CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government

nor a conventional for-profit business.

Usually set up by ordinary citizens, NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations,

businesses, or private persons. Some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by
volunteers. NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of
activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have charitable
status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes.
Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests.

The number of NGOs in the United States is estimated at 1.5 million. Russia has 277,000 NGOs.
India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600
Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centres in India.

NGOs are difficult to define, and the term 'NGO' is not always used consistently. In some
countries the term NGO is applied to an organization that in another country would be called an
NPO, and vice-versa. There are many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common
focus is on "orientation" and "level of operation". An NGO's orientation refers to the type of
activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving
health, or development work. An NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an
organization works, such as local, regional, national, or international.

The term "non-governmental organization" was first coined in 1945, when the United Nations
(UN) was created. The UN, itself an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for
certain approved specialized international non-state agencies — i.e., non-governmental
organizations — to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of its meetings. Later

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the term became used more widely. Today, according to the UN, any kind of private organization
that is independent from government control can be termed an "NGO", provided it is not-for-
profit, non prevention, and not simply an opposition political party.

One characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit status means they are
not hindered by short-term financial objectives. Accordingly, they are able to devote themselves
to issues which occur across longer time horizons, such as climate change, malaria prevention or
a global ban on landmines. Public surveys reveal that NGOs often enjoy a high degree of public
trust, which can make them a useful – but not always sufficient – proxy for the concerns of
society and stakeholders.

TYPES

By orientation

Charitable orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little participation by
the "beneficiaries". It includes NGOs with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the
poor peoples.

Service orientation includes NGOs with activities such as the provision of health, family
planning or education services in which the programme is designed by the NGO and people are
expected to participate in its implementation and in receiving the service.

Participatory orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people are involved
particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash, tools, land, materials, labour
etc. In the classical community development project, participation begins with the need
definition and continues into the planning and implementation stages.

Empowering orientation aims to help poor people develop a clearer understanding of the social,
political and economic factors affecting their lives, and to strengthen their awareness of their
own potential power to control their lives. There is maximum involvement of the beneficiaries
with NGOs acting as facilitators.

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By level of operation

Community-based organizations (CBOs) arise out of people's own initiatives. They can be
responsible for raising the consciousness of the urban poor, helping them to understand their
rights in accessing needed services, and providing such services.

City-wide organizations include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry,

coalitions of business, ethnic or educational groups, and associations of community
organizations.

'National NGOs include national organizations such as the YMCAs/YWCAs, professional

associations, and similar groups. Some have state and city branches and assist local NGOs.

International NGOs range from secular agencies such as Ducere Foundation and Save the
Children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation to
religiously motivated groups. They can be responsible for funding local NGOs, institutions and
projects and implementing projects.

Apart from "NGO", there are many alternative or overlapping terms in use, including: third
sector organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), civil
society organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement organization (SMO),
private voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO) and non-state actors (NSAs).

In Spanish, French, Italian and other Romance languages, the 'mirrored' abbreviation "ONG" is
in use, which has the same meaning as "NGO.

Governmental related organizations / non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous

group. As a result, a long list of additional acronyms has developed, including:

BINGO: 'Business-friendly international NGO' or 'Big international NGO'

SBO: 'Social Benefit Organization,' a positive, goal-oriented designation as an substitute for the
negative, "Non-" designations

TANGO: 'Technical assistance NGO'

TSO: 'Third-sector organization'

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GONGO: 'Government-operated NGOs' (set up by governments to look like NGOs in order to
qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of government)

DONGO: 'Donor organized NGO'

INGO: 'International NGO'

QUANGO: 'Quasi-autonomous NGO,' such as the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by
nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the 'most
broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itself be a
nongovernmental organization; for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the
American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government.
However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies; this is the trend
in Europe.)

National NGO: A non-governmental organization that exists only in one country. This term is
rare due to the globalization of non-governmental organizations, which causes an NGO to exist
in more than one country.

CSO: 'Civil Society Organization'

ENGO: 'Environmental NGO,' such as Greenpeace and WWF

NNGO: 'Northern NGO'

PANGO: 'Party NGO,' set up by parties and disguised as NGOs to serve their political matters.

SNGO: 'Southern NGO'

SCO: 'Social change organization'

TNGO: 'Transnational NGO.' The term emerged during the 1970s due to the increase of
environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGO includes non-governmental
organizations that are not confined to only one country, but exist in two or more countries.

GSO: Grassroots Support Organization

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MANGO: 'Market advocacy NGO'

NGDO: 'Non-governmental development organization'

USAID refers to NGOs as private voluntary organizations. However, many scholars have argued
that this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state- or corporate-funded
and -managed projects and have professional staff.

GRO/NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their
members or founders. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment,
encouraging the observance of human rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or
representing a corporate agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations and
their goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be
applied to private schools and athletic organizations.

Track II diplomacy

Track II dialogue, or Track II diplomacy, is transnational coordination that involves non-official

members of the government including epistemic communities as well as former policy-makers or
analysts. Track II diplomacy aims to get policymakers and policy analysts to come to a common
solution through discussions by unofficial means. Unlike the Track I diplomacy where
government officials, diplomats and elected leaders gather to talk about certain issues, Track II
diplomacy consists of experts, scientists, professors and other figures that are not involved in
government affairs. The members of Track II diplomacy usually have more freedom to exchange
ideas and come up with compromises on their own.

Activities

There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the World Bank uses divides
them into Operational and Advocacy: NGOs do vary in their methods. Some act primarily as
lobbyists, while others primarily conduct programs and activities. For instance, an NGO such as
Oxfam, concerned with poverty alleviation, might provide needy people with the equipment and
skills to find food and clean drinking water, whereas an NGO like the FFDA helps through
investigation and documentation of human rights[citation needed] violations and provides legal
assistance to victims of human rights abuses. Others, such as Afghanistan Information

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Management Services, provide specialized technical products and services to support
development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations.

NGOs were intended to fill a gap in government services, but in countries like India and China,
NGOs are slowly gaining a position in decision making. In the interest of sustainability, most
donors require that NGOs demonstrate a relationship with governments. State Governments
themselves are vulnerable because they lack economic resources, and potentially strategic
planning and vision. They are therefore sometimes tightly bound by a nexus of NGOs, political
bodies, commercial organizations and major donors/funders, making decisions that have short
term outputs but no long term affect. In India, for instance, NGOs are under regulated, political,
and recipients of large government and international donor funds. NGOs often take up
responsibilities outside their skill ambit. Governments have no access to the number of projects
or amount of funding received by these NGOs. There is a pressing need to regulate this group
while not curtailing their unique role as a supplement to government services.

Operational

Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small-scale change directly through projects." They mobilize
financial resources, materials, and volunteers to create localized programs. They hold large-scale
fundraising events and may apply to governments and organizations for grants or contracts to
raise money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure; a main headquarters
being staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, and report and
communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects. Operational NGOs
deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with the delivery of services or
environmental issues, emergency relief, and public welfare. Operational NGOs can be further
categorized by the division into relief-oriented versus development-oriented organizations;
according to whether they stress service delivery or participation; whether they are religious or
secular; and whether they are more public- or private-oriented.

Although operational NGOs can be community-based, many are national or international. The
defining activity of operational NGOs is the implementation of projects.

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Campaigning

Campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large-scale change promoted indirectly through influence
of the political system."Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group of professional
members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They must plan and host
demonstrations and events that will keep their cause in the media. They must maintain a large
informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attention and
influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holding demonstrations.
Campaigning NGOs often deal with this issues relating to human rights, women's rights,
children's rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote a specific
cause. As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise
awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activist event.

