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Experimental Report 5 Fixed

1) The experiment investigated the propagation properties of microwaves, including straight-line propagation, penetration through materials, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and polarization. 2) Key results showed that microwaves propagate best in a straight line, can penetrate dry materials but are mostly absorbed or reflected by conductors, and exhibit properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference and polarization consistent with electromagnetic wave theory. 3) Analysis of standing microwave waves between two slots determined the wavelength of the microwaves to be 34 ± 2.45 mm, corresponding to a frequency of (8.82 ± 0.64) × 109 Hz.

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93 views

Experimental Report 5 Fixed

1) The experiment investigated the propagation properties of microwaves, including straight-line propagation, penetration through materials, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and polarization. 2) Key results showed that microwaves propagate best in a straight line, can penetrate dry materials but are mostly absorbed or reflected by conductors, and exhibit properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference and polarization consistent with electromagnetic wave theory. 3) Analysis of standing microwave waves between two slots determined the wavelength of the microwaves to be 34 ± 2.45 mm, corresponding to a frequency of (8.82 ± 0.64) × 109 Hz.

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Lại Đăng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Experimental Report 5

INVESTIGATION OF TRANSMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC


WAVE (MICROWAVE)

Class: Verification of the instructors


Group:
Name:

I. Experiment Motivation
Evaluate both qualitative and quantitative results of transmitting and receiving microwave.

II. Experimental Results


1. Investigation of straight-line propagation of microwaves
Observation:
● When the receiver is align with the rail (the transmitter and receiver are facing each other),
the volt-meter shows the maximum value.
● When the receiver move far from the rail (in a plane perpendicular to the rail), the value of
volt-meter decreases.

Conclusion:
 Microwave propagates best in straight line.

2. Investigation of penetration of microwaves


Observation:
 When a dry absorption plate (electrical insulator) is put between transmitter and receiver,
the volt-meter slightly decrease

Conclusion:
● Microwave can penetrate through the dry absorption plate.
● Not all of the microwave will penetrate through the dry absorption plate, a part of them will
be absorbed by the absorption plate.

3. Investigation of screening and absorption of microwaves

Observation:
 When a reflection plate (electrical conductor) is put between transmitter and receiver, the
volt-meter shows a value that very small compared to the value when the absorb plate is
absent. In this case, the volt-meter show a value approximate 0 (0.01).
Conclusion:
 Most of microwave will not go through the reflection plate.

4. Investigation of reflection of microwaves

Observation:

Reflector angle (o) Incidence angle (o)


30
40
50
60

 When the arrow is the bisector of 2 rails (the reflector angle is equal to the incidence angle),
the volt-meter shows maximum value.

Conclusion:
 Microwave reflects best when perpendicular bisector of the reflection plate is the bisector
of an angle created by the transmitter and receiver.
 When the microwave reflects, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

5. Investigation of refraction of microwaves


Observation:
 When the angle created by 2 rails is 27o , the volt-meter shows the maximum value.
 Asturning the receiver to different angle, the value of volt-meter decreases.

Conclusion:
 Microwave refracts best with angle of 27o
6. Investigation of diffraction of microwaves
Observation:
 When the single slit plane is put in the rail, the value on the volt metter increase
 When the plate is between the probe and the transmitter, the value on the volt meter is
approximate 0.
 When the probe is moved on the horizontal plane, the value slightly increase
Conclusion:
Microwaves has diffraction properties.
7. Investigation of interference of microwaves

Observation:

 When the probe is moved parallel to the plate, the value on the volt meter is oscillating.
Number of maxima = 3
Conclusion: Microwave has property of interference.
8. Investigation of polarization of microwaves
Observation:
When the grating is aligned horizontally, the value on the volt meter is slightly decreasing
When the grating is aligned vertically, the value on the volt meter is approx. zero
When the grating is aligned at 45 o, the value on the volt meter is higher than vertical case,
but lower than horizontal case

Conclusion:
 When we put a polarization grating between transmitter and receiver, the microwave
(electromagnetic) will be polarized as shown in fig 1.

Because the vertical wave is electric wave, and the receiver’s signal we receiver is Voltage.
Therefore:
 With vertical polarization grating, only the vertical wave can go through. The receiver’s
signal is big.
 With horizontal polarization grating, only the horizontal wave can go through. The
receiver’s signal is very small (approximate to 0).
 With 45o inclined polarization grating, a part of vertical wave and horizontal wave can go
through. The receiver’s signal is smaller than when we use vertical polarization grating and
bigger than when we use horizontal polarization grating.

9. Determining wavelength of standing waves


x2(mm) d(mm)
Trial x1(mm)
1 125 140 15

2 155 175 20

3 195 210 15

4 225 240 15

5 240 260 20

5
1
x́= ∑ x =17(mm)
5 i=1 i
x
5

∑ (¿¿ i− x́ )2
i=1
=2(mm)
3
∆ x= √ ¿
λ́=2× x=2 ×17=34( mm)

∆ λ=∆ x=2 .45( mm)

Hence

λ= λ́ ± ∆ λ=34 ± 2.45(mm)

Frequency of the microwave:

c 3 ×10 8
f= = =8.82 ×10 9 ( Hz )
λ 34 ×10 −3

∆ f = f́
√( ∆ λ 2 ∆c 2
λ́ ) ( )
+
c
=0.64 ×109 ( Hz)

f =f ± ∆ f =(8.82 ±0.64) ×10 9 ( Hz )

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