Friday, October 9, 2015

Vectors
Introduction:
a. Unit vector:
The unit vector is used to represent the direction of the vector.
A unit vector is given by,
𝐴⃗
𝐴̂ =
𝐴
b. Rectangular components of vector:
A vector can dissolve into two components which are directed perpendicular to
each other. Such components are called Rectangular components of a vector.
They are dissolved along x-axis and y-axis and are given by,

Magnitude of 𝐴𝑥 𝒊̂ or x-component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴 cos 𝜃.

And
Magnitude of 𝐴𝑦 𝒋̂ or y-component of 𝐴⃗ = 𝐴 sin 𝜃

c. Determination of vector from its rectangular components

If rectangular components are given, then we determine the vector:

𝐴 = √𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2
And angle is given by,
𝐴𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1
𝐴𝑥
d. Position vector
It is a vector which describes the location of some points with respect to their
origin.
𝒓 = 𝑎𝒊̂ + 𝑏𝒋̂

Then 𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

e. Unit vector
It is a vector which has magnitude one and it is used to describe the direction of a
given vector. e.g. 𝒊̂ is a unit vector along x-axis and 𝒋̂ is a unit vector along y-axis
and 𝒌 ̂ is unit vector along z-axis.

The vector addition by rectangular components involve the following steps:

1. Find x any y components of all the vectors.

2. Find x-component 𝑅𝑥 of the resultant vector by adding the x-components.
3. Find y-component 𝑅𝑦 of the resultant vector by adding y-components.
4. Find the magnitude 𝑅 of the resultant vector by the following formula,

𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2

5. The angle 𝜃 of the resultant vector is given by,

𝑅𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅𝑥

 If 𝑅𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑦 are positive then the angel is written as it.

 If 𝑅𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑦 is positive then they lie in second quadrant
and angle is given by; 𝜃 = 180 − 𝜙
 If 𝑅𝑥 and 𝑅𝑦 both are negative then the resultant vector lie in third
quadrant and angle is given by; 𝜃 = 180 + 𝜙
 If 𝑅𝑥 is positive and 𝑅𝑦 is negative then the resultant vector lie in fourth
quadrant and angle is given by; 𝜃 = 360 − 𝜙

Scalar product
The scalar product of two vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩 is given by,
 𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃

Where 𝜃 is angle between 𝑨 and 𝑩.

o The scalar product is commutative.

i.e. 𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝑩. 𝑨

o Their product is zero when angle between 𝑨 and 𝑩 is 90°.

i.e. 𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 90° = 0

o The product of unit vector along x, y, and z-axis is also zero.

i.e. ̂=𝒌
𝒊̂. 𝒋̂ = 𝒋̂. 𝒌 ̂. 𝒊̂ = 𝟎

o The scalar product of vector with itself is equal to the square of its
magnitude.

i.e. 𝑨. 𝑨 = (𝐴)2 cos 0° = 𝐴2

o The scalar product of unit vector with itself is equal to 1

i.e. ̂. 𝒌
𝒊̂. 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂. 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂=1

o The scalar product of two parallel vectors is equal to the product of their
magnitude.

i.e. 𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 0° = 𝐴𝐵

o Scalar product of two vectors in terms of their rectangular components:

𝑨. 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 . 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧

o The angle between two vectors can be find:

𝐴𝑥 .𝐵𝑥 +𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 +𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
cos 𝜃 =
𝐴𝐵
 Vector or Cross product
The vector or cross product of two vectors is defined by:

𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑛̂

Where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector and it is perpendicular to the plane containing 𝑨 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑩.

Characteristics of vector product:

o The cross product is not commutative,

𝑨 × 𝑩 = −𝑩 × 𝑨

o The cross product of two parallel vectors or anti-parallel vectors is null

vector.

i.e. 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 0° 𝑛̂ = 𝟎

o The cross product of unit vector with itself is also zero.

̂×𝒌
𝒊̂ × 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ × 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂=0

Also 𝑨×𝑨=𝟎

o The cross product of two mutually perpendicular vectors has maximum

value which is given by:

𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵𝑛̂

o The cross product of unit vectors along x-axis, y-axis and z-axis is given by:
̂
𝒊̂ × 𝒋̂ = 𝒌
̂ = 𝒊̂
𝒋̂ × 𝒌
̂ × 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂
𝒌

o Cross product of two vectors in terms of its rectangular components is

given by,
 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
𝑨 × 𝑩 = |𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 |
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

Torque
Torque is given by,

𝝉=𝒓×𝑭

⇒ 𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹 sin 𝜃 𝑛̂

Where 𝜃 is angle between 𝒓 and 𝑭.

𝒓 is position vector of moment arm. Moment arm is the perpendicular distance

between pivot point and the line of the action of the force. Torque is a vector
quantity and it SI unit is 𝑁𝑚. Torque is similar with force in rotational motion as
force in linear motion.

Equilibrium
A body is said to be in equilibrium when it is at rest or moving with uniform
velocity.

First condition of equilibrium:

When the sum of all the forces acting on the body is zero then first condition of
equilibrium is satisfied.

i.e. Σ𝑭 = 0

Second condition of equilibrium

When the sum of all the torques acting on the body is zero then the second
condition is satisfied.

Σ𝜏 = 0

When the first condition is satisfied then there is no linear acceleration and body
will be in translational equilibrium.
When the second condition of equilibrium is satisfied then there is no angular
acceleration and body will be in rotational equilibrium.

If a body is at rest, it is said to be in static equilibrium and when body moves with
uniform velocity then it is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.

Numerical:

Date of completing: Monday, October 12, 2015