ENERGY STORAGE

María Soledad Meza Carrillo ∗

Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo

School of Industrial Engineering

[email protected]

March 30, 2019

I. INTRODUCTION

Energy and storage are vital related to compression of the air, not only in the field
of industry but in various other sectors such as automation and industrial facilities.
Various forms of energy can be stored in periods when the availability of these are of
larger volume and demand is small storing energy for later use.
Within the system of energy storage are various technologies such as heat pumps,
these systems are based on cycles designed for both those powered by heat and
those driven work, these technologies provide economic alternatives for heat recov-
ery which may be used in various applications such as industrial, commercial and
residential.
One of the most interesting technologies is the generation of electricity through the
compressed air storage, it is considered an interesting alternative from an economic
point of view, the compressed air is stored and expands into a turbine coupled to an
electrical generator.
The CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage), air at high pressures stored in natural
deposits such as caves, mines, etc; It is an ecological, economical alternative clean and
∗ CODIGO: 2047

1
 ENERGY STORAGE

even despite its large applications such as in Germany with the construction of a 290
MW capacity is little known.
The compressed air is divided into two, air service and instrument air, one of the
parameters that stand the pressure, therefore the connection with the constant pres-
sure by which operate the compressors and turbines for the storage system it will
be referred compressed air energy determining the efficiency with which the system
works, this being limited.
For determining efficiency calculations will be shown below be made as a result the
percentage of loading and unloading system, for which Exergy analysis will also be
obtained.

II. DEVELOPING

The first parameter to be considered within a system of energy storage is the abil-
ity to generate power in environmental conditions and high reliability, this issue has
become a major challenge since, to develop it will have to consider environmental
factors related to times of the year, also solar intermittency.
You need to know the classification of storage systems according to their ability, are
divided into high power and high energy, as shown in Table 1, if treated in high
power systems must ensure quality and continuity of energy; while the high energy
the main objective is storing energy for later distribution when there is no power
generation.

Electricity can only be stored once converted into any other type of energy,

EII 2
 ENERGY STORAGE

according to the laws of physics, it is common knowledge the existence of electro-

magnetic mechanical energy, chemical and.
According to the types of energy, it has been classified into three groups allowed
storage technologies; within which are cited: mechanical storage systems, storage
systems and electromagnetic systems chemical storage.
It is considered within the systems of mechanical storage as the most prominent sys-
tems pumping water, better known as PHES (Pumped- Hydro Energ Storage) thereof
which raise the water pumping deposits found in the height so that subsequently the
water turbine for a given time.
Similarly they stand, the CAES, mentioned above, by injecting compressed air instead
of water in underground reservoirs and the flywheels FESS (Flywheel Energy Storage
Systems), the same stored energy to generate high speeds for rotating mass rolling.
Among the technologies we find heat pumps (HP) offering one of the most closely
related to the greenhouse effect, global warming and rising fuel costs, solutions such
mature technology will be of great interest because it represents a means energy re-
covery.
Thus heat pumps become a key component with great potential for energy savings,
with the passage of time, efforts have improved system efficiency by 20 por ciento,
also related to hybrid systems HP it can be used in wider applications.
You can be stated several applications for heat pumps, including desalination is,
which allows the whole sea water to fresh water using thermal energy by heat pumps;
geothermal energy, providing heating, air conditioning or hot water by a heat pump
ground source (GSHP), also drying, cogeneration, among other applications.
The above technologies help meet the main objective of energy storage, the load lev-
eling, especially for the widespread use of intermittent renewable energy, one of the
methods or technologies considered promising is CAES energy storage compressed
air .
compressors and turbines is adopted by the energy storage system of compressed air
to operate under the same constant pressure ratio, yielding a limited efficiency.
To improve the efficiency of a CAES system would amend the operating pressure ra-
tio by controlling the opening or closing valves between turbines and valves between
compressors through a thermodynamic analysis and calculations can be analyzed

EII 3
 ENERGY STORAGE

discharge efficiency.
Discharge efficiency is analyzed and calculated for adiabatic CAES, ie those in which
there is no heat exchange, and in systems 500 kW has been achieved a reduction
in power consumption of the compressor by 12 por ciento comparing those systems
with variable pressure ratio and those of constant pressure, CAES represents a critical
technology so that one of its factors to analyze subsurface geology is.
CAES scale depends subsurface geology suitable for micro-CAES exergy analysis are
made to improve system efficiency; introducing several innovative and efficiency im-
provement ideas you might get an effective system for distributed power grids.
A micro-CAES system could be a combination that provides energy storage, gener-
ation with various heat sources and a heating and cooling cycle air, with a density
feasible for storing distributed energy and good efficiency energy.
For better efficiencies related to exergy concepts must be handled nearly isothermal
compression and expansion also based on the model Hugenroth.
Each process places a constant flow in a stable state, modeled exploring behavior
with an approach to flooding processes compression and isothermal expansion. The
concept of thermal expansion and compression can be applied to micro-CAES high
efficiency systems, for an ideal gas with constant heat and compression process in
thermal equilibrium with an incompressible.

III. CONCLUSIÓN

At present environmental pollution is one of the most important global issues, so

have developed innovative ideas technologies friendly to the environment and some
of them have become good economic alternatives.
Energy storage is one of the techniques with a large number of applications, through
the conversion of energy, whether mechanical, chemical or electromagnetic, among
the most important energy storage is compressed air.
The electric power consumed by the compressed air can be saved without reducing
the total mass of air stored, the operation mode variable pressure ratio is suitable for
traditional ESC systems and CAES systems large.

EII 4
 ENERGY STORAGE

IV. REFERENCIAS

[1] D. Ignacio Cruz, RBLE. Energy unit. (26 September 2008). ENERGY STOR-
AGE TECHNOLOGIES. Retrieved from http://menteocupada.com/energia/energia-
almacenar-tecnologias-de-almacenamiento-de-energia.pdf

[2] Qing He **, GL (2018). A compressed air energy storage System with varying
pressure ratio. ELSEVIER.

[3] Javier A. Guacaneme, DV (2014). REVIEW OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

CHARACTERISTICS OF APPLICATIONS FOR MICROGRID. Bogotá, Colombia: Dis-
trict University of Bogotá, Research Laboratory Alternative Energy Sources, Faculty
of Engineering.

[4] KJ Chua *, SC (2010). Advances in heat pump systems: A review. ELSEVIER.

[5] Second, HB (29 March 2015). Energy storage technologies, the future of energy
efficiency? Foundation obtained for energy and environmental efficiency:
http://www.f2e.es/es/tecnologias-de-almacenamiento-de-energia-el- futuro-de-la-eficiencia-
energetica

[6] YM Kim, *. D. (2009). Energy and exergy analysis of a micro-compressed air

energy storage and air cycle. ELSEVIER.

EII 5