Basic terms and concepts

1.What’s DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

2. What’s double helix structure? the description of the structure of a DNA molecule
3. What’s gene? the heredity traits that transmit from generation to generation as discrete
unit
4. What’s allele? different form of gene
5. What’s genetics? The medical specialty about the gene, genetic variation and heredity in
living organism
6. Who’s the Father of Genetics? Gregor Mendel

7. Why do we study genetics? help you understand your own health and make healthy choices. From the
use of DNA in court cases to the discovery of new therapies for genetic
diseases, a thorough understanding of the human genome can have
important medical, social and legal impacts.
8. What are the major areas of Molecular Biology / Biochemistry
research in genetics? Cell Biology
Biophysics / Structural Biology
Developmental Biology
Plant Biology
Neurobiology
Bioinformatics
Evolutionary / Quantitative Biology
Genome Biology
9. What are the historical origins Modern genetics began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor
of modern genetics? Johann Mendel. His work on pea plants, published in 1866, described
what came to be known as Mendelian inheritance.
10. What are the features A model organism is a species that has been widely studied, usually
geneticists look for in an because it is easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting and has
experimental organism? particular experimental advantages. Modelorganisms are non-human
species that are used in the laboratory to help scientists understand
biological processes.
11. What’s phenotype? Phenotypes refers to the traits an individual actually shows

12. What’s genotype? Genotype refers to an individual’s the “genetic potential” of what type of
gene he/she carries
13. What’s dominant trait? A dominant trait is an inherited characteristic that appears in an
offspring if it is contributed from a parent through a dominant allele
14. What’s recessive trait? A recessive trait is a trait that is expressed when an organism has
two recessive alleles, or forms of a gene.
15. What define homozygous If the individual has different allele for a gene pair, that individual is
and heterozygous individual? heterozygous for that gene. If the individual has the same allele from each
parent, that individual is homozygous for that gene.
16. What’s wild-type? In genetics, the wild-type organisms serve as the original
parent strain before a deliberate mutation is introduced (for research) so
that geneticists can use them as reference to compare the naturally
occurring genotypes and phenotypes of a given species against those of
the deliberately mutated counterparts.
17. What’s cross-pollination/ the transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma ofanother
crossing? flower by the action of wind, insects, etc
the term "crossing over" refers to a process by which a pair of
chromosomes aligns closely to each other and swap segments of DNA
 containing genes during replication. Crossing over is also known as
genetic recombination.
18. What’s Mendelian A type of biological inheritance that conforms to the set of principles
inheritance? of Gregor Mendel regarding the transmission of genetic characters from
parent organisms to their offspring through his scientific and cautious
breeding experiments on pea plants
19. What’s known as Genetic transmission is the transfer of genetic information from genes to
transmission genetics? another generation (from parent to offspring), almost synonymous
with heredity,[1] or from one location in a cell to another.
20. What’s population? a population is all the organisms of the same group or species, which live
in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding
21. What’s Mendel’s first rule/ Law of independent segregation. The members of each pair of allele
Mendel’s rule of segregation? separate or segregate during the formation of gamete. Only one allele can
be carried in a single gamete.
22. What’s dihybrid and
(1) The offspring of a dihybrid cross, i.e. a genetic cross involving two
trihybrid? gene loci, each with two different alleles
(2) An individual heterozygous for two gene loci of interest

23. What’s gene segregation?

Chromosome segregation is the process in eukaryotes by which two
sister chromatids formed as a consequence of DNA replication, or
paired homologous chromosomes, separate from each other and migrate
to opposite poles of the nucleus. This segregation process occurs during
both mitosis and meiosis.
24. What’s Mendel’s second Law of independent assortment stated that the allele of two(or
rule/ Mendel’s rule of more)different gene get sorted to a gamete independently of one another.
independent assortment?

25. What’s parental? pertaining to the sequence of generations preceding the filial generation,
each generation being designated by a P followed by a subscript number
indicating its place in the sequence.
26. What’s progeny? a descendant or offspring, as a child, plant, or animal.

27. What’s backcross test? To cross a hybrid (i.e. offspring of the F1 generation) with its parent

28. What’s probability? Probability is used to measure the chances or likelihood of an event to
occur, a hypothesis being correct, or a scientific prediction being true. In
biology, it is used in predicting the outcome of a genetic cross or of
a random experiment.
29. What’s Chi-square?

30. What’s degree of freedom

(df)?

31. What’s pedigree analysis?

32. What’s inbreeding?

33. What’s consanguineous

marriage?

34. What’s syndrome?

35. What’s pleiotropic?

36. What’s albinism?

37. What’s Huntington disease?

38. What’s Marfan syndrome?

39. What’s chromosome?

40. What’s cytology?

41. What’s somatic cells?

42. What’s nucleus?

43. Who’s Thomas Hunt Morgan?

44. What are the physical events
that occur during the growth and
division of a eukaryotic cell?
45. What are the physical events
that occur during mitosis and
meiosis?
46. How does chromosome
division and segregation during
meiosis provide the physical
basis for Mendel’s Rules of Gene
Inheritance?
47. What’s the evidence that
genes reside on chromosomes,
and how does this explain the
production of Mendel’s
phenotypic ratios?
48. What are the roles of the sex
chromosomes in determining the
sex of animals?
49. What’s somatic cell cycle?
50. What are the 3 stages in
somatic cell cycle?
51. RNA and proteins are
synthesized starting from which
phase?
52. What’s G-zero (G0) state?
53. What’s sister chromatids?
54. What’s centromere?
55. What’s mitosis?
56. What’s centrioles?
57. What’s asters?
58. What’s the mitotic spindle?
59. What’s kinetochore?
 60. What are the stages in
mitosis?
61. What’s cytokinesis?
62. What’s cell plate?
63. What’s karyotype?
64. What’s telomere?
65. What’ satellites?
66. What’s constitutive
heterochromatin?
67. What’s facultative
heterochroromatin?
68. What’s ultraviolet light?
69. What are Q bands?
70. What are G bands?
71. What dyes are?
72. What’s p-arm?
73. What’s q arm?
74. What’s chromosomal
abnormalities?
75. What’s ploidy?
76. What’s haploid?
77. What’s diploid?
78. What’s polyploidy?
79. What’s meiosis?
80. Describe medical relevance
of mitosis and meiosis.
81. Give a brief definition of
each of the following pairs of
terms. For each pair, give one
similarity between them. a.
leptotene and pachytene b.
synaptonemal complex and
chiasma c. tetrad and bivalent
82. What’s X chromosome
inactivation in female mammals?
83. What’s Barr body?
84. What’s XIST gene?