Both operational and campaigning

It is not uncommon for NGOs to make use of both activities. Many times, operational NGOs will
use campaigning techniques if they continually face the same issues in the field that could be
remedied through policy changes. At the same time, Campaigning NGOs, like human rights
organizations often have programs that assist the individual victims they are trying to help
through their advocacy work.

Public relations

Non-governmental organizations need healthy relationships with the public to meet their goals.
Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ
standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance
because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of ethics was
established in 2002 by The World Association of Non Governmental Organizations.

Project management

There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to project success in
non-governmental organizations. Generally, non-governmental organizations that are private
have either a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such as
religion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs.

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They mobilize public support and voluntary contributions for aid; they often have strong links
with community groups in developing countries, and they often work in areas where
government-to-government aid is not possible. NGOs are accepted as a part of the international
relations landscape, and while they influence national and multilateral policy-making,
increasingly they are more directly involved in local action.

Corporate structure

Staffing

Some NGOs are highly professionalized and rely mainly on paid staff. Others are based around
voluntary labour and are less formalized. Not all people working for non-governmental
organizations are volunteers.

Many NGOs are associated with the use of international staff working in 'developing' countries,
but there are many NGOs in both North and South who rely on local employees or volunteers.
There is some dispute as to whether expatriates should be sent to developing countries.
Frequently this type of personnel is employed to satisfy a donor who wants to see the supported
project managed by someone from an industrialized country. However, the expertise of these
employees or volunteers may be counterbalanced by a number of factors: the cost of foreigners is
typically higher, they have no grassroot connections in the country they are sent to, and local
expertise is often undervalued.

The NGO sector is an essential employer in terms of numbers.[citation needed] For example, by
the end of 1995, CONCERN worldwide, an international Northern NGO working against
poverty, employed 174 expatriates and just over 5,000 national staff working in ten developing
countries in Africa and Asia, and in Haiti.

Funding

Whether the NGOs are small or large, various NGOs need budgets to operate. The amount of
budget that they need would differ from NGOs to NGOs. Unlike small NGOs, large NGOs may
have annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget of
the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was over US$540 million in 1999.
Funding such large budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs.

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Major sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from
international institutions or national governments, and private donations. Several EU-grants
provide funds accessible to NGOs.

Even though the term "non-governmental organization" implies independence from

governments, many NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding. A quarter of the
US$162 million income in 1998 of the famine-relief organization Oxfam was donated by the
British government and the EU. The Christian relief and development organization World Vision
United States collected US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government.

Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according to David Rieff, writing in The
New Republic, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil
society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in
need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the
governments concerned might think about the matter." Some NGOs, such as Greenpeace do not
accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations.

Overhead costs

Overhead is the amount of money that is spent on running an NGO rather than on projects. This
includes office expenses, salaries, banking and bookkeeping costs. What percentage of overall
budget is spent on overhead is often used to judge an NGO with less than 4% being viewed as
good. The World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations states that ideally more than
86% should be spent on programs (less than 20% on overhead). The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis and Malaria has specific guidelines on how high overhead can be to receive
funding based on how the money is to be spent with overhead often needing to be less than 5-
7%. While the World Bank typically allows 37%. A high percentage of overhead to total
expenditures can make it more difficult to generate funds. High overhead costs may also
generate criticism with some claiming the certain NGOs with high overhead are being run simply
to benefit the people working for them.

While overhead costs can be a legitimate concern, a sole focus on them can be
counterproductive. Research published by the Urban Institute and the Center for Social
Innovation at Stanford University have shown how rating agencies create incentives for

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nonprofits to lower and hide overhead costs, which may actually reduce organizational
effectiveness by starving organizations of the infrastructure they need to effectively deliver
services. A more meaningful rating system would provide, in addition to financial data, a
qualitative evaluation of an organization’s transparency and governance:

(1) an assessment of program effectiveness;

(2) and an evaluation of feedback mechanisms designed for donors and beneficiaries;

(3) such a rating system would also allow rated organizations to respond to an evaluation done
by a rating agency.

More generally, the popular discourse of nonprofit evaluation should move away from financial
notions of organizational effectiveness and toward more substantial understandings of
programmatic impact.

Monitoring and control

In the March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former U.N. Secretary General
Kofi Annan wrote in favor of international humanitarian intervention, arguing that the
international community has a "right to protect" citizens of the world against ethnic cleansing,
genocide, and crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian government
launched the Responsibility to Protect R2P project, outlining the issue of humanitarian
intervention. While the R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more controversial has
been the Canadian government's use of R2P to justify its intervention and support of the coup in
Haiti. Years after R2P, the World Federalist Movement, an organization which supports "the
creation of democratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the
division of international authority among separate agencies", has launched Responsibility to
Protect – Engaging Civil Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM and the Canadian
government, this project aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles outlined under the
original R2P project.

The governments of the countries an NGO works or is registered in may require reporting or
other monitoring and oversight. Funders generally require reporting and assessment, such
information is not necessarily publicly available.

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There may also be associations and watchdog organizations that research and publish details on
the actions of NGOs working in particular geographic or program areas.

In recent years, many large corporations have increased their corporate social responsibility
departments in an attempt to preempt NGO campaigns against certain corporate practices. As the
logic goes, if corporations work with NGOs, NGOs will not work against corporations. Greater
collaboration between corporations and NGOs creates inherent risks of co-optation for the
weaker partner, typically the nonprofit involved.

In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense Assistant Secretary of Defense
(Health Affairs) S. Ward Casscells established an International Health Division under Force
Health Protection & Readiness. Part of International Health's mission is to communicate with
NGOs in areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05, in 2005, requires
DoD to regard stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to combat. In
compliance with international law, DoD has necessarily built a capacity to improve essential
services in areas of conflict such as Iraq, where the customary lead agencies (State Department
and USAID) find it difficult to operate. Unlike the "co-option" strategy described for
corporations, the OASD(HA) recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service.
International Health cultivates collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length,
recognizing their traditional independence, expertise and honest broker status. While the goals of
DoD and NGOs may seem incongruent, the DoD's emphasis on stability and security to reduce
and prevent conflict suggests, on careful analysis, important mutual interests.

History

International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least the late
eighteenth century. It has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs. International
NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage,
and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. However, the phrase
"non-governmental organization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the
United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United
Nations Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor
member states—see Consultative Status. The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first

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given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international
organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other
"major groups" in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda 21, leading
to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-
governmental organizations. It has been observed that the number of INGO founded or dissolved
matches the general "state of the world", rising in periods of growth and declining in periods of
crisis.

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of

the processes of restructuring of the welfare state. Further globalization of that process occurred
after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington consensus.

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems
could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as
the World Trade Organization were centered mainly on the interests of capitalist enterprises. In
an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues,
developmental aid and sustainable development. A prominent example of this is the World
Social Forum, which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in
January in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January
2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. In terms of environmental
issues and sustainable development, the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 was the first to show the
power of international NGOs, when about 2,400 representatives of NGOs came to play a central
role in deliberations. Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what
should belong to popular movements of the poor. Whatever the case, NGO transnational
networking is now extensive.

