucra inca in gradina.

2.Eram sigur ca fiii mei se vor uita la tv la ora aceea.

3.Sora mea nu credea ca eu voi scrie inca scrisori la ora 11 noaptea.

4.Mary mi-a explicat ca va purta o rochie verde.

5.I-am spus lui Patrick ca,a doua zi la acea ora,el nu va juca fotbal deoarece va calatori spre Londra.
74
6.Nu am stiut ca ei vor dansa toata noaptea.

VII.CHOOSE THE MOST APPROPRIATE WORDS IN ITALICS:

1.Don’t call me up after 10 o’clock,my little brother will be sleeping/will sleep.

2.None of us knew when he will arrive/would arrive here.

3.What do you do/are you doing this Sunday?

4.You will be able to translate this difficult text after you have learned/will learn the new words.

5.We will go for a walk if the rain will stop/stops.

6.Let’s hurry or we will have missed/will miss the train.

7.My cousin explained that he would buy a new car when he had/would have enough money.

VIII.PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM EXPRESSING FUTURE
ACTIONS.IN SOME CASES,MORE THAN ONE SOLUTION CAN BE SUGGESTED:

1.In ten hours,we………………………………………..to London.(to travel)

2.By the end of the week he………………..where to spend his holidays.(to decide)

3.What……………your brother on his birthday?Have you decided yet?(you/to give)

4.Teacher,I have finished the first exercise.What……….now?(I/to do)

5.I’m learning English because I……………in an important English contest.(to take part)

6.Next September,Mr Smith…………….in this office for twenty years.(to work)

7.Wait here until the traffic light……………..(to change)

8.We will leave the laboratory after we………………the experiment(to finish)

9.Paul said he would join us when he……………better.(to feel)

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IX.REWRITE EACH SENTENCE SO THAT THE MEANING STAYS THE SAME.USE THE
UNDERLINED WORDS:

1.The car engine will take me three hours to repair.

In three hours time……………………………………………………………………………….

2.We will go to the restaurant when the film ends.

As soon as…………………………………………………………………………………

3.What exactly does your brother intend to do?

What exactly is your brother………………………………………………………..

4.Why doesn’t John pay us a visit during his holiday?

Why doesn’t John pay us a visit when………………………………………………………………

5.Mr.James started teaching in this school in September 1990.

Next September he………………………………………………………………………………….

6.They will finish this bridge before the end of the month.
By the end of the month……………………………………………………………………………..

X.TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1.Nimeni nu stia cand va pleca urmatorul tren.

2.Daca i se va oferi o slujba mai buna ca aceasta,cu siguranta ca el o va accepta.

3.I-am promis prietenului meu ca voi trece pe la el cand nu voi mai fi atat de ocupat.

4.Iti poti imagina ca maine pe vremea asta vom urmari finala Campionatului mondial?

5.Nu am crezut ca fratiorul meu va dormi la ora ceea.

6.Vom pleca la plimbare cu masina dupa ce tata va schimba acest cauciuc.

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

FORM
76
-we must underline that there are no verb forms specially inflected for expressing condition in English
-either different tenses of the Indicative Mood or some auxiliary or modal verbs(WILL,SHOULD
,WOULD, COULD,MIGHT)are employed.
-the PRESENT CONDITIONAL and the PAST CONDITIONAL forms look like this:

THE PRESENT CONDITIONAL:

AFFIRMATIVE: I/We should/would go

You/he/she/it/they would go

NEGATIVE: I/We should not/shouldn’t go

I/We would not/wouldn’t go
You/he/she/it/they would not go/wouldn’t go

INTERROGATIVE: Should/would we/I go?

Would he/she/it/you/they go?

THE PAST CONDITIONAL:

AFFIRMATIVE: I/We should/would have gone

You/he/she/it/they would have gone

NEGATIVE: I/We should not/would not have gone(shouldn’t/wouldn’t)

You/he/she/it/they would not have gone(wouldn’t)

INTERROGATIVE: Should/Would I/we have gone?

Would you/he/she/it/they have gone?

USE:

-here is the same as in the case of Future Tense where there is a growing tendency to use the auxiliary
verbs WILL/WOULD for all persons(singular and plural):
-there is a variety of conditional sentences in English but the three so called „classical”ones are:

Type I (open/probable condition)

77
 MAIN CLAUSE „IF” CLAUSE
FUTURE PRESENT

(S+SHALL/WILL +VB1)

(S+VB1)
EX
Mary will buy that book if she finds it
(Mary va cumpara cartea aceea daca o va gasi.)

TYPE II
(rejected/improbable/hypothetical/unreal
condition)
PRESENT CONDITIONAL PAST TENSE
(be>WERE la toate persoanele)
(S+SHOULD/WOULD +VB1)
(S+VB2)
EX.
Mary would buy that book if she found it.
(Mary ar cumpara cartea aceea daca ar gasi-o.)

TYPE III
(impossible condition)

PAST CONDITIONAL PAST PERFECT

(S+HAD+VB3)

(S+SHOULD/WOULD+HAVE+VB3)

EX
. Mary would have bought that book if she had found it.
(Mary ar fi cumparat cartea aceea daca ar fi gasit-o.)

THE USE OF MODAL VERBS IN CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

WILL- is never used in a conditional clause as an auxiliary for the future.However it may occur in a
conditional clause when it expresses:
78
 -VOLITION:
If you will explain this problem to me,I’ll finish my homework in time.
(=if you want/are willing to explain)

-OBSTINATE INSISTENCE:
If you will go there,you will be sorry.
(=if you insist on going)

WON’T-is usually used in conditional clauses to express REFUSAL:

If William won’t lend me his dictionary,I’ll borrow it from somebody else.

(=if he refuses/does not want/is not willing to…)

WOULD-is used to express:

-VOLITION:
If Tom would help me,I would repair my car today.
(=If he wanted/were willing to help.)

