OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

CAREER PATHWAYS IN TECHNOLOGY AND

LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION (CP-TLE)
Industrial Arts I
Drafting Technology

Module 3: Process and Delivery in Lettering

Quarter I: Production of Signages

The practical purpose of lettering is to make written language visible and

understandable therefore, it must communicate thoughts and ideas. Good lettering
should impart a feeling of unity, uniqueness and beauty that will impress and attract the
viewer. This module will lead you through various lettering techniques necessary in
providing/producing quality and marketable lettered products/services.

Unique, creative and attractive signage is a product of a well conceptualized job

done by a skilled letter artist.

“Assuring the quality of a signages guarantees marketability and profitability.”

1
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

EXPLORE YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Now, let us see how well you are familiar with the process on how lettered
products such as signages are made by professional letter artists. This phase will also
assess your understanding on the concepts and underlying principles of process and
delivery in lettering because at the end of this module, you are expected to produce/
provide quality and marketable lettered products and services.
Guide Questions:

1. What are the different drawing instruments and materials used in the production of
signages?
2. As a letter artist, why is it necessary to learn the different letter styles, its uses and
importance?
3. Given a list of lettering tasks, how would you determine the appropriate materials
and styles of letters to use?
4. Is there a need to be familiar with the proper letter strokes? Why or why not?
5. What other lettering medium do you want to use in performing lettering jobs?
6. What is the first thing that you should consider in conceptualizing lettering tasks?
7. Why do you need to know the size, proportion and spacing of letters?
8. Why is it important to prepare a project plan in the production of signage’s?
9. How do you intend to develop your lettering skills?
10.What other lettering techniques would you like to learn? Why?

Why does one need to assure the quality, profitability and marketability of
signages?

Pre-Assessment

Now that you are aware of the things that you are supposed to do, I think you
are now excited and ready to move on to the next phase. The exploratory phase deals
with how well you know the topics on: the order of letter strokes, proportion, spacing,
composition and styles of letters. Have some fun in answering the assessment
prepared for you. But be sure to answer them honestly.

2
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Pre- Test
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Choose the correct
answer from the given options. Write your answer in your notebook.

1. This is the way letters are done in freehand.

a. Designing b. Lettering c. Printing d. Planning
2. This is the proportion of letters used when the space for lettering is enough.
a. Normal b. Extended c. Compressed d. Lowercase
3. We have different letters in the alphabet, which do you think is the widest?
a. A b. M c. O d. W
4. Based on the order of letter strokes, which of the following letter does not belong to
the group?
a. B b. K c. O d. R
5. It is the proportion of letters used when the space for lettering is limited.
a. Normal b. Extended c. Compressed d. Lowercase
6. Letters is composed of different strokes, which of the letters has the
most number of strokes.
a. B b. G c. R d. S
7. It is in this guideline where all the letters rest or stand.
a. base line b. cap line c. drop line d. waist line
8. Among the different styles of letters, which is the most artistic?
a. gothic letters b. italics letters c. roman letters d. text letters
9. This is the type of speedball pens commonly used in drawing gothic letters.
a. style A or B b. style C or D c. style A or D d. style B or C
10. This is the guideline that regulates the descender of the lowercase letters.
a. base line b. cap line c. drop line d. drop line
11. You were ask to make warning signs with letters having accented strokes and
made up of thick and thin stems, which styles of letters are you going to use?
a. gothic letters b. italics letters c. roman letters d. text letters
12. Given a chance to letter few words on a bigger space, what proportion of
letters will you use?
a. normal b. extended c. compressed d. lowercase
13. This is the simplest style of letters that is why it is commonly used in
business outdoor advertisements.
a. gothic letters b. italics letters c. roman letters d. text letters
14. This is the type of guidelines that terminates ascender parts of the lowercase
letters.
a. base line b. cap line c. drop line d. waist line

3
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

15. Letters can be written also in inclined position and they are classified as
a. gothic letters b. italics letters c. roman letters d. text letters

A. Diagnostic Assessment

Name: ___________________________ Date: _________________

Year & Section: ___________________ Teacher: _________________

Directions: Below are basic knowledge in lettering. Assess yourself using the
competencies listed below by putting a check mark (√) on Yes column if you possess
the competency and to the No column if you don’t.

Knowledge Yes No Remarks

1. Do you have any idea what lettering is all about?

2. Have you experienced making simple signage?

3. Do you have knowledge on how size, proportion

and spacing of letters are applied?

4. Are you familiar with the different drawing

instruments and materials used in lettering?

5. Do you have knowledge on how letters are sketched?

6. Are you familiar with the different letter styles and

their uses?

