Introduction

What Is MATLAB?

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include:
 Math and computation
 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would
take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK
projects, which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix
computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and
advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is
the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.

1
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply
specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB
functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes
of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control
systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

The MATLAB System

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

The MATLAB language.

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions,
data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both
"programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs,
and "programming in the large" to create complete large and complex application
programs.

The MATLAB working environment.

This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or
programmer. It includes facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and
importing and exporting data. It also includes tools for developing, managing,
debugging, and profiling M-files, MATLAB's applications.

Handle Graphics.
This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-
dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation,
and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level commands that allow you to fully
customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete Graphical User
Interfaces on your MATLAB applications.

2
The MATLAB mathematical function library.
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary
functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated
functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier
transforms.

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).

This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with
MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking),
calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
MATLAB Documentation

MATLAB provides extensive documentation, in both printable and HTML format, to

help you learn about and use all of its features. If you are a new user, start with this
Getting Started book. It covers all the primary MATLAB features at a high level,
including many examples.

To view the online documentation, select MATLAB Help from the Help menu in
MATLAB. Online help appears in the Help browser, providing task-oriented and
reference information about MATLAB features. For more information about using the
Help browser, including typographical conventions used in the documentation.

The MATLAB documentation is organized into these main topics:

←
Desktop Tools and Development Environment — Startup and shutdown, the
desktop, and other tools that help you use MATLAB
←
Mathematics — Mathematical operations
←
Data Analysis — Data analysis, including data fitting, Fourier analysis, and
time-series tools
←
Programming — The MATLAB language and how to develop MATLAB
applications

3
←
Graphics — Tools and techniques for plotting, graph annotation, printing, and
programming with Handle Graphics®
←
3-D Visualization — Visualizing surface and volume data, transparency, and
viewing and lighting techniques
←
Creating Graphical User Interfaces — GUI-building tools and how to write
callback functions
←
External Interfaces — MEX-files, the MATLAB engine, and interfacing to
Java, COM, and the serial port

MATLAB also includes reference documentation for all MATLAB functions:

← Functions — By Category — Lists all MATLAB functions grouped into

categories

← Handle Graphics Property Browser — Provides easy access to descriptions of

graphics object properties

← C and Fortran API Reference — Covers those functions used by the MATLAB
external interfaces, providing information on syntax in the calling language,
description, arguments, return values, and examples

Summary by Version

This table provides quick access to what's new in each version. For clarification, see
About Release Notes.

Version New Version Fixed Bugs Related

(Release) Features Compatibility and Known Documentation at
and Considerations Problems Web Site
Changes
Latest Yes Yes Bug Reports Printable Release
Version Details Summary Includes fixes Notes: PDF
V7.5 Current product

4
Version New Version Fixed Bugs Related
(Release) Features Compatibility and Known Documentation at
and Considerations Problems Web Site
Changes
(R2007b) documentation
V7.4 Yes Yes Bug Reports No
(R2007a) Details Summary Includes fixes
V7.3 Yes Yes Bug Reports No
(R2006b) Details Summary Includes fixes
V7.2 Yes Yes Bug Reports No
(R2006a) Details Summary Includes fixes
V7.1 Yes Yes Bug Reports No
(R14SP3) Details Summary Includes fixes
V7.0.4 Yes Yes Bug Reports No
(R14SP2) Details Summary Includes fixes
V7.0.1 Yes Yes Fixed bugs No
(R14SP1) Details Summary
V7 (R14) Yes Yes Fixed bugs No
Details Summary

About Release Notes

Use release notes when upgrading to a newer version to learn about new features and
changes, and the potential impact on your existing files and practices. Release notes
are also beneficial if you use or support multiple versions.

If you are not upgrading from the most recent previous version, review release notes
for all interim versions, not just for the version you are installing. For example, when
upgrading from V1.0 to V1.2, review the New Features and Changes, Version
Compatibility Considerations, and Bug Reports for V1.1 and V1.2.