-when it belong to the construction WOULD LIKE or WOULD CARE,which are

equivalents
to WANT or WISH:

If you would like to come here,then she could learn very interesting things.

>when there no object after”would like” .”would „is usually omitted:

If you like,I shall call on you tomorrow.

IF YOU WILL/WOULD generally occur in polite requests:

If you will/would kindly show me the way to the railway station,I’ll/’d be very grateful to
you.

If you will/would be so kind as to inform about your new address,we will/would send you
the money at once.

SHOULD+INFINITIVE:-may be used in conditional sentences belonging to Type I and Type II to

underline the hypothetical nature of the content,rendering a higher degree of
UNCERTAINTY:

If you should meet him here(=if she happened to meet him),she will/would understand
The truth.

WERE TO +INFINITIVE-only in sentences of Type II to express the same meaning of

UNCERTAINTY

If mother were to find us here she would be very angry.

COULD and MIGHT –used in conditional clauses have the meaning of a Present Conditional:

I am sure that your grannie would help you if she could.

(=would be able to)

THE OMISSION OF „ IF”

79
-sometimes,for stylistic purposes,”IF” may be omitted.In such cases there takes place an inversion:

If he were to find us here,he would be very surprised.

( Daca ne-ar gasi aici ar fi foarte surprins.)

Were he to find us here,he would be very surprised.

George could buy a new car if he saved enough money.

(George si-ar putea cumpara o masina noua daca ar economisi sucienti bani.)

Should George save enough money,he could buy a new car.

Our favourite football team would have won the championship if they hadn’t lost the last match.
(Echipa noastra preferata de fotbal ar fi castigat campionatul daca n-ar fi pierdut ultimul meci.)

Had our favourite football team not lost the last meci,they would have won the
championship.

-the omission of IF takes place only in conditional sentences of type II and III,and in all these cases the
conditional clause must precede the main clause.
-but a conditional clause may be introduced not only by the conjunction IF but also by other
conjunctions: -UNLESS
-BUT FOR
-IN CASE
-ON CONDITION THAT
-SO LONG AS
-PROVIDED/PROVIDING(THAT)
-SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING(THAT):

She will not understand the film if she does not read the book as well.
(Ea nu va intelege filmul daca nu va citi si cartea.)
=
She will not understand the film unless she reads the book as well.

They would have been here if they had not missed the train.
(Ei ar fi fost aici daca n-ar fi pierdut trenul.)
=
They would have been here unless they had missed the train.

BUT FOR –is used when the verb „to be”forms the predicate of the sentence by itself,and is in the
negative(for type II and III):

I would go for a walk if it were not for this rain. (as merge la plimbare daca n-ar fi ploaia asta.)
But for this rain I would go for a walk.

The children would have drowned if it hadn’t been for that courageous sailor.
(Copiii s-ar fi inecat daca n-ar fi fost marinarul acela curajos.)

But for that courageous sailor, the children would have drowned.

IN CASE-usually specifies a future condition that may or may not arise:

In case I meet her,I shall let her know about our party.

80
SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING(THAT)-may mean either”what will/would happen if…”or „what would have
Happened if…”

Suppose she forgets the key!(=What will/would happen if she forgets the key?)

Suppose/Supposing they had missed the train(=What would have happened if they had
missed
the train?)

SO LONG AS/PROVIDED/PROVIDING( THAT) –replace IF when there is a strong idea of limitation

or restriction,being often associated with
PERMISSION:

The librarian will lend you books as long as/provided/providing that you return them
in due time.

-sometimes ,condition may be implied in a relative clause:

The pupil who does not learn the lesson will get a bad mark
(If the pupil does not learn the lesson,he will get a bad mark.)

-condition may also be expressed by two co-ordinate clauses connected by AND,especially in proverbs
and sayings:

Spare the rod and spoil the child.

(If you spare the rod,you will spoil the child.)

-in other cases,a conditional clause may be replaced by:

a)a Present Participle (when the subject is either general or indefinite):

By telling lies,you will end up being mistrusted.

b)a Past Participle(when the two clauses have the same subject):

Woken up in time she would have caught the train.

c)an Infinitive construction(when the two clauses have the same subject):

She will be surprised to hear this news.

d)a prepositional construction:

Without your father,we couldn’t have done that exercise.
(„without” is synonymous here with the „but for” construction)

OTHER POSSIBLE VARIANTS OF TENSE RULES USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Nr. IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

Crt.
1. Present tense Present Tense

81
 For expressing natural laws and habitual reactions

If you boil the water it turns to vapour.

If you greet him he always smiles at you.

2. Past tense Past Tense

If sha said that, she was right.

3. Past tense Present Tense

If Albert bought that car, I am happy.

4. Past Tense Future

If Jane didn’t succeed then she will try to do it again.

5. Present Tense Imperative

If she comes here, tell her to wait for me.

6. Present Perfect Imperative

If you have finished your composition read it to me.

7. Present Perfect Present Tense

If Maggie hasn’t finish her work, why is she in the garden?

8. Present Tense Future Perfect

If she wins she will have studied hard.

9. Should+infinitive Imperative

If you should meet them, remind them of our appointment.

10. Should+infinitive Future

Will she buy the book if she should fiind it expensive?

11. Past Tense Past Conditional

If she spoke English better, she would have worked as a guide for foreign
tourists.

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12. Past Perfect Present Conditional

IF they hadn’t missed the train, they would be here now.

EXERCISES-THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

I.USE THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM:

1.She will catch the train if she(to hurry).

-

2.We/to go/for a walk if the weather is fine.

-

3.If you/to read /this book,you will like it.

-

4.The children will eat all the cakes ,if they/to find /them.
-

5.If William/to work/hard he will pass the exam.

-

6.If you take this medicine,you/to feel/much better.