Another issue which has brought NGOs to develop further is the inefficiency of some top-heavy,
global structures. For instance, in 1994, former UN envoy to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun
published a book entitled "Somalia: The Missed Opportunities", in which he clearly shows that
when the United Nations tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally
outperformed by NGOs, whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the United
Nations' excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies, their main Somalia envoys operating
from the safety of their desks in Nairobi. The refusal of Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then UN

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Secretary General to accept this criticism led to the early end of Mohamed Sahnoun's mission in
Somalia.

Legal status

The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each country's
laws and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide:[44]

 Unincorporated and voluntary association

 Trusts, charities and foundations
 Companies not just for profit
 Entities formed or registered under special NGO or nonprofit laws

The Council of Europe in Strasbourg drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the
Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a
common legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the European
Convention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a
fundamental norm for NGOs.

How NGOs Influence World Affairs

Some argue that NGOs have great influence and power in global affairs. Service-delivery NGOs
provide public goods and services that governments from developing countries are unable to
provide to society, due to lack of resources. Service-delivery NGOs can serve as contractors or
collaborate with democratized government agencies to reduce cost associated with public goods.
Capacity-building NGOs influence global affairs differently, in the sense that the incorporation
of accountability measures in Southern NGOs affect "culture, structure, projects and daily
operations." Advocacy and public education NGOs affect global affairs in its ability to modify
behavior through the use of ideas. Communication is the weapon of choice used by advocacy and
public-education NGOs in order to change people's actions and behaviors. They strategically
construct messages to not only shape behavior, but to also socially mobilize communities in
promoting social, political, or environmental changes.

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Critiques

Issa G. Shivji is one of Africa's leading experts on law and development issues as an author and
academic. His critique on NGOs is found in two essays: "Silences in NGO discourse: The role
and future of NGOs in Africa" and "Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania: What we are, what we
are not and what we ought to be". Shivji argues that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders
and activists, he is critical of the "objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions".
Shivji argues also that the sudden rise of NGOs are part of a neoliberal paradigm rather than pure
altruistic motivations. He is critical of the current manifestations of NGOs wanting to change the
world without understanding it, and that the imperial relationship continues today with the rise of
NGOs.

James Pfeiffer, in his case study of NGO involvement in Mozambique, speaks to the negative
effects that NGO's have had on areas of health within the country. He argues that over the last
decade, NGO's in Mozambique have "fragmented the local health system, undermined local
control of health programs, and contributed to growing local social inequality".

He notes further that NGO's can be uncoordinated, creating parallel projects among different
organizations, that pull health service workers away from their routine duties in order to serve
the interests of the NGO's. This ultimately undermines local primary health care efforts, and
takes away the governments' ability to maintain agency over their own health sector. J. Pfeiffer
suggested a new model of collaboration between the NGO and the DPS (the Mozambique
Provincial Health Directorate). He mentioned the NGO should be 'formally held to standard and
adherence within the host country', for example reduce 'showcase' projects and parallel programs
that proves to be unsustainable.

Jessica Mathews wrote in Foreign Affairs in 1997: "For all their strengths, NGOs are special
interests. The best of them … often suffer from tunnel vision, judging every public act by how it
affects their particular interest". Since NGOs have to worry about policy trade-offs, the overall
impact of their cause might bring more harm to society.

Vijay Prashad argues that from the 1970s "The World Bank, under Robert McNamara,
championed the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations of
power and production."

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Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a
racialized manner in third world countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the
clergy during the high colonial era. The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an
aristocratic form of politics. He also points to the fact that NGOs like Action Aid and Christian
Aid "effectively condoned the [2004 US backed] coup" against an elected government in Haiti
and argues that they are the "humanitarian face of imperialism." Popular movements in the
global South such as the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign in South Africa have sometimes
refused to work with NGOs arguing that this will compromise their autonomy. It has also been
argued that NGOs often disem power people by allowing funders to push for stability over social
justice.

Another criticism of NGOs is that they are being designed and used as extensions of the normal
foreign-policy instruments of certain Western countries and groups of countries. Russian
President Vladimir Putin made this accusation at the 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy
in 2007, concluding that these NGOs "are formally independent but they are purposefully
financed and therefore under control." Also, Michael Bond wrote "Most large NGOs, such as
Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and Action Aid, are striving to make their aid provision more
sustainable. But some, mostly in the US, are still exporting the ideologies of their backers."

NGOs have also been accused of using white lies or misinformed advise to enact their
campaigns, i.e., accusations that NGOs have been ignorant about critical issues because, as chief
scientist at Greenpeace Doug Parr said, these organizations appear to have lost their efforts in
being truly scientific and now seem to be more self-interested. Rather than operating through
science so as to be rationally and effectively practical, NGOs have been accused of abusing the
utilization of science to gain their own advantages. In the beginning, as Parr indicated, there was
"a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool … but political
and commercial interests are using science as a cover for getting their way." At the same time,
NGOs can appear to not be cooperative with other groups, according to the previous policy-
maker for the German branch of Friends of the Earth, Jens Katjek. "If NGOs want the best for
the environment, he says, they have to learn to compromise."

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Challenges to legitimacy

The issue of the legitimacy of NGOs raises a series of important questions. This is one of the
most important assets possessed by an NGO, it is gained through a perception that they are an
“independent voice”. Their representation also emerges as an important question. Who bestows
responsibilities to NGOs or INGOs and how do they gain the representation of citizens and civil
society is still not scrutinized thoroughly. For instance, in the article, it is stated, "To put the
point starkly: are the citizens of countries of the South and their needs represented in global civil
society, or are citizens as well as their needs constructed by practices of representation? And
when we realize that INGOs hardly ever come face to face with the people whose interests and
problems they represent, or that they are not accountable to the people they represent, matters
become even more troublesome."

Moreover, the legitimacy and the accountability of NGOs on the point of their true nature are
also emerging as important issues. Various perceptions and images on NGOs are provided, and
usually implemented in an image as 'non-state actors' or 'influential representatives of civil
society that advocate the citizen.' Accountability may be able to provide this and also be able to
assist activities by providing focus and direction As non-state actors with considerable influence
over the governance in many areas, concerns have been expressed over the extent to which they
represent the views of the public and the extent to which they allow the public to hold them to
account.

The origin of funding can have serious implications for the legitimacy of NGOs. In recent
decades NGOs have increased their numbers and range of activities to a level where they have
become increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors. Consequently, competition has
increased for funding, as have the expectations of the donors themselves. This runs the risk of
donors adding conditions which can threaten the independence of NGOs; for example, an over-
dependence on official aid has the potential to dilute “the willingness of NGOs to speak out on
issues which are unpopular with governments”. In these situations NGOs are being held
accountable by their donors, which can erode rather than enhance their legitimacy, a difficult
challenge to overcome. Some commentators have also argued that the changes in NGO funding
sources has ultimately altered their functions.

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NGOs have also been challenged on the grounds that they do not necessarily represent the needs
of the developing world, through diminishing the so-called “Southern Voice”. Some postulate
that the North–South divide exists in the arena of NGOs. They question the equality of the
relationships between Northern and Southern parts of the same NGOs as well as the relationships
between Southern and Northern NGOs working in partnerships. This suggests a division of
labour may develop, with the North taking the lead in advocacy and resource mobilisation whilst
the South engages in service delivery in the developing world. The potential implications of this
may mean the needs of the developing world are not addressed appropriately as Northern NGOs
do not properly consult or participate in partnerships. The real danger in this situation is that
western views may take the front seat and assign unrepresentative priorities.

The flood of NGOs has also been accused of damaging the public sector in multiple developing
countries, e.g. accusations that NGO mismanagement has resulted in the breakdown of public
health care systems. Instead of promoting equity and alleviating poverty, NGOs have been under
scrutiny for contributing to socioeconomic inequality and disempowering services in the public
sector of third world countries.