7. Do you know the different guidelines used in

lettering?

4
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

B. Performance Assessment

Name: ______________________________ Date: ______________

Year & Section: ______________________ Teacher: ____________________

Directions: Below are the basic skills in lettering. Assess yourself by putting check
mark (√) on the column Yes or No, then provide simple remarks at the end.

Skills Yes No Remarks

I can…

1. sharpen drawing pencils properly

2. use different lettering mediums

3. perform order of strokes of each letters

accurately

4. identify appropriate letter styles for

specific tasks

5. use appropriate guidelines when

lettering

6. produce quality signage’s

7. practice safety work habits

8. display positive attitude when lettering

5
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

C. Drawing Instruments and Materials used in Lettering

Name: _______________________________ Date: ________________

Year & Section: _____________________ Teacher: __________________

Directions: Try to identify the different lettering instruments and materials in column A.
Use the list at the bottom as your guide. Write them in column B. (Use your notebook).

Column A Column B

1. ______________________________

2. ______________________________

3. ______________________________

4. ______________________________

5. ______________________________

6. ______________________________

6
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
C.1. List of drawing instruments and materials in lettering.

a. Speedball pens d. Lettering brush

b. Erasing shield e. Paints
c. Drawing pencil f. Speedball holder

How do you find the pre-assessment? Has the exploratory phase enlightened
something in you as would be letter artist? Now, let’s proceed to the next phase.
Additional lessons and experiences will surely firm up your understanding about
lettering

FIRM UP YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Lesson 1: Order of Strokes in Lettering

The illustration above clearly shows how letters are developed based on its purpose.
Any person can learn to letter properly as long as he wants and is willing to know
the necessary skills that one must acquire in lettering. Developing the craft is not all that

7
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
it takes to become a great letter artist. One must be creative innovative and sensitive to
market demands.
In the given illustration below, analyze how the letters of the alphabet are formed.
The numbered arrows indicate the pen’s direction as you layout the letters.

Before you proceed to the next activity, I would like you to observe the signage below.
Take note of how the letters were made. Do you think this was done by a professional
letter artist? ____________________________________________________________

8
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Why? _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Now, given the opportunity, would you be able to do the same or even do it
better?________________________________________________________________
How?_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

9
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
After observing the given illustrations, how would you compare the manner you
write the letters and the manner they are written in the illustrations? Try to determine
the similarities and differences using the given graphic organizer below.

Suggested Activity: Compare and Contrast

Subject: The manner sample

illustrations were done

Comparison
Alley

Differences

Differences

Similarities

Subject: The manner you write

these letters

10
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
The following techniques in letter strokes must be observed to come up with a quality
and marketable lettered products and services. You have to learn each technique to
ensure success as would be letter artist.

 The six (6) fundamental strokes in lettering are illustrated below. Try to
visualize them because you will be using them later as you start your lettering
tasks.

5 6
3 1 4

a. Vertical letter strokes

3 1 5
6
4
2

b. Inclined letter strokes

 Strokes in Lettering
1. Horizontal strokes are drawn from left to right.

11
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
2. Vertical strokes are drawn downward.

3.Inclined strokes (diagonal) are drawn downward.

3. Curved strokes are drawn downward.

1 2

Suggested Activity:

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________

Year & Section: _________________ Teacher: __________________

Directions: Practice the following freehand line exercises on the space below. First two
lines were done for you. Observe accuracy and work on it diligently. You may place
your drawing in your notebook.

12
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Vertical line Horizontal line Inclined to the left

Inclined to the right Curved to the left Curved to the right

After the freehand exercise, please proceed with the order of letter strokes. The
illustration below will show you how letters were grouped according to their strokes.
Arrowheads were used to show the sequence of each stem.
You have to take note that the six (6) fundamental strokes which you have
performed earlier is essential in laying out letters. First stroke is vertical (from top to
bottom), second is horizontal (from left toright

), third is either curve (from left to right) or inclined (from top to bottom) but in any case
where both are present, inclined stroke would be the last.

13
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
1. First group are letters I, L, T, E, F, H. These letters are drawn using the vertical
and horizontal strokes.

ILT E F H
2. Second group are letters A, K, M, N, V, W, X, Y, Z. These letters are drawn using
vertical, horizontal and inclined strokes.

A K M N
V W X Y
3.The third group are letters B, D, J, P, R, U, G, Q. These letters are drawn using
vertical, horizontal, inclined and curved strokes.

B D J P 5

R U U G
14
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
4. The fourth group are letters C, O, S. These letters are drawn using curved
strokes.