-
7.Unless your brother is more careful,he/to have/an accident.
-

8.What will happen to him if his parachute/not to open/?

-

9.They/to be/very surprised if they see us here.

-

10.If we/to meet/him,we’ll tell him the news.

-

II.WORK ON THE MODEL:

Perhaps one day somebody will tell him the truth.

What will he do if somebody tells him the truth?

83
1.Perhaps one day she will win a lot of money.

2.Perhaps one day somebody will recognize him.

3.Perhaps one day you will lose your driver’s licence.

4.Perhaps one day the queen will invite him to the palace.

5.Perhaps one day somebody will park his car in front of her gate.

6.Perhaps one day somebody will steal her passport.

7.Perhaps one day Pamela will marry another man.

8.Perhaps one day the police will find him.

9.Perhaps one day father will catch a big fish.

10.Perhaps one day the train will be half an hour late.

III.Alice is going to her grandparents who live in a village.She has decided to take with her:an umbrella,a
ball,a camera,warm clothes,some food,water colours,a pen,a basket,some medicine because:

1.Perhaps it will rain.

2.Perhaps she will play with other children.

3.Perhaps she will take some photographs.

84
4.Perhaps she will be cold.

5.Perhaps she will be hungry.

6.Perhaps she will paint.

7.Perhaps she will write letters.

8.Perhaps she wil pick mushrooms.

9.Perhaps she will catch a cold.

Now,work on the model:

She is going to take her umbrella in case it rains.

She is going to take her ball in case…

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

TYPE II

85
I.USE THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM:

1.I would finish my work much earlier if you /to help/ me.
-

2.If he /to be/ you I would go there at once.

-

3.The kids would be dissapointed if it /to rain/ in the afternoon.

-

4.If you knew the truth,you /not to be/ so happy.

-

5.Mother /to help/ you if you asked her.

-

6.We would understand her much better if she /to speak/ more slowly.
-

7.She wouldn’t accept that job even if the manager /to offer/ it to her.
-

8.If you won the first prize,you /to get/ a lot of money.
-

9.What /to happen/ if you pressed that button?

-

10.I’m sure Mary would play the piano much better if she /to practise/ every day.
-

II.Work on the model:

Perhaps she will remember everything about the accident.

What would she do if she remembered everything about the accident?

1.Perhaps it will rain everyday.

2.Perhaps we will come home late.

3.Perhaps they will miss the train.

4.Perhaps nobody will let her know about that experiment.

5.Perhaps one day her dog will get lost.

6.Perhaps one day she will fiind a better job.

86
7.Perhaps one day the postman will bring him a letter.

8.Perhaps one day the teacher will ask us this question.

9.Perhaps one day she will be free.

10.Perhaps one day you will get good news.

III.Work on the model:

She doesn’t eat because she is not hungry.

But if she were hungry she would eat.

1.They don’t come here because they don’t know our address.But if…………….

2.Mary doesn’t buy that dictionary because she hasn’t got enough money.But if……………….

3.Sue doesn’t go to the theatre because she doesn’t like comedies.But if……………………….

4.Mother doesn’t help her son because she is not free.But if……………………………

5.I can’t unlock the door because I can’t fiind my key.But if……………………………….

6.Jane can’t leave now because the teacher is still speaking.But if……………………………..

7.I can’t see the road because there are no lights on.But if……………………………..

8.We don’t bring our camera because it doesn’t work.But if………………………………

9.They don’t buy that house because it is very expensive.But if…………………………..

10.The girl does not greet the Browns because she doesn’t know them.But if………………………

IV.Work on the model using IN CASE:

It was possible that she should forget my address.

So ,she wrote it down.
She wrote my address down in case she forgot it.
87
1.It was possible that his friends were worried.So,he rang them up.

2.It was possible that she would change her mind.So ,I signed the agreement immediately.

3.It was possible that you would travel abroad.So,you learnt foreign languages.

4.It was possible that there would be much traffic on the road.So,they got up very early.

5.It was possible that it would rain.So,she took her umbrella.

6.It was possible that the train should be late.So,I took a book to read.

7.It was possible that they would come back home before us.So,I gave them a key to the front door.

8.It was possible that they would repeat the news.So,I turned the radio on.

9.It was possible that the thieves would try to break in.So,I loaded my gun.

10.It was possible that they would hear us.So,we shouted as loudly as we could.

TYPE III

I.Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form:

1.The man would have died if the doctor(not to arrive)in time.

-

2.If father had been at home,he(to answer )the phone.

-

3.The tourists wouldn’t have got lost if they(to take) a map.

-

4.Your brother would have won the race if his horse(not to lose) one of its shoes.
-

5.If you had come to the party,you(to have) a very good time.
-

88
6.Marry wouldn’t have married that man if she(not to love)him so much.
-

7.They (not to be)angry with her if they had known the truth.
-

8.If Tom(to be)attentive,he wouldn’t have asked that question.

-

9.These photographs(to be)better if you had been more careful.

-

10.If I(to remember)her address I would have called on her.

-

II.Work on the model:

I didn’t tell her the secret because I didn’t trust her.

If I had trusted her,I would have told her the secret.

1.I didn’t go to bed because I was not tired.

2.We didn’t stop to talk to her because we were in a hurry.

3.The child didn’t eat the cakes because he didn’t find them.

4.Your friend didn’t get there in time because he missed the train.

5.We couldn’t get into the garden because the gate was locked.

6.You didn’t get a good mark because you didn’t study enough.

7.I didn’t tell them the news because I didn’t see them.

8.Tom didn’t give me her address because he didn’t know it.

89
9.The boy didn’t take the medicine because he didn’t like it.

10.They didn’t look at us because they didn’t recognize us.

MIXED TYPES:

I.Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form:

1.If my brother(to go)to Bucharest,he will visit the Village Museum.