New Features and Changes

These include:-

5
 1. New functionality

2. Changes to existing functionality

3. Changes to system requirements (complete system requirements for the current

version are at the MathWorks Web site)

Any version compatibility considerations associated with each new feature or

change

Version Compatibility Considerations

When a new feature or change introduces a reported incompatibility between versions,

its description includes a Compatibility Considerations subsection that details the
impact. For a list of all new features and changes that have reported compatibility
impact, see Compatibility Summary for MATLAB.

Compatibility issues that are reported after the product has been released are added to
Bug Reports at the MathWorks Web site. Because bug fixes can sometimes result in
incompatibilities, also review fixed bugs in Bug Reports for any compatibility impact.

Fixed Bugs and Known Problems

MathWorks Bug Reports is a user-searchable database of known problems,

workarounds, and fixes. The MathWorks updates the Bug Reports database as new
problems and resolutions become known, so check it as needed for the latest
information.

Access Bug Reports at the MathWorks Web site using your MathWorks Account. If
you are not logged in to your MathWorks Account when you link to Bug Reports, you
are prompted to log in or create an account. You then can view bug fixes and known
problems for R14SP2 and more recent releases.

The Bug Reports database was introduced for R14SP2 and does not include
information for prior releases. You can access a list of bug fixes made in prior versions
via the links in the summary table.

6
 EXPERIMENT NO.-1

AIM
Write a program to represent basic signals (unit step, unit impulse ramp, exponential,
sine & cosine)

REQUIREMENT

MATLAB Software 7R14

THEORY

Singularity functions are an important classification of non-periodic signal. They can

be used to represent more complicated signal. Some of them are unit impulse function,
step function, ramp function.

1. Unit Impulse Function is defined as :-

.
, 1 otherwise

2. Unit Sep Function is defined as :-

3. Unit Ramp Function is defined as :-

7
ALGORITHM

1. Enter the in values for unit step sequence and the length of ramp sequence
or exponential sequence.
2. Determine the function.
3. Plot the values as given by the function.
4. Stop.

PROGRAM

%PROGRAM FOR GENARATION OF UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=-2:1:2;
y=[zeros(1,2), ones(1,1), zeros(1,2)]; subplot(2,2,1);
stem(t,y);
ylabel('Amplitude -- >');
xlabel('(a) n -- >');

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF UNIT STEP SEQUENCE [u(n)-u(n-N)]

n= input('enter the N value');
t =-0:1:n-1;
y1=ones(1,n); subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y1);
ylabel('Amplitude -- >');
xlabel('(b) n -- >');

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF RAMP FUNCTION

n1=input('Enter the length of Ramp sequence');
t= 0:n1;

8
 subplot(2,2,3);
stem(t,t);
ylabel('Amplitude -- >');
xlabel('(c) n -- >');

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

n2=input('enter the length of exponential sequence');
t=0:n2;
a=input('Enter the "a" value');
y2= exp(a*t);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t, y2);
ylabel('Amplitude -- >');
xlabel('(d) n -- >');

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF SINE FUNCTION

t=0:.01:pi;
y=sin(2*pi*t);
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,y);
ylabel('Amplitude -- >');
xlabel('(a) n -- >');

%PROGRAM FOR GENERATION OF COSINE FUNCTION

t=0:.01:pi;
y=cos(2*pi*t);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,y);
ylabel('Amplitude -- >');
xlabel('(b) n -- >');

9
FIGURES

Amplitude -- > 1 1

Amplitude -- >
0.5 0.5

0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 0 5 10
(a) n -- > (b) n -- >
4
x 10
10 3
Amplitude -- >

Amplitude -- >
2
5
1

0 0
0 5 10 0 5 10
(c) n -- > (d) n -- >

(Figures for unit Impulse, unit step, ramp function & exponential functi

1
Amplitude -- >

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
(a) n -- >

0.5
Amplitude -- >

-0.5

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
(b) n -- >

(Figure for sine and cosine functions)

10
 EXPERIMENT NO.- 2

AIM

To Develop program for Discrete Convolution and Discrete Correlation.