The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate has grown rapidly since the 1980s,
witnessing particular expansion in the 1990s. This has presented NGOs with a need to balance
the pressures of centralization and decentralization. By centralizing NGOs, particularly those that
operate at an international level, they can assign a common theme or set of goals. Conversely it
may also be advantageous to decentralize as this can increase the chances of an NGO responding
more flexibly and effectively to localized issues by implementing projects which are modest in
scale, easily monitored, produce immediate benefits and where all involved know that corruption
will be punished.

17
HTML

Hyper Text Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standard markup
language used to create web pages. Web browsers can read HTML files and render them into
visible or audible web pages. HTML describes the structure of a website semantically along with
cues for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a programming language.

HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to
be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured
documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links,
quotes and other items.

The language is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle
brackets (like <html>). Browsers do not display the HTML tags and scripts, but use them to
interpret the content of the page.

HTML can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of
HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the
look and layout of text and other material. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer
of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit
presentational HTML since 1997.

Elements

HTML documents imply a structure of nested HTML elements. These are indicated in the
document by HTML tags, enclosed in angle brackets thus: <p>

In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a "start tag"
<p> and "end tag" </p>. The text content of the element, if any, is placed between these tags.

Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags
and text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element.

18
The start tag may also include attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as
identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to the
presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the <img> used to embed images, the
reference to the image resource.

Some elements, such as the line break <br>, do not permit any embedded content, either text or
further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to a start tag) and do not use an end tag.

Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly-used paragraph element <p>,
are optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element
from the context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex
and not widely understood by most HTML coders.

The general form of an HTML element is therefore: <tag attribute1="value1"

attribute2="value2">content</tag>. Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and
take the form <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">. Empty elements may enclose
no content, for instance, the <br> tag or the inline <img> tag. The name of an HTML element is
the name used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and
that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not
mentioned, default values are used in each case.

Element examples

Header of the HTML document:<head>...</head>. The title is included in the head, for example:

<head>

<title>The Title</title>

</head>

19
Headings: HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags:

<h1>Heading level 1</h1>

<h2>Heading level 2</h2>

<h3>Heading level 3</h3>

<h4>Heading level 4</h4>

<h5>Heading level 5</h5>

<h6>Heading level 6</h6>

Paragraphs:

<p>Paragraph 1</p> <p>Paragraph 2</p>

Line breaks:<br>. The difference between <br> and <p> is that "br" breaks a line without
altering the semantic structure of the page, whereas "p" sections the page into paragraphs. Note
also that "br" is an empty element in that, although it may have attributes, it can take no content
and it may not have an end tag.

<p>This <br> is a paragraph <br> with <br> line breaks</p>

This is a link in HTML. To create a link the <a> tag is used. The href= attribute holds the URL
address of the link.

<a href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">A link to Wikipedia!</a>

Comments:

<!-- This is a comment -->

Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage.

20
Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a
document written in a markup language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web
pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any
XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in speech,
or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by
most websites to create visually engaging web pages, user interfaces for web applications, and
user interfaces for many mobile applications.

CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content from document
presentation, including aspects such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve
content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation
characteristics, enable multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS
in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content, such as
semantically insignificant tables that were widely used to format pages before consistent CSS
rendering was available in all major browsers. CSS makes it possible to separate presentation
instructions from the HTML content in a separate file or style section of the HTML file. For each
matching HTML element, it provides a list of formatting instructions. For example, a CSS rule
might specify that "all heading 1 elements should be bold", leaving pure semantic HTML
markup that asserts "this text is a level 1 heading" without formatting code such as a <bold> tag
indicating how such text should be displayed.

This separation of formatting and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in
different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read
out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. It can also
be used to display the web page differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is
being viewed. Although the author of a web page typically links to a CSS file within the markup
file, readers can specify a different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer,
to override the one the author has specified. If the author or the reader did not link the document
to a style sheet, the default style of the browser will be applied. Another advantage of CSS is that
aesthetic changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied

21
quickly and easily, by editing a few lines in one file, rather than by a laborious (and thus
expensive) process of crawling over every document line by line, changing markup.

The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more
than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities (or
weights) are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.

Syntax

CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various
style properties.

A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors,
and a declaration block.

Selector

In CSS, selectors are used to declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags
and attributes in the markup itself. Selectors may apply to:

 all elements of a specific type, e.g. the second-level headers h2

 elements specified by attribute, in particular:
 id: an identifier unique to the document
 class: an identifier that groups multiple elements in a document
 elements depending on how they are placed relative to others in the document tree.

Classes and IDs are case-sensitive, start with letters, and can include alphanumeric characters
and underscores. Any number of instances of any number of elements may have the same class.
Conventionally, IDs only apply to one instance of one element.

Pseudo-classes are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not
contained in the document tree.

22
Declaration block

A declaration block consists of a list of declarations in braces. Each declaration itself consists of
a property, a colon, and a value. If there are multiple declarations in a block, a semi-colon must
be inserted to separate each declaration.

Use

Before CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained
within the HTML markup; all font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and
sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS allows authors to
move much of that information to another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler
HTML.

Before CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to, say, all
h2 headings had to repeat HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading
type. This made documents more complex, larger, and more error-prone and difficult to
maintain. CSS allows the separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font,
text alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can
do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles such as
the speed and emphasis with which text is read out by aural text readers. The W3C has now
deprecated the use of all presentational HTML markup.

Sources

CSS information can be provided from various sources. These sources can be the web browser,
the user and the author. The information from the author can be further classified into inline,
media type, importance, selector specificity, rule order, inheritance and property definition. CSS
style information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document.
Multiple style sheets can be imported. Different styles can be applied depending on the output
device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed
version, so that authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium.

23
The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in the
highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style.
This process is called cascading.

One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater control over presentation. Someone who finds
red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser
and the web site, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may
remove all added styles and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just
the red italic heading style without altering other attributes.

Advantages

1. Separation of content from presentation

CSS facilitates publication of content in multiple presentation formats based on nominal

parameters. Nominal parameters include explicit user preferences, different web browsers, the
type of device being used to view the content (a desktop computer or mobile Internet device), the
geographic location of the user and many other variables.

2. Site-wide consistency

When CSS is used effectively, in terms of inheritance and "cascading", a global style sheet can
be used to affect and style elements site-wide. If the situation arises that the styling of the
elements should need to be changed or adjusted, these changes can be made by editing rules in
the global style sheet. Before CSS, this sort of maintenance was more difficult, expensive and
time-consuming.

3. Bandwidth

A stylesheet, internal or external, specifies the style once for a range of HTML elements selected
by class, type or relationship to others. This is much more efficient than repeating style
information inline for each occurrence of the element. An external stylesheet is usually stored in
the browser cache, and can therefore be used on multiple pages without being reloaded, further
reducing data transfer over a network.

24
 4. Page reformatting

With a simple change of one line, a different style sheet can be used for the same page. This has
advantages for accessibility, as well as providing the ability to tailor a page or site to different
target devices. Furthermore, devices not able to understand the styling still display the content.

5. Accessibility

Without CSS, web designers must typically lay out their pages with techniques such as HTML
tables that hinder accessibility for vision-impaired users.