-

2.Tom (to learn)French if only he had the time.

-

3.If he(to know)what to do,he would have done it.

-

4.What she(to do)if she had found aut the truth?

-

5.Grannie (no to be able)to read if she lost her spectacles.

-

6.Mary(to pass)the examination if she works hard.

-

7.If I(to be) a pianist,I would play the piano all day long.
-

8.George would take that job if he(to be offered)it.

-

9.I hoped they would understand her if she(to explain)the situation to her.
-

10.You wouldn’t have been so tired if you (not to go) to that party.
-

90
11.If anyone tried to open this window at night,my dog(to hear)him.
-

12.What will you say if she(to ask)you for some more money?
-

13.If he(to understand)the rules,he wouldn’t have made so many mistakes.

-
14.I wouldn’t like to be in his shoes if such a thing (to happen).
-

15.If my brother (to have) a university degree,he wouldn’t have to work as a mechanic now.
-

16.What will happen if his parachute (not to open)?

-

17.Had I met that girl before,I certainly(to marry) her.

-

18.I would be grateful to her if she(not to ask)me anything.

-

19.My parents would have been much happier if I (to become) a doctor.
-

20.Where would you go if you(to be)on holiday now?

-

21.Someone will steal your camera if you(to leave)it on the bench.

-

22.If I (to speak)to her more slowly,she would surely have understood me.
-

23.When you(to get)there if you leave at six o’clock in the morning.

-

24.The room (not to look)so dark if she cleaned the windows more often..
-

91
25.If I (to be) you,I would accept the job.
-

26.If only she (to tell)us about the pills,we could have saved her.
-

27.In case George (to arrive) here before us,ask him to write a detailed report about the accident.
-

II.Complete the following conditional sentences:

1.If the Danube rose high,………………………………………………………………..

2.They wouldn’t have seen London,if……………………………………………………

3.If these people knew the truth,they………………………………………………………

4.If James catches the train,……………………………………………………………….

5.Had I known the way to the village,……………………………………………………..

6.Were Steven the Great to come to life again,…………………………………………….

7.The weather is as cold as if………………………………………………………………..

8.If I saw the robber coming out of the bank,……………………………………………….

9.Mother would have been angry if………………………………………………………….

10.Your dress would look much better if……………………………………………………..

11.If she finds tickets,we……………………………………………………………………..

12.If he lived in a large town,…………………………………………………………………

13.If I had known about the party,…………………………………………………………….

14.If I were you,……………………………………………………………………………….

15.If your cousin comes here today,……………………………………………………………

16.Your brother wouldn’t have caught a cold if………………………………………………..

III.Choose between UNLESS/PROVIDED/PROVIDING/AS LONG AS/SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING:

1.We’ll go for a walk tomorrow unless/providing it rains.

2.You can park your car here unless/providing you take it early in the morning.

3.Doris will not get good marks unless/as long as she learns all the lessons.

92
4.They will not understand the film unless/as long as they read the whole book ,too.

5.You will not finish your work in time unless/provided she helps you.

6.These people will come to your party unless/provided you invite them.

7.What would you do providing/supposing she does not arrive in time?

8.I will repeat the question unless/suppose she doesn’t understand it.

IV.Replace ONLY IF by UNLESS making all the necessary changes.Work on the model:

Grandpa will answer the phone only if he hears it.

Grandpa will not answer the phone unless he hears it.

1.I will give him the book only if I see him.

2.She will recover only if she takes this medicine.

3.You will eat the sandwiches only if you are hungry.

4.My little brother will chase your cat only if he sees it.

5.Our friend will come to see us only if she has time.

6.You would go on the trip only if your parents gave you the money for it.

7.Rebecca would play the piano much better only if she practises more often.

8.This letter will reach Cressida on Tuesday only if you post it tomorrow.

9.The employer would be pleased with them only if they worked harder.

10.I will solve many more problems only if my brother helps me.

V.Use UNLESS acording to the model:

She must learn the lesson or she will not get a good mark.
She won’t get a good mark unless she learns the lesson.

1.She must hurry or she will miss the plain.

93
2.We must help her or she will not finish her work in time.

3.You must take this medicine or you will not feel better.

4.Their father must stop smoching or his health will not improve.

5.He must learn the new words or he will not be able to translate this text.

6.I must speak English to her or she will not understand me.

7.You must write to her or she will not write to you.

8.She must buy some food or her daughter will not eat anything this evening.

9.Mother must turn on the light or she will not see anything.

10.I must put the milk in the fridge or it will go sour.

VI.Supply IF or UNLESS in the following sentences:

1.My brother will read that book……………………….he likes it.

2………………….her watch had been slow,she wouldn’t have been late.

3.I will get pneumonia………………………..I do not change my wet clothes.

4……………………she learns to type,she will not be employed here.

5.Father could repair the roof himself………………….had a long ladder.

6.Rome wouldn’t have been captured by the enemies………………….it hadn’t ben for some traitors.

7.What would Mary do…………………the lift got stuck between two floors.
8.You would not make so many mistakes……………….you were more careful.

9.She wouldn’t have believed that……………..she had seen it with her own eyes.

10.We could go much faster …………………we were not so tired.

VII.Fill in the blanks with IF or IN CASE:

1.They evacuated the room…………the ceiling should collapse.

2.Mike will have to get into the house through the window……………he doesn’t fiind the key.

94
3……………Mary finds my phone number,she will ring me up.

4……………I were you,I wouldn’t buy that car.

5.Take some money with you……………..you miss the train.

6.They will join us on the trip…………..they finish their work.

7.I wrote down her address……………..I should forget it.

8………………….they recognize him,they will call the police.

9.What will happen…………………….nobody hears us.

10.She left the lights on………………….her neighbour needed her help again.

VIII>Omit IF in the following sentences:

1.If the policeman does not show me the way to the railway station,I won’t get there in time.