C O S
Note: Please remember that correct letter strokes must be put to practice to acquire
the skill. This is applicable to all lettering tasks regardless of whatever letter style is
used.

Suggested Activity:

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________

Year & Section: _________________ Teacher: __________________

A. Directions: Below are words for you to work on. Do your own concept and apply
the appropriate order of strokes for each letter. Observe accuracy and enjoy working on
it. You may do this in your notebook or in an extra sheet of paper.

15
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Uppercase Letters

Lowercase Letters

How did you find the activity? Did you enjoy working on it? Did you find it challenging?
Prove to yourself that you can make it. Try another round but assess yourself first how
far have you gone with the topic. Trust yourself.

Suggested Activity:
Directions: Fill up this minute paper to evaluate how far you have gone with
the lesson.

MINUTE PAPER
( _________________________________________ )

Topic /Lesson

Name of Student : __________________________ Date : __________________

Year and Section _______________ Teacher: ___________________________

After the lessons and activities provided on the order of strokes in lettering, I have
learned that:
1. _____________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________

16
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
But I’m a little bit confused with:

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________

I still want to learn more on:

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________

After undergoing all the lessons and activities, I feel:

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________

The minute paper will determine if you are ready for the next lesson or not.
What do you think? Will you proceed or you need more time to review the lesson? Well,
take your time.
Lesson 2: Proportion of Letters

17
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Though there are no definite standards for the proportion of letters, there is a
definite relationship between the width and the height for specific letters in the alphabet.
A letter may vary from its normal appearance by either extending or compressing it to
accommodate the word or group of words in a given space. But there are certain rules
that must be considered to come up with pleasing and readable lettered products.

Shown below are sample signage which were layed out using the different
proportions of letters. Closely observe their differences.

A. Normal Letters

These letters are used when the space for lettering is enough. They are neither
too narrow nor too wide and are proportioned with their height.

B. Extended Letters

These letters are wider than normal letters and are used when the space for
lettering is wider than normal.

C. Compressed Letter

These letters are narrower than normal letters with regards to the proportions of
width to height. This type of letters are used when the space for lettering is limited.

18
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Suggested Activity 1

Below are sample signage’s. Copy the word(s) in the boxes provided below
each sample. Apply your understanding about how proportion is applied to lettering.
You may do this in your notebook.

Normal Extended Compressed

19
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Extended Compressed Normal

Compressed Normal Extended

How did you find the activity? Don’t worry if it was not perfectly done this time. At least
you have tried your best. Now, to make sure that you really understood the lesson about
proportion, here is another activity for you.

20
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Suggested Activity 2

Based on the given samples, try to critique the product by answering the
following questions:
2. What proportion of letter did the letter artist used in the product?
3. Why do you think the letter artist decided to use this type of
proportion?
4. Is the word(s) readable?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

21
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

How did you find the activity? Did you enjoy working on it? Did you find it
challenging? Now let’s go to another topic which you will surely firm up your
understanding about how the regular proportion of letters are obtained.

B. Sizes of letters in terms of ratio between width and height.

22
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
1.The height of all letters (Uppercase or Capital) is six (6) units
but the width varies as follows:

1.1 Letters B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, N, P, R, S, U, and Z are

five (5) units wide.

1.2 Letters T, O, M, Q, V, A, X, and Y are six (6) units wide.

1.3 Letter I occupies one (1) line, whereas, W occupies eight

(8) units and is the widest letter in the alphabet.

The ratio of the height and the width of the lowercase vary as follows:

23
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
 Letters a, b, c ,d ,e, g, h, k, n, o, p, q, s, u, v, x, y, and z are four (4) units wide
and four (4) units in height for normal letters while four (4) units wide and six
(6) units in height for ascender and descender letters...

1.3 Letters j, r, and t are two (2) units wide while letter
f is three units in width.

1.4 Letters m and w are four (4) units wide and four (4) units in height

24
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
How did you find the lesson? Was it helpful? Did it make sense to you? Let us
see if you were able to understand the relation between height and width of normal
letters as expressed in their ratio and proportion. Try the activity below.

Suggested Activity 3

Directions: Following the given illustration, apply the principles of sizes of letters in
relation to the width and the height that you have learned from the lesson. You may
letter this in a graphing paper and see how it looks.

C. Guide Lines in Lettering

There is a rule in drafting that says “A good draftsman/ letter artist never
letters without guidelines”. This is because guidelines keep letters intact in their
assigned spaces thus keeping them uniformly vertical or inclined. There are set of
guide lines for capital letters and small letters (vertical or inclined)

25
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

A. Horizontal Guide Lines

1. Cap Line

The uppermost horizontal guide line drawn for uppercase letter which
accommodates the stem of ascenders

2. Waist Line

A horizontal guide line drawn between the cap line and the base line used
to determine the general height of the lowercase letters.