REQUIREMENT

MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM

For Correlation:-
1. Get two signals x(m) & h(p) in matrix form.
2. The correlated signal is denoted as y(n).
3. Y(n) is given by formula
4. Stop.

For convolution:-
1. Get two signals x(m) & h(p) in matrix form.
2. The convoluted signal is denoted as y(n).
3. Y(n) is given by formula
4. Stop.

PROGRAM

% TO DEVELOP PROGRAM FOR DISCRETE CORRELATION

x= input('enter the first sequence:');

y= input('enter the second sequence:');
c= xcorr(x,y);
subplot (3,2,1);
stem(x);
ylabel ('amplitude');
xlabel ('n');
subplot (3,2,2);
stem (y);
ylabel ('amplitude');
xlabel ('n');

11
subplot (3,2,3);
stem (c);

INPUTS
enter the first sequence:[1 2 3 4]
enter the second sequence:[4 3 2 1

FIGURES

PROGRAM

% TO DEVELOP THE PROGRAM FOR DISCRETE CONVOLUTION

clc;
clear all ;
close all;
x= input ('enter the 1st sequence');
h=input ('enter the 2nd sequence');
y=conv (x,h);
figure;subplot (3,1,1);
stem(x);ylabel ('amplitude-->');

12
xlabel ('(a)n-->');
subplot (3,1,2);
stem (h);ylabel ('amplitude-->');
xlabel ('(b)n-->');
subplot (3,1,3);
stem(y);ylabel ('amplitude-->');
xlabel ('(c)n-->');
disp ('the resultant signal is');
INPUTS
enter the 1st sequence[1 2 ]
enter the 2nd sequence[1 2 4]
the resultant signal is y=1 4 8 8
FIGURE

13
14
 EXPERIMENT NO.- 3

AIM:
To Understand Stability Test.

REQUIREMENT:

MATLAB Software 7R14

THEORY: The stability of discrete time LTI system is equivalent to its impulse
response being absolutely summable, i.e.,

In this case the DTFT of h(n) converges and the ROC of transfer function H(Z) must
include the unit circle |Z|=1. A discrete time LTI system is stable if and only if ROC of
its transfer function H(Z) include the unit circle |Z|=1.
It is perfectly possible for a system to be stable and not causal. For causal systems,
stability can easily be checked by examining the locations of poles in transfer function
H(Z). for a causal discrete time LTI system with rational transfer function H(Z), the
ROC is outside the outermost pole. A causal discrete time LTI system with rational
transfer function H(Z), is stable if and only if all of the poles of H(Z) lie inside the
unit circle |Z|=1.

PROGRAM :
Clc;
clear all;
close all;
b=input('Enter the denominator coefficients of the filter');
k=poly2rc(b);
knew=fliplr(k);
s=all(abs(knew));

15
if(s==1);
disp('"Stable system"');
else
disp('"Non stable system"');
end

RESULT:
Enter the denominator coefficients of the filter [1 -1 .5]
b =1.0000 -1.0000 0.5000
“Stable system”

CONCLUSION:

The MATLAB program for stability test is written and stability is verified.

16
 EXPERIMENT NO.-4

AIM
To design Butterworth Digital IIR Filter (Low Pass, High Pass,Band Pass & Band
Stop).

REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.

PROGRAM

% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL LOW PASS IIR FILTERS

format long
rp=input('enter the passband ripple');
rs=input('enter the stopband ripple');
wp=input('enter the passband frequency');
ws=input('enter the stopband frequency');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency');
w1=2*wp/fs;
w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);

17
[b,a]=butter(n,wn);
w=0:.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqs(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('gain in db ----->');
xlabel ('normalized frequency---->');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('normalized ferquency ->');
ylabel('phase in radians->');

% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL IIR HIGH PASS FILTERS

format long
rp=input('enter the passband ripple');
rs=input('enter the stopband ripple');
wp=input('enter the passband frequency');
ws=input('enter the stopband frequency');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequeny');
w1=2*wp/fs; w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'high');
w=0:.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqs(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('gain in db ----->');