2.Grannie would knit me another sweater if she had more wool.

3.What would your father say if he happened to meet you here?

4.I would have been drowned if it hadn’t been for that sailor to save me.

5.They agreed to do that only if they got paid in advance.

6.He would hear our voices if he were in the house.

7.She would have been thunderstruck if she had received such a message.

8.You will not learn English well if you don’t go to England.

9.If I had known that she was here,I would have come earlier.

10.They would be surprised if she were present.

95
11.We would go for a walk if it were not for this storm.

IX.Supply the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets,but use the following verbs in the main clause:
CAN;COULD;MAY;MIGHT,SHOULD;OUGHT TO;MUST:

1.If your brother(to have) the right qualification,he…………………be employed in this factory.
-
2.If you(to tell)her all about this,she……………………..have helped you.
-
3.If we(to fail)again,we …………………think about another job.
-
4.If Jack (to meet)this girl at a party last year,she………………..remember him now.
-
5.If it (to be) so cold now,it………………..have snowed in the mountains.
-
6.You see,if you (to learn) the lesson well,you………………..answer all the teacher’s questions now.
-
7.If Martin(to read) your article,he (to fiind) it interesting.
-
8.If your car (to be)aut of order,you…………….use mine today.
-
9.If she (to speak)so fast,they……………not understand her.
-
10.If Cathy (to work) hard,she…………….finish all the exercises by 7 o’clock.
-

X.Translate into Romanian:

1.Had I known the truth,I wouldn’t have asked her that question.

2.I would come with you tomorrow if I am free.

3.If Jane had worked harder,she could have finished her work by now.

4.Should my friend see you here,she would be delighted.

5.If this lady will wait a moment,I will ask the manager to speak to her.

6.If it were not for this noise,we could have a good rest.

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7.I gave him her phone number in case he couldn’t fiind her address.

8.What would your sister do if you didn’t wait for her at the railway station.

9.If she insists to see me,tell her that I am at my office.

10.Suppose it rains all day long!

11.Even if they promised him a large sum of money,he wouldn’t betray his country.

12.We would be very grateful to her if she would help us.

13.Providing that Alice has got a driver’s licence,she will be allowed to drive a car.

14.If I were you,I would try to understand her.

15.Your sister can stay here as long as she doesn’t interrupt us.

16.I’ll lend you my dictionary on condition you let me have it back by the end of this week.

17.You won’t improve your English unless you work harder.

18.Assuming that we are free tomorrowcan we go to the mountains?

19.Should Peter fiind that book,he would certainly buy it.

20.But for that terrible storm,we could have reached the chalet much earlier.

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XI.Translate into English:

1.Nu am putea trai daca nu ar fi oxigenul din aer.

2.Daca va fi frumos maine ,vom merge la plimbare in parc.

3.Nu m-as fi inscris la examen daca as fi stiut ca e asa greu.

4.Fara gradini si parcuri,orasul nostru ar arata dezolant.

5.Nu stiu ce am fi facut daca nu ar fi fost acest om curajos sa ne ajute.

6.Supa va avea gust mai bun daca vei adauga putina sare.

7.Daca n-ar fi cartile ,am fi cu toii ignoranti.

8.William ar fi venit cu noi in excursie daca n-ar fi fost atat de ocupat.

9.Daca nu se va grabi,nu va ajunge la timp la teatru.

10.Sunt sigur ca baietii ar intra in livada daca n-ar fi cainele acesta.

11.Ce-ar fi spus vecinuil nostru in caz ca nu ne-ar fi gasit acasa.

12.Daca sa fi in locul tau nu as conta pe ajutorul lui.

13.Daca va dori sa ne ajute,vom tarmina toata treaba in mai putin de doua ore.

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14.Ce-ar spune parintii tai daca s-ar intampla sa te intalneasca in oras in timpul orelor de clasa.

15.Iti voi imprumuta carti atata timp cat le vei restitui la timp.

16.George ar fi cumparat ziarul daca l-ar fi gasit.

17.”De-ar sti omul ce-ar pati ,dinainte s-ar pazi.”

18.Iti voi fi foarte recunoscator daca il vei ajuta.

19 Poate sa-mi ia masina cu conditia sa mi-o aduca pana la ora12.

20.Oamenii vor avea incredere in tine atata timp caty te tii de cuvant.

COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR CALITATIVE

1.COMPARATIA DE SUPERIORITATE

TIPURI DE GRADUL GRADUL GRADUL SUPERLATIV

ADJECTIVE POZITIV COMPARATIV ---------------- -----------------------
------- ABSOLUT
RELATIV
a) Scurte Fast Faster The fastest Very/rather/most
Germanice Happy Happier The fast
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Bisilabice Yellow Yellower happiest ….happy
Terminate in: Clever Cleverer The ….yellow
-y,-ow,-er,-le Gentle Gentler yellowest ….clever
The ….gentle
cleverest
The gentlest
b)Lungi,romanice intelligent More intelligent The most Very/rather/most
intelligent inteligent

c)bisilabice profound Profounder The Very/rather/most

(la alegere) More profound profoundest profound
The most
profound
d)Neregulate good better The best Very/rather/most
good

e)fara grade de Superior - - -

comparatie Unique - - -
Exceptional - - -

d)comparabile Exquisite - - Most exquisite

doar cu sine excellent - - Most excellent

2.COMPARATIA DE EGALITATE

Toate grupele AS
fast/shy/beautiful/intelligent
AS

La fel de…………….ca

3.COMPARATIA DE INEGALITATE

Toate grupele NOT AS/SO

fast/great/pleasant/agreeable
AS

Nu la fel de…………..ca

4.COMPARATIA DE INFERIORITATE

Monosilabice fast NOT SO/AS fast AS THE LEAST fast=the

(nu la fel de…ca) slowest
Polisilabice beautiful LESS beautiful THE LEAST beautiful
(mai putin frumos) =the ugliest/plainest

