Geometry

Week 4
Sec 2.5 to ch. 2 test

section 2.5

Polygons and Convexity

Definitions:

convex set – has the property that any two of its

points determine a segment contained
in the set

concave set – a set that is not convex

concave concave convex convex concave

Definitions:
polygon – a simple closed curve that consists only of
segments

side of a polygon – one of the segments that defines

the polygon

vertex – the endpoint of the side of a polygon

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angle of a polygon – an angle with two properties:
1) its vertex is a vertex of the polygon
2) each side of the angle contains a
side of the polygon

polygon not a not a polygon

polygon (called a polygonal curve)

Definitions:

polygonal region – a polygon together with its interior

equilateral polygon – all sides have the same length

equiangular polygon – all angels have the same
measure
regular polygon – both equilateral and equiangular

Example: A square is equilateral, equiangular,

and regular.
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diagonal – a segment that connects 2 vertices but is
not a side of the polygon

C
B C
B D

A D A E
AC is a diagonal AC is a diagonal
AB is not a diagonal AD is a diagonal
AB is not a diagonal

Notation: It does not matter which vertex you start

with, but the vertices must be listed in
order.

Above, we have square ABCD and pentagon ABCDE.

interior of a convex polygon – the intersection of the

interiors of is angles

exterior of a convex polygon – union of the exteriors

of its angles
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 Polygon Classification

Number of sides Name of polygon

3 triangle
4 quadrilateral
5 pentagon
6 hexagon
7 heptagon
8 octagon
9 nonagon
10 decagon
11 hendecagon
12 dodecagon
n n-gon

Sample problem:

Classify each and tell whether it is concave or convex

hexagon, quadrilateral, octagon,

concave convex concave

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Question: If a diagonal of a polygon intersects the
exterior of the polygon, what can you
conclude?
answer: it is concave

Problem: Draw a polygon with a diagonal that

intersects both the interior and exterior

A B

section 2.6

Subsets of Space
We have talked about subsets of planes (curves,
lines, polygons, regions, etc.) and now we will look at
the subsets of space.

Definitions:

surface – a connected set of points in space having

only the thickness of a point.

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sphere – a surface in space consisting of the set of all
points at a given distance from a given point

center – the given point

radius – a segment that connects a point of the

sphere with the center

Definitions:

closed surface – surface with a finite size that divides

other points in space into an interior
and exterior

solid – the union of a closed surface and its interior

Sample Problem:

List balls that are spheres and those that are

spherical solids.

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Spheres Spherical Solids
basketballs bowling balls
tennis balls softballs
racquetballs croquet balls
ping-pong balls golf balls
soccer balls medicine balls
volleyballs billiard balls
beach balls marbles
Nerf balls
pinballs

Definitions:

cone – the union of a region and all segments that

connect the boundary of the region with a
specific noncoplanar point called the vertex.

cylinder – the union of 2 regions of the same size and

shape in different parallel planes, and the
set of all segments that join corresponding
points on the boundaries of the region.
lateral
surface
(face)

lateral
edge
bases
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Types of cylinders and cones:

A cylinder or a cone is circular if each base is a circle.

A prism is a cylinder with polygonal regions as bases.

A pyramid is a cone with a polygonal region as its

base.

**Note: Cones and cylinders do not have to have

circular regions as their bases.

How to classify cylinders and cones:

right cone – has vertex centered above the base

oblique cone – a cone that’s not right.

oblique right

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right prism – segments forming the lateral surface
stand at right angles to the base

oblique prism – one that is not right

right oblique

A pyramid or prism is regular if it is right and its base

is a regular polygon.

*You can not have a regular circular cone or cylinder.

Sample Problems:

1. Sketch a right prism that is not a regular prism.

2. Sketch a cone that is neither a circular cone nor a
pyramid.
3. Sketch a solid cylinder that is not a right cylinder
and has 4 lateral faces.

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 section 2.7

Polyhedra
Prisms and pyramids differ from spheres because
they have flat faces. These closed surfaces are
called polyhedra.

Definitions:

polyhedron – a closed surface made up of polygonal

regions

face of a polyhedron – one of the polygonal regions

that form the surface of the polyhedron

face of a polyhedron – one of the polygonal regions

that form the surface of the polyhedron

Special Names of Polyhedra

Number of Faces Names

4 tetrahedron
5 pentahedron
6 hexahedron
7 heptahedron
8 octahedron
10 decahedron
12 dodecahedron
20 icosahedron
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Questions:

1. What is a polyhedron that is also a cone?

a pyramid

2. What is a polyhedron that is also a cylinder?

a prism

Definitions:

simple polyhedron – a polyhedron with no “hole” in it

regular polyhedron – a convex polyhedron having 2

properties:
1. all faces are identical
2. the same number of edges
meet at each vertex

Example of a regular polyhedron: dice

convex – the segment connecting any 2 points in the

polyhedron is part of the polyhedron

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 Chapter 2 review:
Note: These words apply to several figures:

interior, exterior
right, oblique
side, vertex
regular
simple

For the test:

1. Identify figures, using proper symbols.
2. Identify plane figures. Be specific.
3. Identify space figures. Be specific.
4. Questions about definitions and theorems
5. Questions referring to figures given

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Chapter 2 vocabulary:

angle hexahedron
angle of a triangle icosahedron
arc interior
bases (cone or cylinder) lateral (edge, face, surface)
between n-gon
boundary of a region nonagon
center (circle, sphere) oblique
chord octagon
circle octahedron
circular (cone or cylinder) opposite (half-planes, rays)
closed (curve, surface) origin
concave pentagon
cone pentahedron
convex polygon
cylinder polygonal region
curve polyhedron
decagon prism
decahedron pyramid
diagonal of a polygon quadrilateral
diameter radius (circle, sphere)
dodecagon ray
dodecahedron region
edge (half-plane, polyhedron) regular
end point right
equiangular segment
equilateral sides
exterior simple (curve, closed curve)
face of a polyhedron simple polyhedron
half-line solid
half-plane sphere
hendecagon surface
heptagon tetrahedron
heptahedron triangle
hexagon vertex
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