3/28/2019   Report - Google Docs

CONSTRUCTION -6 
REPORT  
STR SED SKIN STRUCTUR  
 

GROUP - 6
AKSHAY G - 004
ANIKET S - 007
KRISHNA T - 029
IRFAN S - 031
ARAVIND - 034
ASIM S M - 059
SAURABH Y - 061.

 
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STR SED SKIN STRUCTUR .

1. FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES.
● FOLDED PLATE SURFACES.
● FOLDED PLATE FRAMES.
● SPATIAL FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES.

2. DOMES.

● GEODESIC DOME.
● BEEHIVE DOME.
● ONION DOME.
● OVAL DOME.
● HEMISPHERICAL DOME.
● CROSSARCH DOME.
● BULBOUS DOME.

3. VAULTS.
● PITCHED BRICK BARREL VAULT.
● BARREL VAULT .
● RIB VAULT.
● GROIN VAULT.

4. SHELL STRUCTURES.
● SINGLY CURVED.
● DOUBLY CURVED.
➢ SYNCLASTIC
➢ ANTYCLASTIC

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FOLDED PLATE STRUCTUR  

CONTENTS

● WHAT ARE FOLDED PLATES?

● THE PRINCIPLE OF FOLDING.

● STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FOLDING.

● ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOLDED-PLATE STRUCTURE.

● TYPES OF FOLDED STRUCTURE.

● BASIC ELEMENTS OF FOLDED PLATES.

● CASE STUDY: AIR FORCE ACADEMY CHAPEL, USA.

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WHAT ARE FOLDED PLATES?

Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected
together along their edges in such a way that the structural system
capable of carrying loads without the need for additional supporting
beams along mutual edges.
FOLDING SYSTEMS IN NATURE
The principle of folding as a tool to develop a general structural shape has been
known for a long me. Folded structure systems which are analogous to several
biological systems such as found at broadleaf-tree leaves, petals and foldable
insect wings, are adopted to be employed in a new, technical way.

THE PRINCIPLE OF FOLDING

The structural characteristics of folding structures depend on:
• The pa ern of the folding.
• Their geometrical basic shape.
• Its material.
• The connec on of the different folding planes.
• The design of the bearings.
• Movable formwork can be employed.
• Form work required is rela vely simpler.
• Design involves simpler calcula ons.
• The Concept Of S ffness Genera on

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STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FOLDING.

Structural Condi on Of Folding Structures Load Distribu on process :
● At first, the external forces are transferred to the shorter edge of one
folding element.
● There, the reac on as an axial force is divided between the adjacent
elements. Then the forces transferred to the bearings.

Classification of folded structures based on the material they are

made of:
● Folded structures made of reinforced concrete .
● Metal folded structures.
● Folded structures of wood .
● Folded structures of glass .
● Folded structures of plastic materials .
● Folded construc ons made in combination of different materials.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOLDED-PLATE

STRUCTURE.
Advantages:
● Very light form of construc on.
● To span 30 m shell thickness required is 60 mm only.
● The use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost and a
construc on cost.
● Longer span can be provided.
● Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes.
● Aesthe cally it looks good over other forms of construc on.   

Disadvantages:   
● Shuttering is difficult.  
● Greater accuracy in formwork is required.  
● Good labor and supervision necessary.  
● Rise of roof may be a disadvantage.   

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TYPES OF FOLDED STRUCTURE.

● FOLDED PLATE SURFACES.
1. LINEAR ADDITIONS.
2. RADIAL ADDITIONS.

● FOLDED PLATE FRAMES.

1. CONTINUOUS.
2. TWO HINGED.
3. THREE HINGED.
4. BARREL / CYLINDRICAL.

● SPATIAL FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES.

1. GEODESIC DOME.

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BASIC ELEMENTS OF FOLDED PLATES:

1. The Inclined Plates.
2. Edge plates which must be used to s ffen the wide plates,
3. S ffeners to carry the loads to the supports and to hold the plates in line.
4. Columns to support the structure in the air.

TAPERED FOLDED PLATES:

➢ Folded plate structures may be built with tapered elements .
➢ The height of the shells at the center of the span is the cri cal dimension
for bending strength. therefore, the structure is not very efficient and not
suitable for long spans .
➢ Another weak element in this design is the transfer of shear from the small
end of the triangular plate to the large end. if a large number of units are
used in each span, the transfer of loads may be difficult.
➢ A folded plate may be used for walls as a thin structural element by cas ng
each plate flat on the floor and grou ng the joints full of concrete. a wall of
this type can be made much thinner than a flat wall.
 
 
 

   

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FOLDED PLATE TRUSS:

➢ There are horizontal es across the width only at the ends of this structure.
➢ The thrusts from the triangular crossed arches are carried lengthwise to the
ends.
➢ The top chord of the inclined truss is formed by the ridge member.
➢ The bottom chords are the es at the base of the side gables and the
diagonals are formed by the sloping valleys at the intersec on of the gables
and the triangular plates.

  

FOLDED PLATE RIGID FRAME:

➢ An arch with straight segments is some mes called a Rigid Frame.
➢ It is not as efficient as the curved arch because the bending moments are
greater.
➢ Ties across the plates are required at the knees and at the crown in order to
distribute the forces at the ends of each segment.

   
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WALLS CONTINUOUS WITH SHELL:

➢ In this structure the walls are of lt-up concrete construc on; concrete is
cast flat on the floor and raised into place by cranes.
➢ The walls are designed to be con nuous with the roof plates. Tilt-up walls
usually are joined by poured-in-place columns.
➢ The lt-up walls can be designed for this lateral load because they are held
at the top by the shell and act as ver cal beams rather than as Can lever
Retaining.

THREE SEGMENT FOLDED PLATE:

➢ The end s ffeners are rigid frames rather than deep Girders as in the last
example.
➢ The forces from the reac ons of the sloping plates on these rigid frames will
be quite large and at an outside column they will not be balanced by thrusts
from the adjacent plates.
➢ The size of the frames may be reduced by using a steel e between the tops
of the columns which can be concealed in the fenestra on

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CASE STUDY: AIR FORCE ACADEMY CHAPEL, USA

➢ Architect: Walter Netsch,
➢ Length: 280 , Height: 150 , Width: 84 ,
➢ Year: 1962
➢ The United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel, completed in 1962, is
the dis nguishing feature of the Cadet Area at the United States Air force
academy north of Colorado Springs .
➢ The Cadet Chapel was awarded the American Institute of Architects
National Twenty-five Year Award in 1996 and, as part of the Cadet Area,
was named a U.S. Na onal Historic Landmark in 2004.

Architecture Construction:
➢ The most striking aspect of the Chapel is its row of seventeen spires. The
original design called for twenty- one spires, but this number was reduced
due to budget issues.
➢ The structure is a tubular steel frame of 100 iden cal tetrahedrons, each 75
feet (23 m) long, weighing five tons, and enclosed with Aluminium panels

 
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