Nu se compara Splendid,inferior,etc

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COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR (CALITATIVE) NEREGULATE

GRADUL POZITIV GRADUL COMPARATIV GTRADUL SUPERLATIV

BAD WORSE (THE) WORST

(rau)
ILL
(bolnav,rau ticalos)

DRY DRYER THE DRYEST

(forma paralela cu DRIER) (forma paralela cu DRIEST)

FAR FARTHER THE FARTHEST

(mai indepartat,celalalt) THE FARTHERMOST
(rar folosit)

FURTHER THE FURTHEST

(suplimentar,aditional,in plus) (celalalt)

FEW FEWER (THE)FEWEST

(putini,nu destui) (mai putini) (cei mai putini)

LESS THE LEAST

(mai putini)

GOOD
BETTER (THE)BEST
WELL
(sanatos,bun,multumitor)

LATE LATER (THE)LAST

(intarziat,tarziu) (ulterior,de mai tarziu) (nu se foloseste despre oameni
in viata)
(recent,defunct,fost) =ultimul,cel din urma

LATTER (THE)LATEST
(celalalt,cel de-al doilea,acesta (nu se foloseste despre
de pe urma) ani,zile,etc)
=cel mai recent,cel mai nou

LITTLE LESS THE LEAST

(putin,mic,neinsemnat,meschin,marunt) (mai putin) (cel mai putin,cel mai
redus,cel mai putin important)
LESSER
(mai mic,mai redus,mai putin
important)
SMALLEST
SMALLER
(ca inlocuitor)
MANY
MORE (THE)MOST
MUCH

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NEAR NEARER (THE)NEAREST
(apropiat,econom,meschin) (mai apropiat) (cel mai apropiat > indica
distanta plus sensul figurat

(THE)NEXT
(urmatorul,primul care vine la
rand;al doilea>indica
ordinea ,succesiunea)

OLD OLDER (THE)OLDEST

(batran,vechi,demodat,trecut,inrait)
ELDER (THE)ELDEST
(folosit numai atributiv,despre
membrii aceleiasi
familii,grup)

SHY SHYER (THE)SHYEST

(timid,sfios,fricos,sovaielnic) (forma paralela cu SHIER) (SHIEST

SLY SLYER/SLIER (THE)SLYEST/SLIEST

(viclean,siret)

WELL-KNOWN BETTER-KNOWN (THE)BEST- KNOWN

(bine cunoscut)

WELL-OFF BETTER-OFF (THE)BEST-OFF

(instarit,bogat) (rar folosit)

MODIFICARI SOLICITATE DE CORESPONDENTA TIMPURILOR IN VORBIREA INDIRECTA

VORBIREA DIRECTA VORBIREA INDIRECTA

(DIRECT SPEECH)--------------------------------------------------------------(INDIRECT SPEECH)

AM-------------------------------------------------------------------------------WAS

ARE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------WERE

IS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------WAS

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WAS------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD BEEN

WERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD BEEN

TO BE---------------------------------------------------------------------------TO HAVE BEEN

DID----------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD DONE

DO------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DID

TO DO---------------------------------------------------------------------------------TO HAVE DONE

DOES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------DID

HAS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD

HAD------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD HAD

CAN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------COULD

DARE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------DARED

MAY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MIGHT

MIGHT-----------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD BEEN ALLOWED TO

MUST-------------------------------------------------------------------HAD TO(sau ramane MUST daca

propozitia principala si
cea secundara au acelasi
subiect)
NEED---------------------------------------------------------------------NEEDED

OUGHT------------------------------------------------------------------OUGHT(+infinitiv trecut)

SHALL-------------------------------------------------------------------SHOULD

SHOULD----------------------------------------------------------------SHOULD(+infinitiv trecut)

WILL---------------------------------------------------------------------WOULD

WOULD-----------------------------------------------------------------WOULD

USED TO----------------------------------------------------------------HAD USED TO(rar folosit)

THAT-------------------------------------------------------------------THAT

THEN-------------------------------------------------------------------THEN

THERE--------------------------------------------------------------------THERE

HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------THERE

THIS-----------------------------------------------------------------------THAT

THESE--------------------------------------------------------------------THOSE
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THOSE---------------------------------------------------------------------THOSE

TODAY---------------------------------------------------------------------ON THAT DAY

TOMORROW------------------------------------------------------------THE NEXT DAY

-----------------------------------------------------------THE FOLLOWING DAY

THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW-------------------------------IN TWO DAYS’TIME

TONIGHT------------------------------------------------------------------THAT NIGHT

YESTERDAY--------------------------------------------------------------THE DAY BEFORE

-------------------------------------------------------------THE PREVIOUS DAY

THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY---------------------------------TWO DAYS BEFORE

AGO----------------------------------------------------------------------BEFORE

NEXT---------------------------------------------------------------------THE NEXT

,EXERCISES:DIRECT / INDIRECT SPEECH

I.TURN THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1.”Sebastian is an educated man,”remarks Jane.

2.”Father isn’t feeling well,”Ann explains to her friend.

3.”When the telephone rang,I was looking out of the window,”Mark says.

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4.”I don’t think they can help me,”Eliza tells me.

5.”The taxi is waiting,”john says.

6.”We will spend the winter holiday in a camp,”the children explained.

7.”She has known me for a long time,”Tom lets me know.

8.”My brother arrived here yesterday.

9.”Whatever the future may have in store,we will never forget you,”the sick woman tells the doctor.

10.”I’m very fond of English,”says Paul.

II.FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH ASKED,TOLD OR SAID:

1.”Write these exercises,”the teacher……………………..us.