CSS frameworks

CSS frameworks are pre-prepared libraries that are meant to allow for easier, more standards-
compliant styling of web pages using the Cascading Style Sheets language. CSS frameworks
include Foundation, Blueprint, Bootstrap, Cascade Framework and Materialize. Like
programming and scripting language libraries, CSS frameworks are usually incorporated as
external .css sheets referenced in the HTML <head>. They provide a number of ready-made
options for designing and laying out the web page. Although many of these frameworks have
been published, some authors use them mostly for rapid prototyping, or for learning from, and
prefer to 'handcraft' CSS that is appropriate to each published site without the design,
maintenance and download overhead of having many unused features in the site's styling.

Positioning

CSS defines three positioning schemes:

Normal flow

Inline items are laid out in the same way as the letters in words in text, one after the other across
the available space until there is no more room, then starting a new line below. Block items stack
vertically, like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list. Normal flow also includes relative
positioning of block or inline items, and run-in boxes.

25
Floats

A floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in
the space available. Other content then flows alongside the floated item.

Absolute positioning

An absolutely positioned item has no place in, and no effect on, the normal flow of other items.
It occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items.

Position: top, bottom, left, and right

There are four possible values of the position property. If an item is positioned in any way other
than static, then the further properties top, bottom, left, and right are used to specify offsets and
positions.

Static

The default value places the item in the normal flow

Relative

The item is placed in the normal flow, and then shifted or offset from that position. Subsequent
flow items are laid out as if the item had not been moved.

Absolute

Specifies absolute positioning. The element is positioned in relation to its nearest non-static
ancestor.

Fixed

The item is absolutely positioned in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the
document is scrolled

26
Float and clear

The float property may have one of three values. Absolutely positioned or fixed items cannot be
floated. Other elements normally flow around floated items, unless they are prevented from
doing so by their clear property.

Left

The item floats to the left of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around
its right side.

Right

The item floats to the right of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow
around its left side.

Clear

Forces the element to appear underneath ('clear') floated elements to the left (clear:left), right
(clear:right) or both sides (clear:both).

27
 CHAPTER-2

WORKDONE AND OBJECTIVE

To work for the welfare of the poor and helpless women and children for making their good
future in education, social and other fields. To open and run, educational and vocational schools
or institutions to bring education within the reach of poor & backward children and women in the
national capital territory of Delhi. To run programmes of environment and pollution control. To
provide libraries publish books on educational, cultural & social subjects.

About us

Change the world works towards Education for All and promotes child rights, thereby lifting
thousands of children from the state of misery and scarcity to a position of dignity and happiness.
change the world helps children to get the knowledge and life skills they need to realise their full
cognitive potential.

Education is one of the most powerful tools in breaking the cycle of poverty. Padho aur Badho is
change the world ‘s pioneering effort in collaboration with GAIL India, to provide education
opportunities to deprived children in urban slums. So far we have reached out to 10,000 poor and
out-of-school children living in urban slums".

What we do

Education

Change the world works towards Education for All and promotes child rights, thereby lifting
thousands of children from the state of misery and scarcity to a position of dignity and happiness.
change the world helps children to get the knowledge and life skills they need to realise their full
cognitive potential. Education is one of the most powerful tools in breaking the cycle of poverty.
Padho aur Badho is change the world ‘s pioneering effort in collaboration with GAIL India, to
provide education opportunities to deprived children in urban slums. So far we have reached out
to 30,000 poor and out-of-school children living in urban slums.

28
Economic Empowerment

Change the world runs various programmes for economic empowerment of poverty-stricken
rural and urban youth in various states under the schemes of government of India and corporate
social responsibility initiatives. change the world works with communities to ensure that families
in extreme poverty have the skills they need to increase their income. We have designed
programmes like UDAAN and UTKARSH with an objective of enhancing the skill sets of poor
people for different income-driven trades, such as agriculture, farm and non-farm, IT and ICT,
Hospitality, Sales and Retail and textiles and garments, manufacturing industry workers, etc.

Change the world Foundation implements Government of India’s SGSY Programme for
livelihood opportunities and job-placement for BPL rural youth and women through Public-
Private Partnership Approach and attempts to bridge the ever-widening divide between those
who have access to opportunities and those who are increasingly being marginalized from the
new jobs in the new economy.

The on-going project envisages socio-economic transformation of the underprivileged youth &
women from a status of unemployment and vulnerability to a product of employability in the
market. It aims to create opportunities to the disadvantaged youth & women in rural areas for
quality flexible skills training and placement services in consonance with the employers needs
and demands and prepare them for new economic jobs.

Women’s Empowerment

Change the world works with a special focus on women’s empowerment and provides skills
development and employment linkages to thousands of women across the nation. Project
GARIMA has been designed for skill development of women in various trades such as garment
making, embroidery and handicraft making, beauty culture, dried foods and namkeen making,
etc.

29
Health

Change the world Foundation has been successfully conducting various community development
programmes in health sector which include the operation of a mobile health van for poor and
disadvantaged in the slums of Delhi and NOIDA, awareness generation activities health camps,
vaccination programmes, etc.

Our health interventions works for reproductive and child health, aiming to reduce maternal,
neonatal and child mortality. Its aim is to improve overall immunization coverage, raise
awareness about the indispensable role played by routine immunization in protecting a
community’s health, improve the quality of emergency obstetric care and promote an integrated
management of early childhood illnesses. We work to support the existing community health
facilities.

Gender mainstreaming is of special concern to us. Due to their lower social status, girls are far
more at risk of malnutrition than boys their age. Partly as a result of this cultural bias, up to one
third of all adult women in India are underweight. The project seeks to provide the healthcare
facilities to girl children and to create awareness about equal status and facilities for both girls
and boys.

Water and Sanitation

37 per cent of the developing world’s population 2.5 billion people lack improved sanitation
facilities, and over 780 million people still use unsafe drinking water sources. Inadequate access
to safe water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and sickens
thousands of children every day, and leads to impoverishment and diminished opportunities for
thousands more.

67 per cent of Indian households do not treat their drinking water, even though it could be
chemically or bacterially contaminated. Only a quarter the total population in India has drinking
water on their premises and women, who have to collect the drinking water, are vulnerable to a
number of unsafe practices. Only 13 per cent of adult males collect water.

30
Change the world works with people and communities in various states to improve access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation and to raise awareness of the importance of hand washing
and waste management.

Change the world works to save and conserve water through rainwater harvesting and optimising
the usage of water because water is natural resource which is fast depleting from the ground. The
Foundation also strives to ensure that people consume safe water and adopt good hygiene and
sanitation practices.

Renewable Energy Resource

India’s consumption of energy is today the fifth largest in the world, exceeding own production
by 12.7%. Rapid domestic economic and population growth will keep the need for energy
growing in the future, and so the challenge is how to increase both energy production and energy
efficiency. One of the major challenges is the restricted availability of electrical power; more
than 400 million Indians have no access to electricity. The situation is most serious in scarcely
populated areas. In addition, there are frequent interruptions in local electricity distribution, due
to poor condition of the power grids.

Lakhs of poor families having inadequate electrical supply use kerosene lamps for lighting and
kerosene or firewood for cooking. A kerosene lamp spews out an average of a ton of CO2 in less
than 10 years. To make matters worse, families generally cook indoors on wood fires. The health
effects of burning kerosene, coal and wood are staggering, toxic smokes cause respiratory
diseases that kill 1.6 million women and children every year and cause severe respiratory
problems for tens of millions.