3. Base Line

A horizontal guide line where the letters rest or stand.

4. Drop Line

A horizontal guide line drawn for letters with strokes that extend going
down. This guide line regulates descender letters.

B. Vertical Guide Lines

Vertical guide lines are light lines which help keep the letters
uniformly vertical.

26
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

C. Inclined Guide Lines

These are light lines used to guide the inclination of inclined letters.
The slope of inclination for inclined guide lines is an angle of 67 ½ degrees
with the horizontal.

Suggested Activity

After knowing the different guide lines used in lettering, check your
understanding on the lesson by doing the following activities. Use the appropriate guide
lines for each. You may place your answer in your notebook.

27
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Note: Use vertical and inclined guide lines for Uppercase letters.

Note: Use vertical and inclined guide lines for lowercase letters.

Note: After doing the given activities, are you happy with your performance? Do you
want to improve it? Then practice more. You’ll find out later that you are improving.

28
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Lettered products are not only made using all uppercase letters. There are
instances that you have to use combination of uppercase and lowercase letters.

Therefore, it is a must that you have to learn how to write small letters correctly. Let us
see how they are made.

D. Lowercase or Small letters are classified into:

a. Normal letters.These are small letters that do not have stems going
up or going down.

b. Ascender letters.These are small letters having stems going up. These are
letters...

29
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

c. Descenders are stems of small letters that goes down to the drop line like
g,y.j.

Suggested Activity

After knowing the different guidelines used in lettering, check your understanding
on the lesson by doing activities like practicing guidelines for capital and small letters.
You may do this in your notebook.

Note: Use vertical and inclined guidelines for lowercase letters in replicating the
given signages.

If you are done, review and compare your output with the given samples. Are you
satisfied with what you see your output? Were you able to use appropriate guidelines?

30
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Lesson 3. Spacing and Composition of Letters

Composition in lettering refers to the proper selection of letter styles and sizes,
the spacing of the letters and words, and the proper arrangements of the letterings in a
given space. The most important requirement of lettering is legibility, second
requirement is ease and rapidity of execution.

A. Strict compliance with the following standards is a good practice in letter

composition.

1. Space between Letters

a. Uniformity in spacing of letters is a matter of equalizing spaces by eye.
The background areas between letters not the distance between them
should be arranged to appear optically more or less equal. Example
(a), the actual distances are equal, but the letters do not appear
equally spaced. At example (b), the distances are intentionally
unequal, but the background areas between letters are approximately
equal, and the result is an even and pleasing spacing.

31
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
b. If the adjacent sides are vertical stems the area is obtained by making
the distance between the letters slightly greater than one-half the
height of the letter, or smaller depending on the contours, for other
combinations.

Space between Words

For either uppercase or lowercase lettering, make the spaces

between words approximately equal to a capital O as seen in example (a
and c). Avoid spacing words too close together as shown in example (b).

32
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Suggested Activity

Write a simple poem for your friend or loved ones applying the principles of
spacing and composition of letters. Check your answer on the given activity using the
given assessment tool below. Have a record of your answer to check your
understanding and proficiency you learned from the lesson. You may place your
answer in your notebook.

Lesson 4. Styles of Letters

Gothic Letters Roman Letters

Text Letters Italics Letters

33
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
How did you find the activity? Now that you had experienced proper spacing
and composition in lettering, continue reading the next lesson so you will have clearer
understanding on the different styles of letters that you are going to use when lettering.

The invention of the alphabet has made communication a lot easier. Letters are
conventional symbols usually written or printed to represent a simple or compound
speech sound. Written forms of language through the use of letters evolved slowly over
hundreds of years. Their designs were modified, thus, different letter styles were
developed. Basic letter styles include the Gothic, Roman, Text, and Italics.

From the given discussion, do the suggested activity to check your initial
understanding on the different letter styles.

Suggested Activity

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________

Year & Section: _________________ Teacher: __________________

Directions: Identify the different styles of letters in column A and put check mark on
the appropriate box in column B. You may write your answers in your notebook.
Column A Column B

- Gothic Letters

- Roman Letters

- Text Letters

- Italics Letters

- Gothic Letters

- Roman Letters

- Text Letters

- Italics Letters

34
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

- Gothic Letters

- Roman Letters

- Text Letters

- Italics Letters

- Gothic Letters

- Roman Letters

- Text Letters

- Italics Letters

Styles of Letters

1. Gothic Letters
All letters have uniform width elements and are made in single stroke. It is
perhaps the most easily read style and commonly used in outdoor advertisements.
Style A or B speedball pens or round brushes maybe used.