2.”I am very busy,”………………….the arhitect.
3.”Where is the museum?”the tourist………………me.
4.”What’s your name?”the policeman………………….the little child.
5.”Don’t offer to help them,”Tom……………………..her.
6.”Nobody knows the hiding-place,”Nick………………..his friend.
7.”When will the train arrive?”the stranger……………….her.
8.”Does your father work in an office?”the teacher ………………..me.
9.””How much is this coat?”the woman…………………………the shop assistant.
10.”We are going to the cinema now,”Peter……………. .

III.TURN THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1.”I am doing an exercise now,”Toma explained.

2.”My father speaks English well,”Laura told her friend.

3.”You can help her,”Arnold told Mike.

4.”My cousins are in the garden,”Lucy said.

5.”Jim wants to know if you are free today,”Sam told his sister.

6.”Constance is coming to dinner tonight,”Stella let her husband know.

7.”You play the piano very well,”I told Margaret.

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8.”I like these toys very much,”the little girl told Sanata Claus.

9.”My brother is sleeping,”Pamela explained to the guests.

10.”You have a beautiful voice,”I assured Nelly.

IV.TURN INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1./I have lost my keys,/said the little boy.

2./Our village has not been supplied with pure water yet,/the children explained.

3./I have not seen Bill for two months,/said Jack.

4./It has been very cold this winter,/said Mrs.Smith.

5./The rain has just stopped,/my brother remarked.

6./We have worked all day long,/the children told me.

7./I have known this man for ten years,/she said.

8./My sister has eaten three cakes,/said little Peter.

9./Nobody has come to help us,/the girls complained.

10./She hasn’t spoke to him since that day,/mother told me.

V.TURN INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1./I last saw her two days ago,/I explained to the policeman.
2./My sister went to the cinema on Friday,/John told me.

3.”we met Tom yesterday,/Ann and Peter remembered.

4./Mother made a good cake on my birthday,/said Tim .

5./I wrote a letter to my lawyer the day before yesterday,/Margaret said.

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6./We were going to school yesterday when we saw a house on fire,the children explained.

7./The ship started at once because the wind was blowing in the right direction/the sailor remembered.

8.I could not take photographs because the light was getting weak/,my cousin explained.

9./I met him as I was crossing the bridge,/Angela told her mother.

10./He was her two days ago,/Sue admitted.

VI.TURN INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1./We’ll know the results in a week,/they assured me.

2./My friends will be here at five o’clock,/said Paul.

3./Nobody will believe her,/William thought.

4./I hope she will remember to buy bread,/said Thomas.

5./Mary will come back next week,/June said.

6./You will feel better soon/the doctor assured the patient.

7./The train will arrive at four o’clock/,Fred let me know.

8/.My sister will hear us/,Mike told his friend.

9./The play will begin at seven o’clock,/I told my sister.

10./Our friends will come to our party/said Peter.

VII.TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH(ALL TENSES):

1./Jack wants to know if you will be here tomorrow,/I told Cathy.

107
2./My brother has been sleeping for three hours,/said Florrie.

3./They will never guess why I have come here today,/Mike told me.

4./We wrote three letters three days ago,/the children said.

5./Peter didn’t mention anything about this matter,/Alice remarked.

6./I’ll stay a moment or two loger if you don’t mind,/Jenny told me.

7.We have been working in the garden for an hour,/the boys said.

8./I didn’t go to school yesterday,/the boy admitted.

VIII.TURN INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1.”Shall I ring you up this afternoon?/I asked Mary.

2./Shall I park the car here?/the tourist wondered.

3./Shall I tell you the truth?/Jane asked me.

4./Shall I lay the table?/mother wanted to know.

5./Shall we travel by train?/the children asked me.

6./Shall I help you with this luggage?/the boy asked the girl.

7./Shall we ask the policeman how to get there?/Tom wondered.

8./Shall we try to convince her to stay a little longer?/they wondered.

IX.TURN THE FOLLOWING GENERAL QUESTIONS INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1./Do you smoke?/Lady Bracknell asked Jack.

2./Did you see this film?/Tom asked me.

108
3./Will your mother come here at five o’clock?/I asked Mary.

4./Does Lee speak French?/John wanted to know.

5./Can you translate this paragraph?/the teacher asked Henry.

6./Have you seen her recently?/Peter asked.

7./Are you enjoying yourselves?/mother asked my guests.

8./Is your sister ready?/Alice asked John.

9./Have you got a large family?/Jane wanted to know.

10./Must we leave now?/the children inquired.

X.TURN THE FOLLOWING SPECIAL QUESTIONS INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1./Who is the child?/my neighbour wanted to know.

2./Where does your father work?/the teacher asked Helen.

3./Which numbers can be divided by five?/my sister asked me.

4./What did you see there?/I asked Lucy.

5./When will these tourists fiind the path?/Jack wondered.

6./Whose pen did you borrow?/I asked my daughter.

7./How old is your friend?/John asked me.

8./How much is five and five?/,I asked the little girl.

XI.TURN THE FOLLOWING AFFIRMATIVE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES INTO THE INDIRECT

SPEECH:
1./Leave it on the table,/mother told me.

2./Wait here till she comes,/Jane advised him.

109
3./Come back at five o’clock/ my sister told me.

4./Sit down ,/the teacher told us.

5./Open all the windows ,/she told her brother.

6./Repeat the last word,/Tom asked me.

7./Turn the light off,/ father told the children.

8./Take off your coat/I advised my wife.

9./Go to the baker’s and buy some bread,/mother told my sister.

10./Learn this poem by heart,/the teacher told the pupils.

XII.TURN THE FOLLOWING NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES INTO THE INDIRECT

SPEECH:
1./Don’t shut the door,/my brother asked me.

2./Don’t forget to lock the door,/mother told Jane.

3./Don’t eat too much,/I advised my little brother.

4./Don’t drive too fast,/mother advised father.