Major NGO Campaigns

In order to achieve a common goal, NGOs combine their expertise and resources to maximize
their advocacy efforts. Networks of international NGOs usually come under one umbrella
organization and can combine thousands of groups. Movements sometimes start off from the
grassroots, with little financial resources. Campaigns aim at raising public awareness, lobbying
governments and mobilizing citizens. Very successful campaigns achieve international change
by laying groundwork for new treaties, standards or institutions.

31
Girls' Education - It takes care of girls education, gender discrimination, health and
nourishment, girls rights, etc.

War on Want - War on Want is a UK-based non-governmental organisation, which campaigns

against poverty, inequality and injustice across the world. It focuses on what it considers to be
the social and economic root causes of global poverty.

Child Nutrition - They work to end child hunger, and also check if malnutrition still exists.

How You Can Help

On one hand, there are people who live their life lavishly. They are not only enjoying the joy of
essentials but also have what they want and desire; a luxurious living providing them an extra
comfort. On the other hand, there are people who cannot even afford the basic requirements of
living. They do not have shelter to live, food to eat, and clothes to wear.People who have extra
are living a comfortable and a posh life. While those who have barely the vitals are fighting each
day for life. They fail to meet the basic requirements.

There are people who have much more than they need to live while others have barely enough to
survive.

Poor people do not have enough clothing, food, education and healthcare. Being poor means
deprived economically, politically and socially. They hardly get opportunities. They have
inadequate nutrition, higher risk of diseases and lack access to healthcare and basic essentials for
living resulting in low achievement.

One cannot make such people opulent but can at least help them achieve the essentials of life and
lead a prosperous life. Helping the poor and needy people is a good deed. Caring for the poor and
needy people and helping them is a noble endeavor. The more you give to poor and needy
people, the more you strengthen their dependency. If you give them the chance or opportunity,
you’ll see an effective and long-lasting improvement in their lives. Create a new system built on
inter-dependency which motivates them to work and move forward and their dignity is
maintained. Tossing out money or other kinds of donation do help the poor and needy people but
the need is to direct your energies and efforts in raising them, building relationship, teaching
them and moreover, regaining their self-confidence and self-esteem to work for themselves.

32
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To promote love and affection

 Take responsibilities of small blossoms like kids

 Gives children the form of life style they need survive

 Educate them

 Making social changes more implementing

 Dove them self blessing

33
 CHAPTER-3

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

HARDWARE SPECIFICATION

VIRTUAL MEMORY

PROCESSOR : Intel(R) Core(TM) I3 – 2350M CPU

RAM : 2.00 GB

HARD DISK : 500 GB

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

OPERATING SYSTEM : Windows 7

FRONT END : HTML, CSS, Photoshop

MIDDLEWARE : Notepad

34
 CHAPTER-4

RESULTS AND CODING

RESULTS

Home Page

Figure : 1

35
 Figure : 2

About Us

Figure : 3

36
 Figure : 4

Campaigns

Figure : 5

37
Get Involved

Figure : 6

38
 Figure – 7

News and Blogs

Figure – 8

39
CODING

Home Page

<!DOCTYPE html>

<!-- Website template by freewebsitetemplates.com -->

<html>

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title>NGO Website Template</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css">

</head>

<body>

<div id="header">

<div>

<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png" widh="250" height="80"

alt="logo"></a>

<ul>

<li class="current">

<a href="index.html">Home</a>

</li>

<li>

40
<a href="about.html">About</a>

</li>

<li>

<a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a>

</li>

<li>

<a href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a>

</li>

<li>

<a href="news.html">News &amp; Blog</a>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

</div>

<marquee behavior="alternate" direction="left">Save life save tree save water save

world</marquee>

<!-- Marquee Side Touch Margin Bounce Text by Way2Tutorial.com -->

<div id="body">

<div class="header">

<div>

<img src="images/p.jpg" alt="Image">

41
<div id="tagline">

<h1>Save Lives</h1>

<h3>&nbsp;</h3>

</div>

<div class="section">

<h2>To work for the welfare of the poor and helpless women and children for making their good
future in education, social and other fields.To open and run, educational and vocational schools
or institutions to bring education within the reach of poor &amp; backward children and women
in the national Capital Territory of Delhi.To run programmes of Environment and pollution
control.To provide libraries publish books on educational, cultural &amp; social subjects. </h2>

</div>

<div class="body">

<div>

<div class="figure">

<a href="campaigns.html"><img src="images/hands.jpg" alt="Image"></a>

<h2><a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a></h2>

</div>

<div class="news">

<h2>News &amp; Blog</h2>

<ul>

<li>save the world (NGO) द्वारा न िःशुल्क नित्रकला प्रनियोनििा का आयोज </li>

<li>Drawing competition on 15th of May 2015</li>

42
<li>व महोत्सव के मौके पर Change the WorldNGO द्वारा वृक्षारोपण</li>

</ul>

<span class="link"><a href="news.html">Go To News</a></span>

</div>

<div class="help">

<h2>How To Help</h2>

<a href="getinvolved.html"><img src="images/finger.jpg" alt="Image"></a>

<h3>the real tragedy of the poor is the poverty of their aspiration</h3>

<span class="link"><a href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a></span>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div id="footer">

<div>

<form action="index.html">

<h2>Send A Message</h2>

<label for="name"><span>Your Name:</span>

<input type="text" id="name">

</label>

<label for="emailad"><span>Email Address:</span>

43
<input type="text" id="emailad">

</label>

<label for="message"><span class="message">Message:</span>

<textarea name="message" id="message" cols="30" rows="10"></textarea>

</label>

<input type="submit" class="send" value="Send">

</form>

<div>

<h2>Contact Details</h2>

<ul>

<li>

<b>Location</b>

<span>:</span>

<p>H.NO-195 SITE 1 VIKAS PURI NEW DELHI 110018</p>

</li>

<li>

<b>Phone</b>

<span>:</span>

<p>9871225437, 9711406079, 7827141155</p>

</li>

<li>

44
<b>Email</b>

<span>:</span> <b>Email</b>
<span>:</span>[email protected],[email protected],SONALI34@G
MAIL.COM. </li>

<li>

<b>Social</b>

<span>:</span>

<div>

<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/facebook/" id="facebook"

target="_blank">facebook</a>

<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/twitter/" id="twitter" target="_blank">twitter</a>

<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/googleplus/" id="googleplus"

target="_blank">google&#43;</a>

</div>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

</div>

<p>&copy; Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.

</p>

</div>

</body>

45
</html>

About Us

<!DOCTYPE html>

<!-- Website template by freewebsitetemplates.com -->

<html>

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title>About - NGO Website Template</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css">

</head>

<body>

<div id="header">

<div>

<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="logo" widht="200"

height="80" ></a>

<ul>

<li>

<a href="index.html">Home</a>

</li>

<li class="current">

<a href="about.html">About</a>

46
</li>

<li>

<a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a>

</li>

<li>

<a href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a>

</li>

<li>

<a href="news.html">News &amp; Blog</a>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

<div id="body">

<div id="about">

<h1>About us</h1>

<div class="aside">

<div>

<p>

<span>&#8220;change the world works towards Education for All and promotes child rights,
thereby lifting thousands of children from the state of misery and scarcity to a position of dignity
and happiness. change the world helps children to get the knowledge and life skills they need to
realise their full cognitive potential.<br>

47
Education is one of the most powerful tools in breaking the cycle of poverty. Padho aur Badho is
change the world & lsquo;s pioneering effort in collaboration with GAIL India, to provide
education opportunities to deprived children in urban slums. So far we have reached out to
10,000 poor and out-of-school children living in urban slums & quot;.</span>

