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Ch8 Quadrilaterals Chapter Notes

This document defines and discusses properties of quadrilaterals such as parallelograms, trapezoids, rectangles, rhombuses, and squares. It provides definitions of key terms like diagonal and opposite sides. It also outlines important properties of parallelograms including that opposite sides are parallel and equal in length, opposite angles are equal, and diagonals bisect each other. Specific properties of rectangles, rhombuses, and squares are described as well since they are types of parallelograms. Diagrams illustrate various quadrilaterals and relationships between them.

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MohanNayak
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642 views

Ch8 Quadrilaterals Chapter Notes

This document defines and discusses properties of quadrilaterals such as parallelograms, trapezoids, rectangles, rhombuses, and squares. It provides definitions of key terms like diagonal and opposite sides. It also outlines important properties of parallelograms including that opposite sides are parallel and equal in length, opposite angles are equal, and diagonals bisect each other. Specific properties of rectangles, rhombuses, and squares are described as well since they are types of parallelograms. Diagrams illustrate various quadrilaterals and relationships between them.

Uploaded by

MohanNayak
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IX
Mathematics
Chapter 8: Quadrilaterals
Chapter Notes

Top Definitions
1. A quadrilateral is a closed figure obtained by joining four points (with no
three points collinear) in an order.
2. A diagonal is a line segment obtained on joining the opposite vertices.
3. Two sides of a quadrilateral having no common end point are called its
opposite sides.
4. Two angles of a quadrilateral having common arm are called its adjacent
angles.
5. Two angles of a quadrilateral not having a common arm are called its
opposite angles.
6. A trapezium is quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel.
7. In the non – parallel sides of trapezium are equal, it is known as isosceles
trapezium.
8. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both the pairs of opposite sides
are parallel.
9. A rectangle is a quadrilateral whose each angle is 90°
10. A rhombus is quadrilateral whose all the sides are equal.
11. A square is a quadrilateral whose all sides are equal and each angle is 90°.
12. A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.

Top Concepts
1. Properties of parallelogram:
i The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.
ii A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it in two congruent triangles.
iii The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.
iv The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
v The consecutive angles (conjoined angles) of a parallelogram are
supplementary.

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vi The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.


2. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides the parallelogram into two congruent
triangles.
3. In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal.
4. If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal, then it is a
parallelogram.
5. In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal.
6. If in quadrilateral, each pair of opposite angles is equal, then it is a
parallelogram.
7. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
8. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect other, then it is a parallelogram.
9. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if a pair of opposite sides is equal and
parallel.
10. Square, rectangle and rhombus are all parallelograms.
11. Kite and trapezium are not parallelogram.
12. A square is a rectangle.
13. A square is a rhombus.
14. A parallelogram is a trapezium.
15. Every rectangle is a parallelogram; therefore, it has all the properties of a
parallelogram. Additional properties of a rectangle are:
i All the (interior) angles of are rectangle are right angles.
ii The diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
16. Every rhombus is a parallelogram; therefore, it has all the properties of a
parallelogram. Additional properties of a rhombus are:
i All the sides of rhombus are equal.
ii The diagonals of a rhombus intersect at right angles.
iii The diagonals bisect the angles of a rhombus.
17. Every square is a parallelogram; therefore, it has all the properties of a
parallelogram. Additional properties of a rhombus are:
i All the sides are equal
ii All the angles are equal to 90° each
iii Diagonals are equal

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iv Diagonal bisect each other at right angle


v Diagonals bisects the angles of vertex
18. Sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 3600.
19. Mid Point Theorem (Basic Proportionality Theorem): The line segment joining
the mid point of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third sides and
equal to half of it.
20. Converse of mid-point theorem: The line drawn through the mid-point of one
side of a triangle parallel to the another side, bisects the third side.
21. If there are three or more parallel lines and the interests made by them on a
transversal are equal, then the corresponding intercepts on any other
transversal are also equal.
22. A quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a
quadrilateral, in order is a parallelogram.

Top Diagrams
1. A quadrilateral ABCD.

2. A trapezium ABCD with sides AB || DC and non parallel sides AD and BC.

3. A parallelogram ABCD in which AB||DC and AD||BC.

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a
4. A rectangle ABCD with AD||BC, AB||DC and A = 90° = B = C = D.

5. A rhombus ABCD with AB = BD = CD = DA.

6. A square ABCD in which AB = BC = CD, = DA and A = B = C = D =


90°.

7. A kite ABCD with AB = AD and BC = CD

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8. Diagonal properties of special parallelograms:


Properties Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square
Diagonals bisect each other √ √ √ √
Diagonals are equal – √ – √
Diagonals bisect vertex angles – – √ √
Diagonals are perpendicular to each – – √ √
other
Diagonals from 4 equal triangle √ √ √ √
Diagonals from 4 congruent – – √ √
triangle

9. The relations between special parallelograms can be represented by a Veen-


diagram.

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