5./Don’t make mistakes,/the teacher warned us.

6./Don’t leave the door open,/June told me.

7./Don’t ring me up at five o’clock in the morning./,I asked my friend.

8./Don’t answer the telephone,/the thief warned the clerk.

9./Don’t park the car here ,/the policeman told Peter.

10./Don’t sell your car,/she advised him.

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XIII.TURN INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:
1./Let’s wait for Jane here,/Mike said.

2./Let’s go by bus this time,/David suggested.

3./Let’s not go fishing today,/Mike said.

4./Let’s invite the Browns to dinner,/mothet said.

5./Let’s not tell him the secret yet,/Jack said.

6./Let’s play football this afternoon,/my friends suggested.

7./Let’s not discuss these matters today,/James suggested.

8./Let’s pay them a visit tomorrow,/she told me.

XIV.TURN THE FOLLOWING IMPERATIVE SENTENCES INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH::

1./Cash this check for me,/I asked my friend.

2./Let’s not go to school today,/Paul told his sister.

3./Don’t cross the street without looking carefully,/the policeman warned the children.

4./Buy a newspaper please,/father asked his daughter.

5./Don’t make so much noise,/the old woman told the children.

6./See who is at the window,/I told my brother.

7./Let’s sing this song again,/said the girls.

8./Don’t write your test paper in pencil,/the teacher told us.

9./Hold little paul by his hand,/mother advised me.

10./Don’t let the children go swimming by themselves,/mother told father.

111
11./Wait until the light turns green,/I reminded my daughter.

12./Don’t use more sugar than necessary,/Mary told her daughter.

XV.TURN THE FOLLOWING EXCLAMATIONS INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH:

1./My goodness,I’ve got lost!?

2.What a glorious view!

3.What terrible weather!

4.What a silly girl you are!

5.Heavens!It’s cold!

6.Damn!I can’t fiind my glasses!

7.Hello!Who are you looking for?

8.Oh dear!I have broken my leg!

9.Look aut!There is a man coming!

10.Ugh!How I hate going there!

11.For goodness sake,stop that noise!

12.Good morning!How are you?

XVI.TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH(REVISION):

A.1./What will you say to her now?/Dorothy asked me.

2.Read the instructions carefully,/the clerk advise me.

3.It’s difficult to say who is right,/Paul said to his sister.

4./Don’t tell them anything about this,/I advised Mary.

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5.Will she have enough money to buy that house?/I wondered.

6./Did you find her in the classroom?/I asked Tom.

7./Does your mother know that you are here?/I asked him.

8./My goodness!I’ve lost my gloves!?

9.I will read the book if she gives it to me,/I explained to him.

10.Where are your friends going now?/I asked Helen.

11./Let’s tell her the secret now,/Dan suggested.

12./Have you ever been to Egypt?/Roger asked his friend.

13./How many brothers have you?/Mary asked me.

14./Good-bye and see you soon!

15./Can I go to the cinema with you tomorrow?/Brian asked his sister.

16./Help me,please!”

17./Do you like my new dress?/Catherine asked her sister.

18./Would you mind showing me the way to the bank?/I asked an old lady.

19./Give my kindest regards to your parents,/I told Julia.

20./What about going fishing tomorrow?/George asked me.

B.1.”What’s the time?”Peter asked mother.

„It will be seven soon.Have you finish your breakfast children?”
„Yes,we finished it five minutes ago,”Peter answered.

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„Don’t forget to take this book to the library today.And hurry to school now!”mother advised her
children.
„Let’s take a bus,”Mary suggested,”or we shall be late for school.”
„Let’s.”

XVII.TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES FROM THE INDIRECT SPEECH INTO THE DIRECT
SPEECH:

1.I told him that I was tired.

2.That woman wanted to know what my name was and where I lived.

3.Betsy told Arnold that she was very grateful to him.

4.Helen advised me to take a taxi to the railway station.

5.Mike decided that he would go to London the next day.

6.David said that his parents were coming that afternoon.

114
7.The teacher told us to open our notebooks and to do that exercise.

8.The little child wished me a good morning.

9.Bob explained that he had never seen her there.

10.Mother said that it might rain that afternoon.

11.Mrs.Robinson wnodered whether her sister managed to catch the plain.

12.She advised me not to leave so early.

13.She gave an exclamation of surprise and kissed her brother.

14.Aunt Hester said she would call on us in a day or two.

15.I asked the boy if he was not homesick sometimes.

XVIII.TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING TEXT INTO ENGLISH AND THEN TURN IT INTO THE
INDIRECT SPEECH:

„Domnul sef se uita de mai multe ori,cand la flacau.cand la banii din portofel si dupa o lunga tacere
intreba:
-Mai era cineva cu tine?
-Nimeni.
-Ai spus la altii?
-La nimeni.Am venit p-ici pe poteca din dos,drept la dumneavoastra.
Domnul sef tace ,apoi:
-Ia asculta ,ma Niculita,parca asa te cheama…
-Asa.
-Sa nu mai spui la nimeni,pana nu s-o ivi pagubasul,ca te aude spunand cum e portofelul si se scoala
vreunul si zice ca el l-a pierdut,fara sa-l fi pierdut el.Nici ma-ti,nici lui tat’tu sa nu le spui pana nu se arata
pagubasul,auzi?
-Auz!
-Bine ai facut ca l-ai adus,bravo!Esti baiat cinstit.Si sa stii c-o sa spui eu pagubasului sa te cinsteasca
frumos.Niculaita o porneste spre usa;dar cand e in prag,domnul sef,gandindu-se la procesul verbal ce va
trebui sa-l scrie,il mai intreaba:
-Cum te cheama pe tine?
-Gropescu Niculae.
-Carte stii?
-Stiu…”
(I.Al.Bratescu-Voinesti,Niculaita Minciuna)

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Traducere:

116