</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

</div>

<div>

<h3>What we do</h3>

<h2>&nbsp;</h2>

<p><strong>Education </strong><br>

change the world works towards Education for All and promotes child rights, thereby lifting
thousands of children from the state of misery and scarcity to a position of dignity and happiness.
change the world helps children to get the knowledge and life skills they need to realise their full
cognitive potential.<br>

Education is one of the most powerful tools in breaking the cycle of poverty. Padho aur Badho is
change the world &lsquo;s pioneering effort in collaboration with GAIL India, to provide
education opportunities to deprived children in urban slums. So far we have reached out to
30,000 poor and out-of-school children living in urban slums.</p>

<p><strong>Economic Empowerment</strong><br>

change the world runs various programmes for economic empowerment of poverty-stricken rural
and urban youth in various states under the schemes of government of India and corporate social
responsibility initiatives. change the world works with communities to ensure that families in
extreme poverty have the skills they need to increase their income. We have designed
programmes like UDAAN and UTKARSH with an objective of enhancing the skill sets of poor
people for different income-driven trades, such as agriculture, farm and non-farm, IT and ICT,

48
Hospitality, Sales and Retail and textiles and garments, manufacturing industry workers,
etc.<br>

change the world Foundation implements Government of India&rsquo;s SGSY Programme for
livelihood opportunities and job-placement for BPL rural youth and women through Public-
Private Partnership Approach and attempts to bridge the ever-widening divide between those
who have access to opportunities and those who are increasingly being marginalized from the
new jobs in the new economy.<br>

The on-going project envisages socio-economic transformation of the underprivileged youth

&amp; women from a status of unemployment and vulnerability to a product of employability in
the market. It aims to create opportunities to the disadvantaged youth &amp; women in rural
areas for quality flexible skills training and placement services in consonance with the employers
needs and demands and prepare them for new economic jobs.</p>

<p><strong>Women &rsquo;s Empowerment</strong><br>

change the world works with a special focus on women &rsquo;s empowerment and provides
skills development and employment linkages to thousands of women across the nation. Project
GARIMA has been designed for skill development of women in various trades such as garment
making, embroidery and handicraft making, beauty culture, dried foods and namkeen making,
etc.</p>

<p><strong>Health</strong><br>
change the world Foundation has been successfully conducting various community development
programmes in health sector which include the operation of a mobile health van for poor and
disadvantaged in the slums of Delhi and NOIDA, awareness generation activities health camps,
vaccination programmes, etc.<br>

Our health interventions works for reproductive and child health, aiming to reduce maternal,
neonatal and child mortality. Its aim is to improve overall immunization coverage, raise
awareness about the indispensable role played by routine immunization in protecting a
community&rsquo;s health, improve the quality of emergency obstetric care and promote an

49
integrated management of early childhood illnesses. We work to support the existing community
health facilities.<br>

Gender mainstreaming is of special concern to us. Due to their lower social status, girls are far
more at risk of malnutrition than boys their age. Partly as a result of this cultural bias, up to one
third of all adult women in India are underweight. The project seeks to provide the healthcare
facilities to girl children and to create awareness about equal status and facilities for both girls
and boys.</p>

<p><strong>Read more about our ongoing health projects</strong></p>

<p><strong>Water and Sanitation</strong><br>

37 per cent of the developing world&rsquo;s population 2.5 billion people lack improved
sanitation facilities, and over 780 million people still use unsafe drinking water sources.
Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices,
kills and sickens thousands of children every day, and leads to impoverishment and diminished
opportunities for thousands more.</p>

<p>67 per cent of Indian households do not treat their drinking water, even though it could be
chemically or bacterially contaminated. Only a quarter the total population in India has drinking
water on their premises and women, who have to collect the drinking water, are vulnerable to a
number of unsafe practices. Only 13 per cent of adult males collect water.<br>

change the world works with people and communities in various states to improve access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation and to raise awareness of the importance of hand washing
and waste management.<br>

change the world works to save and conserve water through rainwater harvesting and optimising
the usage of water because water is natural resource which is fast depleting from the ground. The
Foundation also strives to ensure that people consume safe water and adopt good hygiene and
sanitation practices.<br>

We have initiated water and sanitation projects in Meghalaya, Assam, Chandigarh, Delhi/NCR,
UP, Rajasthan and Jharkhand.</p>

50
<p><strong>Read more about our water security project</strong></p>
<p><strong>Renewable Energy Resource</strong> <br>

India &rsquo;s consumption of energy is today the fifth largest in the world, exceeding own
production by 12.7%. Rapid domestic economic and population growth will keep the need for
energy growing in the future, and so the challenge is how to increase both energy production and
energy efficiency. One of the major challenges is the restricted availability of electrical power;
more than 400 million Indians have no access to electricity. The situation is most serious in
scarcely populated areas. In addition, there are frequent interruptions in local electricity
distribution, due to poor condition of the power grids.<br>

Lakhs of poor families having inadequate electrical supply use kerosene lamps for lighting and
kerosene or firewood for cooking. A kerosene lamp spews out an average of a ton of CO2 in less
than 10 years. To make matters worse, families generally cook indoors on wood fires. The health
effects of burning kerosene, coal and wood are staggering, toxic smokes cause respiratory
diseases that kill 1.6 million women and children every year and cause severe respiratory
problems for tens of millions.</p>

</div>

</div>

<div class="sidebar">

<h2>Be Part of Our Community</h2>

<p>

If you&#39;re experiencing issues and concerns about ou NGO, join the us and meet other
people in the community who share the same interests with you.

</p><div>

<img src="images/ppt.jpg" alt="Image" width="229" height="268" length="100"></div>

<h2>&nbsp;</h2>

51
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<textarea name="message" id="message" cols="30" rows="10"></textarea>

</label>

<input type="submit" class="send" value="Send">

</form>

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<h2>Contact Details</h2>

52
<ul>

<li>

<b>Location</b>

<span>:</span>

<p>H.NO-195 SITE 1 VIKAS PURI NEW DELHI 110018</p>

</li>

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<b>Phone</b>

<span>:</span>9871225437, 9711406079, 7827141155</li>

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<b>Email</b>

<span>:</span>

<p>[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
</p>

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54
Campaigns

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<html>

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title>Campaigns - NGO Website Template</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css">

</head>

<body>

<div id="header">

<div>

<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="logo"widh="200"

height="80" ></a>

<ul>

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<a href="index.html">Home</a>

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<a href="about.html">About</a>

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55
<li class="current">

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<h2><br>

Major NGO Campaigns</h2>

<p>In order to achieve a common goal, NGOs combine their expertise and resources to
maximize their advocacy efforts. Networks of international NGOs usually come under one
umbrella organization and can combine thousands of groups. Movements sometimes start off
from the grassroots, with little financial resources. Campaigns aim at raising public awareness,

56
lobbying governments and mobilizing citizens. Very successful campaigns achieve international
change by laying groundwork for new treaties, standards or institutions.</p>

<p><ahref="http://www.campaignforeducation.org/en/campaigns/girls-education"
rel="noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" onmouseover="return require('qtext').tooltip(this,
'campaignforeducation.org')" data tooltip="attached">Girls' Education</a> - It takes care of girls
education, gender discrimination, health and nourishment, girls rights, etc. </p>

<p><br>

<a href="http://.../" rel="noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">War on Want</a> - War on Want

is a UK-based non-governmental organisation, which campaigns against poverty, inequality and
injustice across the world. It focuses on what it considers to be the social and economic root
causes of global poverty. </p>