18
xlabel ('normalized frequency---->');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('normalized ferquency ->');
ylabel('phase in radians->');

% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL BANDPASS IIR FILTERS

clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp= input('enter the pass band ripple');
rs= input('enter the stop band ripple');
wp= input('enter the pass band frequency');
ws= input('enter the stop band frequency');
fs= input('enter the sampling frequency');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n]= buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1 w2];
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'bandpass');
w=0:0.1:pi;
[h,om]= freqz (b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs (h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('gain');
title('butterworth gain response');
subplot(2,1,2);

19
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('angle');
title('butterworth phase response');

% PROGRAM FOR BUTTERWORTH DIGITAL BANDSTOP IIR FILTERS

clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp= input('enter the pass band ripple');
rs= input('enter the stop band ripple');
wp= input('enter the pass band frequency');
ws= input('enter the stop band frequency');
fs= input('enter the sampling frequency');
w1= 2*wp/fs;
w2= 2*ws/fs;
[n]= buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1 w2];
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'stop');
w=0:0.1:pi;
[h,om]= freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs (h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('gain');
title('butterworth gain response');
subplot(2,1,2);

20
 plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('angle');
title('butterworth phase response');
INPUT
Low pass:-
enter the passband ripple 0.5
enter the passband ripple 50
enter the passband frequency 1200
enter the stopband frequency 2400
enter the sampling frequeny 10000

High pass:-
enter the passband ripple 0.5
enter the passband ripple 50
enter the passband frequency 1200
enter the stopband frequency 2400
enter the sampling frequeny 10000

Band pass:-
enter the pass band ripple 0.3
enter the stop band ripple 40
enter the pass band frequency 1500
enter the stop band frequency 2000
enter the sampling frequency 9000

Band stop:-
enter the pass band ripple 4
enter the stop band ripple 46
enter the pass band frequency 1100
enter the stop band frequency 2200
enter the sampling frequency 6000

21
FIGURES

100

0
gain

-100

-200

-300
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised freq

2
phase in rad

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised freq

(High Pass filter graph)

22
 -20
gain in db ----->

-40

-60

-80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalized frequency---->

4
phase in radians->

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalized ferquency ->

(Low Pass Filter Graph)

23
 butterworth gain response
0

-200
gain

-400

-600

-800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
freq
butterworth phase response
4

2
angle

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
freq
.
(Band pass Filter Graph)

butterworth gain response

50

0
gain

-50

-100

-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
freq
butterworth phase response
4

2
angle

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
freq

(Band Stop Filter Graph)

24
 EXPERIMENT NO.-5

AIM
Write a MATLAB program to design Chebyshev Type-I (Low pass filter, High
pass,Band pass& Band stop filter)

REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.

PROGRAM
%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I LOW PASS
FILTER
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long
rp= input ('enter the passband ripple....');
rs= input ('enter the stopband ripple....');
wp= input ('enter the passband freq....');
ws= input ('enter the stopband freq....');
fs= input ('enter the sampling freq....');
w1=2*wp/ fs;

25
w2=2*ws/ fs;
[n, wn]=cheb1ord (w1,w2,rp,rs,'s');
[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'s');
w=0: .01:pi;
[h,om] = freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle (h);
subplot (2,1,1); plot (om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(a) Normalised frequency-->');
subplot (2,1,2); plot (om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radians-->'); xlabel('(b) Normalised frequency-->');
%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I HIGHPASS
FILTER
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long
rp= input ('enter the passband ripple....');
rs= input ('enter the stopband ripple....');
wp= input ('enter the passband freq....');
ws= input ('enter the stopband freq....');
fs= input ('enter the sampling freq....');
w1=2*wp/ fs;
w2=2*ws/ fs;
[n, wn]=cheb1ord (w1,w2,rp,rs);
[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'high');
w=0: .01/pi:pi;
[h,om] = freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle (h);
subplot (2,1,1); plot (om/pi,m);

26
ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(a) Normalised frequency-->');
subplot (2,1,2); plot (om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radians-->'); xlabel('(b) Normalised frequency-->');