Gothic letters
2. Roman Letters
All letters in this style have accented strokes made up of thick and thin stems.
Modern Roman is frequently used than the Old Roman because of its simplicity. This is
widely used in books and newspaper titles, land titles and other documents. Style C
and D speedball pens or flat brushes are used in this style.

Roman letters

35
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

3. Text Letters
This is the most artistic of all letter styles. It consists of thick and thin elements.
Text letters are made of C or D speedball pens and flat brushes.

Text letters
4. Italics Letters

All slanting letters are classified as Italics. Gothic Italic and Roman Italic are
examples in this type. These letters are made with style C or D speedball pens.

Gothic Italics

Roman Italics

36
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
From the given discussion, do the suggested activity to check your initial
understanding on the different letter styles. Answer it honestly. You may write your
answer in your notebook.

SELF REFLECTION
Directions: Write briefly what is asked for.
1. Why do we need to learn the different letter styles?
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
2. As letter artist involve in products such as street signs, sign boards, gift tags and
posters, how would you benefit from this topic/lesson?
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
3. Why do you need to assure the quality of lettered products and services?
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
Suggested Activity:
After learning the different letter styles and their characteristics, design a simple
signage using all the different letter styles. You can use pencil, coloured pencil, and
other colouring medium available around you. You can place your output in your
notebook.

37
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
How did you find the activity? Based from your personal view, what is the
significance of knowing the appropriate letter style for a specific type of lettered
products/services? If you think that this concept is clear to you then you may now
proceed to the next lesson.

Lesson 5. Project Planning

Planning is an essential factor in the success of any undertaking, be it an activity

or a project. A Project Plan is a guide in making projects systematically, correctly and
accurately. All the required materials, tools, working plan, step-by-step procedure, and
criteria for evaluation are included in the project plan. Below is a sample project plan.
Try to analyze each component as to its importance and sequence:

Parts of a Project Plan:

I. Title – refers to the title of your project.

II. Objectives – refers to the purpose in producing the product or in providing the
service.

III. Tools and Equipments – list of tools and equipment that you will need to
produce the product or service.

IV. Materials – these are consumable items needed to produce the product/service.
V. Working Plan or Design – shows the 3 view sketch, dimensions and
specifications of the proposed product, while product design maybe used in
other cases where only the pictorial form and specifications are needed.
VI. Procedure – these are the steps on how you will produce the product or provide
the service.

VII. Evaluation – this is a process of assessing the finished product or service.

Now that you already know the parts of a project plan, can you fill up the sample
below? You may write your answer in your notebook.

A. Sample Project Plan

I. Name of Project: __________________________________________________

II. Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
38
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

III. Tools and Equipments:

1.
2.
3.
4.

IV. Materials:

Grand Total

V. Sketch or Drawing of Project (have your own)

VI. Procedures:( you may use this as your guide but you can have your own)

1. Conceptualize the design of your project in a piece of paper.

2. Prepare a project plan.
3. Prepare the tools and materials needed.
4. Mark the measurement in the plastic sheet.
(length & width plus the provision for the boarder space)
5. Layout guidelines and letters.
6. Sketch the design in pencil or do the lettering using brush with paint.
7. Let it dry for few minutes.
8. Cut the plastic sheet according to the required specification.

39
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

VII. Evaluation: Your output will be evaluated using the given scoring rubrics
below:

A. Scoring Rubrics for Finished Product

Highly Acceptable Acceptable Unacceptable

Criteria (5)
(3) (1)
Product design The design is The design is The product is
very creative and copied with some poorly designed
innovative alterations
Appropriateness of All the materials Most of the Materials used
materials used used were materials used were not
appropriate were appropriate appropriate for
the product
Measurements The The The
measurements measurements measurements
were accurate were done with were
minimal error of 2 inaccurately
done
Quality The product was The product was The product
made perfectly. good. The letter was done
The letter style, style, size and poorly
size, proportion, proportion were
and colors were good but colors
appropriate were inappropriate

VIII. Product Costing and Pricing:

Computing for the cost of materials used and other expenses incurred in the
production of marketable sign board is very important. Thorough computation must be
done to determine the selling price and profit of product. Below is a sample
computation:

Total cost of materials = Php

Add: packaging material = Php
Total cost: Php

To compute for the Selling Price:

Selling price = total expenses + 10% of total expenses
SP =

40
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
SP =

To compute for the Profit:

Profit = SP – total cost
Profit =

Profit=

IX. Packaging and marketing:

Packaging adds value to any product. It is an essential consideration in

marketing as visual appeal is very important in attracting the customers’ attention. In
sign board production, the choice of packaging material varies depending on the kind of
article you produce. Creativity and innovativeness is also a key factor in coming up with
innovative and creative yet appropriate product packages.