<p><br>

<a href="http://www.care.org/work/world-hunger/child-hunger" rel="noreferrer nofollow"

target="_blank" onmouseover="return require('qtext').tooltip(this, 'care.org')" data-
tooltip="attached">Child Nutrition</a> - They work to end child hunger, and also check if
malnutrition still exists. </p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

</div>

<img src="images/srk.jpg" alt="Image">

</div>

<div class="body"></div>

<div class="footer"><em>&ldquo;I would rather die of passion than of

boredom.&rdquo;</em><a href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a>

</div>

</div>

57
</div>

<div id="footer">

<div>

<form action="index.html">

<h2>Send A Message</h2>

<label for="name"><span>Your Name:</span>

<input type="text" id="name">

</label>

<label for="emailad"><span>Email Address:</span>

<input type="text" id="emailad"></label>

<label for="message"><span class="message">Message:</span>

<textarea name="message" id="message" cols="30" rows="10"></textarea>

</label>

<input type="submit" class="send" value="Send">

</form><div>

<h2>Contact Details</h2>

<ul>

<li>

<b>Location</b>

<span>:</span>H.NO-195 SITE 1 VIKAS PURI NEW DELHI 110018</li>

<li>

58
<b>Phone</b>

<span>:</span><span>:</span>9871225437, 9711406079, 7827141155</li>

<li><b>Email</b>

<span>:</span>
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected].

</li><li></li>

<li>

<b>Social</b>

<span>:</span>

<div>

<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/facebook/" id="facebook"

target="_blank">facebook</a>

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<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/googleplus/" id="googleplus"

target="_blank">google&#43;</a>

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</ul>

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<p>

&copy; Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.

59
</p>

</div>

</body>

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60
Get Involved

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<html>

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title>Get Involved - NGO Website Template</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css">

</head>

<body>

<div id="header">

<div>

<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png"widht="200" height="80

alt="logo"></a>

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<a href="index.html">Home</a>

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<a href="about.html">About</a>

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61
<li><a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a>

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<a href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a>

</li>

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<a href="news.html">News &amp; Blog</a>

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<div id="getinvolved">

<div>

<div class="aside">

<div>

<h1>How You Can Help</h1>

<p>On one hand, there are people who live their life lavishly. They are not only enjoying the joy
of essentials but also have what they want and desire; a luxurious living providing them an extra
comfort. On the other hand, there are people who cannot even afford the basic requirements of
living. They do not have shelter to live, food to eat, and clothes to wear.People who have extra
are living a comfortable and a posh life. While those who have barely the vitals are fighting each
day for life.They fail to meet the basic requirements.</p>

62
<p>There are people who have much more than they need to live while others have barely
enough to survive.</p>

<p>Poor people do not have enough clothing, food, education and healthcare. Being poor means
deprived economically, politically and socially. They hardly get opportunities. They have
inadequate nutrition, higher risk of diseases and lack access to healthcare and basic essentials for
living resulting in low achievement.</p>

<p>One cannot make such people opulent but can at least help them achieve the essentials of life
and lead a prosperous life. Helping the poor and needy people is a good deed. Caring for the poor
and needy people and helping them is a noble endeavor. The more you give to poor and needy
people, the more you strengthen their dependency. If you give them the chance or opportunity,
you’ll see an effective and long-lasting improvement in their lives. Create a new system built on
inter-dependency which motivates them to work and move forward and their dignity is
maintained. Tossing out money or other kinds of donation do help the poor and needy people but
the need is to direct your energies and efforts in raising them, building relationship, teaching
them and moreover, regaining their self-confidence and self-esteem to work for themselves.</p>

<p>Change your perspective. Instead of considering them as a project to help, view them as
people to love and respect. Following are the few ways to help the poor and needy people</p>

</div>

<div>

<p>

</p>

<img src="images/p.jpg" alt="Image" width="229" height="268" length="100"></div>

<img src="images/finger2.jpg" alt="Image">

<p>&nbsp;</p>

</div>

63
</div>

</div>

<div class="sidebar">

<div>

<a href="campaigns.html"><img src="images/hands2.jpg" alt="Image"></a>

<h2><a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a></h2>

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<div>

<h1>&nbsp;</h1>

</div>

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<div id="footer">

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<form action="index.html">

<h2>Send A Message</h2>

<label for="name"><span>Your Name:</span>

<input type="text" id="name">

</label>

64
<label for="emailad"><span>Email Address:</span>

<input type="text" id="emailad">

</label>

<label for="message"><span class="message">Message:</span>

<textarea name="message" id="message" cols="30" rows="10"></textarea>

</label>

<input type="submit" class="send" value="Send">

</form>

<div>

<h2>Contact Details</h2>

<ul>

<li>

<b>Location</b>

<span>:</span>

<p>H.NO-195 SITE 1 VIKAS PURI NEW DELHI 110018</p>

</li>

<li>

<b>Phone</b>

<span>:</span>

<p>9871225437, 9711406079, 7827141155</p>

</li>

65
<li>

<b>Email</b>

<span>:</span>

<p>[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]</p>

</li>

<li>

<b>Social</b>

<span>:</span>

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<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/facebook/" id="facebook"

target="_blank">facebook</a>

<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/twitter/" id="twitter" target="_blank">twitter</a>

<a href="http://freewebsitetemplates.com/go/googleplus/" id="googleplus"

target="_blank">google&#43;</a>

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News

66
<!DOCTYPE html>

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<html>

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title>News &amp; Blog - NGO Website Template</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/style.css">

</head>

<body>

<div id="header">

<div>

<a href="index.html" id="logo"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="logo" width="180"

height="59" length="100"></a>

<ul>

<li>

<a href="index.html">Home</a>

</li>

<li>

<a href="about.html">About</a>

</li>

<li>

67
<a href="campaigns.html">Campaigns</a>

</li>

<li>

<a href="getinvolved.html">Get Involved</a>

</li>

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<a href="news.html">News &amp; Blog</a>

</li>

</ul>

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</div>

<div id="body">

<div id="newsblog">

<div class="aside">

<div>

<h2>NEWS</h2>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

</div>

<ul>

<li>

<h1>Change the world (NGO) द्वारा न िःशुल्क नित्रकला प्रनियोनििा का आयोज </h1>

68
</li>

<li>
<h1>Drawing competition on 15th of May 2015</h1>

<li>

<h2>&nbsp;</h2
<h1>व महोत्सव के मौके पर Change the WorldNGO द्वारा वृक्षारोपण</h1>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="sidebar">

<div>

<img src="images/122.jpg" alt="Image" height="250" width="500">

</div>

<div>

<img src="images/poverty.jpg" alt="Image" height="300" width="295">

</div>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

</div>

<p>

69
&copy; Copyright 2032. All rights reserved.

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CHAPTER-5

70
 CONCLUSION

According to us the NGO’S should be establish in various areas so that there is no child begging

for his survival or crying at the footpath. NGO at least provide the basic emetics to all the

orphanage , widows and to all the kids whose parents leave them. Government is trying to deduct

the pathetic and the worst side the India has created.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

71
Various sites referred to during making of the project are as follows:

1. www.enwikipedia.org
2. www.google.com
3. file:///C:/xampp/htdocs/ngowebsitetemplate/about.html
4. file:///C:/xampp/htdocs/ngowebsitetemplate/index.html

Books

1. Head first HTML with CSS by Chris Schalk (author), Ed Burns (author), James
Holmes.
2. HML and XHTML by Chuck Musciano and Bill Kennedy.
3. The best-practice guide to XHTML by Patrick Griffith.

72