%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I BAND PASS

FILTER
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long
rp= input ('enter the passband ripple....');
rs= input ('enter the stopband ripple....');
wp= input ('enter the passband freq....');
ws= input ('enter the stopband freq....');
fs= input ('enter the sampling freq....');
w1=2*wp/ fs;
w2=2*ws/ fs;
[n]=cheb1ord (w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1,w2];
[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'bandpass');
w=0: .01:pi;
[h,om] = freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle (h);
subplot (2,1,1); plot (om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(a) Normalised frequency-->');
subplot (2,1,2); plot (om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radians-->'); xlabel('(b) Normalised frequency-->');

27
%WRITE A MATLAB PROGRAM TO DESIGN CHEBYSHEV TYPE-I LOW BAND
STOP FILTER
clc;
close all;
clear all;
format long
rp= input ('enter the passband ripple....');
rs= input ('enter the stopband ripple....');
wp= input ('enter the passband freq....');
ws= input ('enter the stopband freq....');
fs= input ('enter the sampling freq....');
w1=2*wp/ fs;
w2=2*ws/ fs;
[n]=cheb1ord (w1,w2,rp,rs);
wn=[w1,w2];
[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'stop');
w=0: .01:pi;
[h,om] = freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle (h);
subplot (2,1,1); plot (om/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->'); xlabel('(a) Normalised frequency-->');
subplot (2,1,2); plot (om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in radians-->'); xlabel('(b) Normalised frequency-->');

28
 INPUTS
Low pass:-
enter the passband ripple....0.23
enter the stopband ripple....47
enter the passband freq....1300
enter the stopband freq....1550
enter the sampling freq....7800
High pass:-

enter the passband ripple....0.3

enter the stopband ripple....60
enter the passband freq....1500
enter the stopband freq....2000
enter the sampling freq....9000

Band Pass:-
enter the passband ripple.....4
enter the stopband ripple....35
enter the passband freq....2000
enter the stopband freq....2500
enter the sampling freq....10000
Band Stop:-
enter the passband ripple.....25
enter the stopband ripple....40
enter the passband freq....2500
enter the stopband freq....2750
enter the sampling freq....7000

29
FIGURES
LOW PASS

30
 0

-100
Gain in dB-->

-200

-300

-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(a) Normalised frequency-->

4
Phase in radians-->

-2

-4 31
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(b) Normalised frequency-->
 HIGH PASS

BAND PASS

0
Gain in dB-->

-200

-400

-600
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(a) Normalised frequency-->

4
Phase in radians-->

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(b) Normalised frequency-->

32
 BANDSTOP

-50
Gain in dB-->

-100

-150

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(a) Normalised frequency-->

4
Phase in radians-->

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(b) Normalised frequency-->

EXPERIMENT NO.- 6

AIM
Write a MATLAB program to design an FIR Low pass,High pass,Band pass, Band
stop filter using Rectangular window.

33
REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.

PROGRAM
% PROGRAM TO DESIGN FIR LOW PASS FILTER AND HIGH PASS FILTER
USING RECTANGULAR WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp=input('enter the passband ripple');
rs=input('enter the stopband ripple');

fp=input('enter the passband frequency');

fs=input('enter the stopband frequency');
f=input('enter the sampling frequency');
wp=2*fp/f;
ws=2*fs/f;
num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;

34
n=ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1
end
y=boxcar(n1);

% LOW PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]= freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot (2,2,1);
plot(o/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a)Normalized frequency-->');

% HIGH PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]= freqz(b,1,256);

m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot (2,2,2);
plot(o/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(b)Normalized frequency-->');

% BAND PASS FILTER

35
wn=[wp,ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]= freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot (2,2,3);
plot(o/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(c) Normalized frequency-->');

% BAND STOP FILTER

b= fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);
[h,o]= freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot (2,2,2);
plot(o/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(d) Normalized frequency-->');

INPUT
enter the passband ripple0.05
enter the stopband ripple0.04
enter the passband frequency1500
enter the stopband frequency2000
enter the sampling frequency9000
FIGURES

36
 Gain in dB--> 50 50

Gain in dB-->
0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(a) Normalized frequency--> (b) Normalized frequency-->

50 10
Gain in dB-->

0 Gain in dB--> 0

-50 -10

-100 -20
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(c) Normalized frequency--> (d) Normalized frequency-->

EXPERIMENT NO.-7

AIM
To develop a program to design a FIR Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass & Band Stop
Filter using Kaiser window.