Suggested Activities

 View video presentations on the production of lettered products using different

methods and techniques to further understand the processes.

 Interview entrepreneurs of art and sign businesses. Be guided by the following

questions:
a. Why did they choose to venture in signage business?
b. How long have they been in their business?
c. What difficulties have they encountered along?
d. How did they become successful in their business?

 Conceptualize at least three (3) signage’s using plastic sheets, plywood,

galvanized iron sheets and others.

 Prepare at least three project plans for your chosen products.

After firming up your understanding on the different topics related to lettered

products and services, you will be given additional activities to deepen your
understanding. If you are ready, then let’s proceed with the deepening stage.

41
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Simple sign boards and street signs are usually made in an art and sign shop.
Other lettered products are made by using high-tech processes and sophisticated
machines and equipment to produce competitive and marketable lettered products

Suggested Activity:

How about visiting an art and sign shop in your community? Observe how
signages and other lettered products are produced. You can list down observable
behaviour of workers, techniques and machine/equipment used in the shop, or you may
take pictures and write your observations in your notebook. Report this to the class for
processing. This is one way of benchmarking a product or process.

Suggested Activity

42
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Directions: Do the following suggested activities and make a personal assessment

to enhance your understanding.

 After conducting an environmental scanning, make a survey to find out what

other lettered products the customers need or want. Use the form below to
record your data.
 Innovate the designs of existing marketable lettered products to be competitive in
the market.
 View video presentations in making various signages and other lettered products
using different mediums.
 Observe demonstrations of actual making of signage’s and other lettered
products.
 Follow the procedures in making your chosen signage’s and other lettered
products.

Summative Assessment (Six Facets of Understanding)

- Discuss the processes involved in producing quality, marketable and profitable
signages. (street signs, sign boards, gift tags and posters)

- From the given signage’s below, evaluate which among them is a product of
creativity and innovation.

43
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Figure A

Figure B Figure C

- Can you now create and innovate marketable lettered products?

- Compare and contrast the two samples of sign boards in terms of the
following criteria:
 Quality
 Effectiveness
 Appropriateness
 Creativity/innovation
 Marketability

Sign Board A
FLAMMABILITY
44
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Sign Board B

Criteria Sign Board A Sign Board B

Quality

Creativity/ innovation

Effectiveness

Appropriateness

Marketability

- What would be your feeling if the signage’s you made did not meet the market
demands and customer’s needs and wants?

- Assess yourself the level of confidence in producing quality, marketable and

profitable signage’s.

45
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Today I have learned that:

I still want to learn more on:

Now, I realized that:

TRANSFER YOUR UNDERSTANDING

After having done with several activities that deepened your understanding, are
you ready to demonstrate your gained knowledge and skills in lettering, then perform
the following activities to come up with quality, marketable and profitable signages.

Production of Quality, Marketable and

46
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Profitable Signage’s

Suggested Activity 1 Suggested Activity 2 Suggested Activity 3 Suggested Activity 4

Produce Quality and Produce Quality and Produce Quality and Produce Quality and
Marketable Street Innovative Sign Creative Gift Tags Marketable Posters
Signs Boards

Suggested Activity 1

 Produce Quality and Marketable Street Signs based on the Project plan you had
prepared and follow the given procedures below:
 Design simple sinages that could be used in an office and other establishments.
 Take pictures of store labels and re design it.

Reminder

 Use caution when applying spray paint. Work outside or in a well-ventilated area
and wear protective goggles and a mask to reduce exposure to harmful
chemicals.

Your performance and product will be assessed by the following criteria:

• Functionality
• Product design (creativity, innovativeness)
• Quality (accuracy, workmanship)
• Use of appropriate tools and materials
• Observance of safety measure
• Time management

Note: You will make at least three different kind and sizes of street signs. Make sure
that you give importance on quality and innovation in every products.

