Direct-Current Generator

and Motor Principles

Engr. Philip Caesar L. Ebit

January 16, 2019 Instructor, DME

Visayas State University
Textbook: Siskind, C. Electrical Machines, 2nd ed.
Objectives
At the end of this topic you should be able to:

1. Discuss the basic principles of a dc generator and dc motor

action.
2. Enumerate basic parts of a dc machine.
3. State Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law.
4. Apply the general voltage equation in solving the total voltage
generated of a dc generator.
5. Solve the force and torque develop by a dc motor.
 Principle of Generator Action
• Machine that converts
mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
• The mechanical motion is
imparted to one part of a
machine that is made to
move with respect to
another.
https://studyelectrical.com/2014/06/construction-dc-motor-dc-motor-construction.html#1_Yoke_Magnetic_Frame

Basic parts of a dc machine

 Principle of Generator Action (Cont’d.)
• The rotating element is called an
armature, while the stationary set
of electromagnets is called the
field.
• The moving conductors cut lines of
force as they rotated mechanically.
(voltage is generated)
• The mechanical rotation is provided
by another machine such as steam
or gas engine, or a turbine.
https://studyelectrical.com/2014/06/construction-dc-motor-dc-motor-construction.html#1_Yoke_Magnetic_Frame

Basic parts of a dc machine

Principle of Generator Action (Cont’d.)
In summary, the foregoing principle of generator action requires:

1. The presence of magnetic lines of force, and

2. Motion of conductors cutting the flux, before
3. Voltage is generated.
Faraday’s Law
“The magnitude of the generated voltage is directly
proportional to the rate at which a conductors cuts
magnetic lines of force.”

https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2017/12/genius-legacy-michael-faraday/
Average conductor voltage
• When a conductor moves at a constant speed across a
uniformly dense magnetic field, that is, a field in which
the flux density in lines of force per square inch is
constant, 1 volt is generated for every 100,000,000
(108) lines cuts per second.
Average conductor voltage (Cont’d.)
• If the flux density is not constant, the generated voltage will
be an average value determined by the total number of
lines of force that are cut and the length of time it takes to
do so.
𝜙
𝐸𝑎𝑣 = 8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑡 × 10
Where:
𝐸𝑎𝑣 = averge generated voltage in a conductor
𝜙 = total flux cut
𝑡 = time, seconds, during which cutting takes place
In actual generator…
• The number of parallel paths, determines the
current rating of the generator, whereas the
number of series conductors per path is a
measure of the terminal voltage of the
machine; both current and voltage ratings
determine the power rating in watts.
Analogy…Dry-cell connections
• For example: 120 cells, at 1.5 V/cell and 5 A/cell
No. of
parallel E, volts I, amp P, watts
paths
2 90 10 900
4 45 20 900
6 30 30 900
8 22.5 40 900
10 18 50 900
12 15 66 900
Sample Problem 1
• A four-pole dc generator has an armature winding
containing a total of 648 conductors connected in
two parallel paths. If the flux per poleis 0.321x106
maxwells and the speed of rotation of the
armature is 1,800 rpm, calculate the average
generated voltage. Also, calculate the rated
current in each conductor(per path) if the power
delivered by the armature is 5 kW.
General Voltage Equation for DC
Generator
𝝓 × 𝑷 × 𝒓𝒑𝒎 × 𝒁 −𝟖
𝑬𝒈 = × 𝟏𝟎 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
𝒂 × 𝟔𝟎
Where:
𝐸𝑔 = total generated voltage
𝜙 = flux per pole, maxwells
𝑃 = number of poles, an even number
𝑟𝑝𝑚 = speed of armature, revolution per minute
𝑍 = total number of armature conductors effectively used to add to resulting
voltage
𝑎 = number of armature paths connected in parallel (determine by the type of
armature winding)
Sample Problem 2
• An 85-kW six pole generator has an armature
containing 66 slots, in each of which are 12
conductors. The armature winding is connected
so that there are six parallel paths. If each pole
produces 2.18x106 maxwells and the armature
speed is 870 rpm, determine the generated
voltage.
Sample Problem 3
• How many armature conductors are there in a
generator, given the following information: 𝜙 =
2.73 × 106 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠; 𝑃 = 4; 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 1200; 𝐸𝑔 =
240?
Determining the Direction of Voltage
The direction of the generated voltage in a
conductor depend upon two factors:
1. The direction of the flux, which is, of course
determined by the magnet polarity, and
2. The direction of motion of the conductor or coil.
Determining the Direction of Voltage (Cont’d.)

Sketch illustrating how the direction of the generated The Right Hand Rule
voltage in a coil be determined by the stretching rubber-
band analysis
Determining the Direction of Voltage (Cont’d.)
Lenz’s law states that the direction of the generated voltage in the coil is such that
it tends to produce a current flow opposing a change of flux through the coil.

Sketch illustrating the method for determining the direction of the generated voltage by
Lenz’s law.
The Elementary
Alternating-Current
Generator

Elementary two-pole AC generator

Frequency of the Alternating Current

𝑃 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑓= ×
2 60
𝑃 × 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑓=
120

Where
𝑓 = cycle per second
Sketch illustrating the relation between the number of poles and
the generated AC frequency in cycles per revolution
The Commutation Process

Elementary two-pole DC generator Sketch illustrating how the rectified current pulsates in two,
with two segment commutator four, and six pole generator in making one revolution.
Principle of Motor Action
• Converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
• It develops torque which in turns can produce
mechanical rotation.
Principle of Motor Action (Cont’d.)
In summary, the foregoing principle of motor action requires:

1. The presence of magnetic lines of force, and

2. Current through conductors lying in the magnetic field
before,
3. Force, and therefor torque, is produced.
Principle of Motor Action (Cont’d.)

Sketches illustrating how motor action is produced by the interaction of the magnetic fields
created by the main poles and the current-carrying conductors.
Force and Torque Developed by DC
Motors

Experiment has shown that a force of 1 dyne will

be exerted upon a conductor 1 cm long carrying a
current of 10 A when placed under a pole area of
which is 1 sq. cm and producing one line of force
(flux density = one line per square cm).
Force and Torque Developed by DC
Motors (Cont’d.)

If the pole creates more than one line of force, the

flux density will be increased in the same
proportion; furthermore, if the pole area is
increased with corresponding increases in the wire
length, the force will be greater.
Force and Torque Developed by DC
Motors (Cont’d.)
′ ′
𝐵 ×𝐼×𝑙
𝐹= 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
10
Where
𝐵′ = flux density, lines per square inch centimeter
𝐼 = current in conductor, amp
𝑙′ = length of conductor, cm
Force and Torque Developed by DC
Motors (Cont’d.)

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
Sample Problem 4
A conductor is 8 in. long and carries a current of
140 amp when placed perpendicularly to a
magnetic field the intensity of which is 58,000 line
per sq. in. Calculate the force exerted by the
conductor.
Practice Problem 1
The armature of a dc motor has 648 conductors,
65 percent of which is directly under the poles
where the flux density is 48000 lines per sq. in. If
the core diameter is 7 in. and its length 4 in. and
the current in each conductor is 20 amp, calculate:
(a) the total force tending to rotate the armature;(b)
the torque exerted by the armature in pound-feet.
Practice Problem 2
A dc motor has an armature containing 192
conductors, 70 percent of which lie directly under
the pole faces at any given instant. If the flux
density under the poles is 52000 lines per sq. in.
and the armature diameter and length are 12 in.
and 4.5 in., respectively, calculate the current in
each armature conductor for a torque of 120 lb-ft.
End of Presentation.

Thank you.