37
REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter.
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.

PROGRAM
%PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN OF FIR LOW PASS, HIGH PASS, BAND PASS &
BAND STOP FILTERS USING KAISER WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp = input ('enter the passband ripple');
rs = input ('enter the stopband ripple');
fp = input ('enter the passband frequency');
fs = input ('enter the stopband frequency');
f = input ('enter the sampling frequency');
beta= input ('enter the beta value');
wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f;
num= -20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n= ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;

38
 n=n-1;
end
y=kaiser(n1, beta);

%LOW PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a) Normalized Frequency');

%HIGH PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(b) Normalized Frequency');

%BANDPASS FILTER
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));

39
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(c)Normalized Frequency');

%BANDSTOP FILTER

b= fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(d)Normalized Frequency');

INPUT
enter the passband ripple0.02
enter the stopband ripple0.01
enter the passband frequency1000
enter the stopband frequency1500
enter the sampling frequency10000
enter the beta value5.8

FIGURES

40
41
 EXPERIMENT NO.-8

AIM
To develop a program to design a FIR Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass & Band Stop
Filter using Bartlett window.

REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter.
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.

PROGRAM
%PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN OF FIR LOW PASS, HIGH PASS, BAND PASS &
BAND STOP FILTERS USING BARTLETT WINDOW
clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp = input ('enter the passband ripple');
rs = input ('enter the stopband ripple');
fp = input ('enter the passband frequency');
fs = input ('enter the stopband frequency');
f = input ('enter the sampling frequency');
beta= input ('enter the beta value');
wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f;

42
num= -20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n= ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1;
end
y=bartlett(n1);

%LOW PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a) Normalized Frequency');

%HIGH PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(b) Normalized Frequency');

43
%BANDPASS FILTER
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(c) Normalized Frequency');

%BANDSTOP FILTER
b= fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(d) Normalized Frequency');

INPUT
enter the passband ripple .04
enter the stopband ripple .02
enter the passband frequency 1500
enter the stopband frequency 2000
enter the sampling frequency 8000

44
FIGURES

0 10

-10 0
Gain in dB-->

Gain in dB-->
-20 -10

-30 -20

-40 -30
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(a) Normalized Frequency (b) Normalized Frequency

20 5
Gain in dB-->

Gain in dB-->

0 0

-20 -5

-40 -10
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(c) Normalized Frequency (d) Normalized Frequency

45
 EXPERIMENT NO.-9

AIM
To develop a program to design a FIR Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass & Band Stop
Filter using Hanning window.

REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter.
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.

PROGRAM
%PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN OF FIR LOW PASS, HIGH PASS, BAND PASS &
BAND STOP FILTERS USING HANNING WINDOW

clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp=input('enter the passband ripple');
rs=input('enter the stopband ripple');
fp=input('enter the passband frequency');
fs=input('enter the stopband frequency');
f=input('enter the sampling frequency');
wp=2*fp/f;

46
ws=2*fs/f;
num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n=ceil(num/dem);
n1=n+1;
if(rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1;
end
y=hanning(n1);

%LOW PASS FILTER

b=fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs (h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a) Normalized Frequency');

%HIGH PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(b) Normalized Frequency');
%BANDPASS FILTER

47
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(c) Normalized Frequency');

%BANDSTOP FILTER

b= fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(d) Normalized Frequency');

INPUT
enter the passband ripple .03
enter the stopband ripple .01
enter the passband frequency 1400
enter the stopband frequency 2000
enter the sampling frequency 8000

48
FIGURES

50 50
Gain in dB-->

Gain in dB-->
0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(a) Normalized Frequency (b) Normalized Frequency

0 5

0
Gain in dB-->

Gain in dB-->

-50
-5
-100
-10

-150 -15
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(c) Normalized Frequency (d) Normalized Frequency

EXPERIMENT NO.-10

49
AIM
To develop a program to design a FIR Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass & Band Stop
Filter using Blackman window.

REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter.
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.

PROGRAM
%PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN OF FIR LOW PASS, HIGH PASS, BAND PASS &
BAND STOP FILTERS USING BLACKMAN WINDOW

clc;

clear all;

close all;

rp = input ('enter the passband ripple');

rs = input ('enter the stopband ripple');

fp = input ('enter the passband frequency');

fs = input ('enter the stopband frequency');

f = input ('enter the sampling frequency');

50
wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f;

num= -20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;

dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;

n= ceil(num/dem);

n1= n+1;

if (rem(n,2)~=0)

n1=n;

n=n-1;

end

y=blackman(n1);

%LOW PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,y);

[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);

m=20*log10(abs(h));

subplot(2,2,1);

plot(o/pi, m);

ylabel('Gain in dB-->');

xlabel('(a) Normalized Frequency');

%HIGH PASS FILTER

51
b= fir1(n,wp,'high',y);

[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);

m=20*log10(abs(h));

subplot(2,2,2);

plot(o/pi, m);

ylabel('Gain in dB-->');

xlabel('(b) Normalized Frequency');

%BANDPASS FILTER

wn=[wp ws];

b= fir1(n,wn,y);

[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);

m=20*log10(abs(h));

subplot(2,2,3);

plot(o/pi, m);

ylabel('Gain in dB-->');

xlabel('(c)Normalized Frequency');

%BANDSTOP FILTER

b= fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);

[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);

m=20*log10(abs(h));

subplot(2,2,4);

plot(o/pi, m);

ylabel('Gain in dB-->');

52
xlabel('(d) Normalized Frequency');

INPUT
enter the passband ripple .03
enter the stopband ripple.01
enter the passband frequency2000
enter the stopband frequency2500
enter the sampling frequency7000

FIGURES

50 50

0 0
Gain in dB-->
Gain in dB-->

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(a) Normalized Frequency (b) Normalized Frequency

0 5
Gain in dB-->

Gain in dB-->

-50 0

-100 -5

-150 -10
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(c) Normalized Frequency (d) Normalized Frequency

EXPERIMENT NO.-11

53
AIM
To develop a program to design a FIR Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass & Band Stop
Filter using Hamming window.

REQUIREMENT
MATLAB Software 7R14

ALGORITHM
1. Get the passband & stopband ripples.
2. Get the passband & stopband edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter.
5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude & Phase response.

PROGRAM
%PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN OF FIR LOW PASS, HIGH PASS, BAND PASS &
BAND STOP FILTERS USING HAMMING WINDOW

clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp = input ('enter the passband ripple');
rs = input ('enter the stopband ripple');
fp = input ('enter the passband frequency');
fs = input ('enter the stopband frequency');
f = input ('enter the sampling frequency');
wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f;
num= -20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;

54
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n= ceil(num/dem);
n1= n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1;
end
y=hamming(n1);

%LOW PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a) Normalized Frequency');

%HIGH PASS FILTER

b= fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(b) Normalized Frequency');

%BANDPASS FILTER
wn=[wp ws];
b= fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);

55
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(c) Normalized Frequency');

%BANDSTOP FILTER
b= fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(o/pi, m);
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(d) Normalized Frequency');

INPUT
enter the passband ripple .02
enter the stopband ripple .01
enter the passband frequency1200
enter the stopband frequency1700
enter the sampling frequency9000

56
FIGURES

50 50

0
Gain in dB-->

Gain in dB-->
0
-50
-50
-100

-150 -100
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(a) Normalized Frequency (b) Normalized Frequency

0 5

0
Gain in dB-->

Gain in dB-->
-50
-5
-100
-10

-150 -15
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
(c) Normalized Frequency (d) Normalized Frequency

57