Sample Rubrics
Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point
Functionality Street sign is clear, Street sign is Street sign is not clear
readable, and style of somehow readable and the style of letter
letters used is very and the style of letters used is inappropriate

47
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
appropriate used is appropriate
Design Observed two or Observed only one No innovation made
more innovations innovation made or plain and simple
made copy
Quality Fine finish and the Uneven finish and the Rough finish and the
materials used is materials used is materials used is less
highly acceptable . moderately acceptable.
acceptable.
Method Followed all the Followed the given Followed the given
given procedure, procedure, observed procedure, observed
using appropriate once incorrect usage more incorrect usage
lettering instruments of lettering instrument of lettering instrument
for each task for each task for each task
Safety work No injury noticed Noticed one injury Noticed more than
Habits while doing the task. while doing the task. one injury.
Time Finished the task Finished the task on Finish the given task
Management before the given time the given time after the given time

RATING SCALE:
Points earned Numerical Descriptive
24 - 30 91 - 100 Outstanding
18 - 23 86 - 90 Very Good
12- 17 81 - 85 Good
7 - 11 76 - 80 Fair
1 - 6 71 - 75 Needs Improvement

Suggested Activity 2.

Produce Quality and Innovative Sign Boards based on the Project plan you had
prepared and follow the given procedures below:

a. Prepare the project plan.

b. Prepare all the necessary materials, lettering instruments and equipments
needed.
c. Use a heavy cardboard (such as the back of a notebook) to create a stencil.
Draw your letters or pictures on the stencil and cut it out using an X-Acto
blade.
d. Clean the sheet metal of any dirt, dust or oil. Protect surfaces with a sheet or
tarp. Follow manufacturer's instructions to apply primer and for drying time.
e. Paint the sign in the color you desire. Use a spray paint suitable for metal and
apply two or three light coats. Allow to dry completely.
f. Using your stencil, paint the text or graphics on your sign. If your stencil does
not cover the entire sign, block off any exposed metal with an old sheet or

48
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
newspaper. Make sure the stencil is flat to the metal to ensure a clean
application. Apply two to three coats of spray paint and let dry completely.
g. Use a reflective coat of paint to enhance visibility of your sign at night. Coat
the entire sign or just your graphics. You may need several coats to achieve
desired results.

Your performance and product will be judge by the following criteria:

• Functionality
• Product design (creativity, innovativeness)
• Quality (accuracy, workmanship)
• Use of appropriate tools and materials
• Observance of safety measure
• Time management
•
Note: Please refer to the sample rubrics in activity 1.

Suggested Activity 3

Produce Quality and Creative Gift Tags based on the Project plan you had prepared
and follow the given procedures below:

a. Prepare the project plan.

b. Prepare all the necessary materials, lettering instruments and equipments
needed.
c. Purchase card stock or use recycled thin cardboard, poster board or paper
you already have. Great paper can be bought at the local art store (If you're
looking for cardboard, try the hardware store.)
d. Make the shape of the tag by tracing a template(again, can be bought from
art stores or can be), a cookie cutter, or just "eyeballing it" to make a shape
such as a star, snowman or a mitten. Be creative, just think of holiday shapes.
e. Decorate one side of the tag with holiday images such as stars, mittens,
snowmen, Santa, etc. You can use rubber stamps, stickers, markers, colored
pencils, images from gift wrap or cards or draw your own designs.

49
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
f. On the other side of the tag, write the person's name who is getting the gift.
(Ex: Bob, Jack, etc.)
g. You can write "To:____" and "From___" if you'd like, or just write the person's
name in larger letters in the middle of the tag. (Ex: To: Ashley From: Santa)
h. Punch a hole at one end of the tag and run a ribbon, raffia, yarn or
embroidery thread through the hole and tie it at the end. You can add beads
on the string before tying the knot.
i. You could even use double-sided tape to affix your tag to the gift.

Tips:

 You can make the tag as plain or fancy as you like.

 You can use glitter, paper or paint to enhance the main design on the tag.
 Be sure to stretch your creativity to make your tag design enhance the design of
the gift bag or gift wrap you have chosen.

Warnings:

 Cover clothing and furniture especially when using glue and glitter.
 Wear comfortable, older clothing as making the tags can be messy depending on
what supplies you use.
 Use glue sticks as opposed to bottled glue.
 Supervise children as to not make a total mess.

Your performance and product will be judge by the following criteria:

• Functionality
• Product design (creativity, innovativeness)
• Quality (accuracy, workmanship)
• Use of appropriate tools and materials
• Observance of safety measure
• Time management

Note: Please refer to the sample rubrics in activity 1.

Suggested Activity 4

Produce Quality and Marketable Posters based on the Project plan you had prepared
and follow the given procedures below:

a. Prepare the project plan.

50
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
b. Prepare all the necessary materials, lettering instruments and equipments
needed.
c. Design an effective poster. It is important to make your poster attractive and
easy to read.
d. Decide how you will make your poster. Are you going to make a poster on
cardboard by hand? Or do you have access to a computer and printer? Make
it in the way that is easiest and most effective for you.

- Computer: Some computer programs allow you to make much larger posters
by sticking several printed pages together. If not, you can use a large piece of
lightweight cardboard and print off the message, pictures, title etc. separately and
stick them onto the cardboard neatly. Decorate the poster edges with borders or
other eye-catching features.

- By hand: If you cannot print a poster, choose the person with the best
printing skills and use poster paints and bright and easy-to-use markers or
pencils to make the posters. As with the computer version, make sure to
decorate in an eye-catching way.

e. Choose one simple, memorable message. Place this message in large

lettering that will attract attention. More detailed information can also be
added in smaller lettering.
f. Add your information. If you are making your own information posters, you
should get the information from a reliable source, such as from books, people
working in the field or on reputable internet sites.
g. Have your information checked. Have your information checked by somebody
with expertise in the subject. It might be someone who works or volunteers in
a non-government organization or public office, for example, or a teacher.
Also get somebody to spell check the information.
h. Include contact information. The point of your poster is to get attention. You
will also want people to know where they can come for more information, so
include contact details such as a phone number or an e-mail address.
i. Think carefully about where you will put up your posters. Try to find a location
where lots of people will pass by but where they will not get lost in the crowd.
Tips:

 Remember, a poster doesn't always consist of a cut-up essay.

 Larger organizations involved in the issue you have chosen may have posters
that you can use for public information.

Your performance and product will be judged by the following criteria:

• Functionality

• Product design (creativity, innovativeness)

51
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
• Quality (accuracy, workmanship)
• Use of appropriate tools and materials
• Observance of safety measure
• Time management

Note: Please refer to the sample rubrics in activity 1.

Suggested Activity 5

Put your lettered products on display for sale or coordinate with the local signage
businesses to market your product.

Suggested Activity 6

Market the produce street signs, sign boards, gift tags and posters in your
nearby community.

Post- Test
Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Choose the correct answer
that best describe the statements. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.

1. This is the way letters are done in freehand, what is that process?
a. Designing b. Lettering c. Printing d. Planning
2. This is the proportion of letters used when the space for lettering is enough.
a. normal b. extended c. compressed d. lowercase
3. We have different letters in the alphabet, which do you think is the widest
letter?
a. A b. M c. O d. W
4. Based on letter strokes, which of the following letter does not belong to the
group?
a. B b. K c. O d. R
5. It is the proportion of letters used when the space for lettering is limited.
a. normal b. extended c. compressed d. lowercase
6. Letters is composed of different strokes, which among the letter has the
most number of strokes.
a. B b. G c. R d. S
7. It is in this guideline where all the letters rest or stand.
a. base line b. cap line c. drop line d. waist line
8. Among the different styles of letters, which is the most artistic?

52
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
a. gothic letters b. italics letters c. roman letters d. text letters
9. This is the type of speedball pens commonly used in drawing gothic letters.
a. style A or B b. style C or D c. style A or D d. style B or C
10. This is the guideline that regulates the descended parts of the lowercase
letters.
a. base line b. cap line c. drop line d. drop line
11. You were ask to make warning signs with letters having accented strokes and
made up of thick and thin stems, which styles of letters are you going to use?
a. gothic letters b. italics letters c. roman letters d. text letters
12. Given a chance to letter few words on a bigger space, what proportion of
letters will you use?
a. normal b. extended c. compressed d. lowercase
13. This is the simplest style of letters commonly used in
business outdoor advertisements.
a. gothic letters b. italics letters c. roman letters d. text letters

14. This is the type of guidelines that terminates ascender parts of the lowercase
letters.
a. base line b. cap line c. drop line d. waist line
15. Letters can be written also in inclined position and they are classified as
a. gothic letters b. italics letters c. roman letters d. text letters

After finishing this module how do you feel?

Happy Confused Sad

53
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

CONGRATULATIONS!

Key to Corrections:

A. Pre-Assessment B. Pre/Post Test

1. B 1. C
2. A 2. G

54
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

3. D 3. F
4. C 4. H
5. C 5. A
6. A 6. E
7. A 7. D
8. D 8. B
9. A
10. C
11. C
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. B

Reference Materials:
Books:

Esguerra, J. S. & Molino, E. A., Exploratory Drafting for Philippine Secondary Schools.
Abiva Publishing House.

55
 OPEN HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Manaois, G. M. Drafting Volume 1.Phoenix Publishing House.

Geiseck, F. et al. Technical Drawing, 8th Edition.

Johnson, W. H. Modern Drafting. The Macmillan Company.

Burke, A. E. Architectural Lettering, American Technical Society .Chicago, U. S. A.

Speedball Textbook for Pen and Brush Lettering

Other References:

www.google.com.ph
http://ph.yahoo.com/search
http://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search

56