Microwave Devices and Systems

EE – 947 (Spring 2019)

INTRODUCTION Lecture#1
Jan 24, 2019

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 INTRODUCTION
Instructor:
 Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 [email protected]

Teaching Assistant:
 To be decided (Usually CR of the class)

Textbook:
 Microwave Engineering by David M. Pozar, Fourth Edition.
 Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits by Stephen A. Maas, Second Edition.
 Microwave Transistor Amplifiers: analysis and Design by Guillermo Gonzalez, Second
Edition.

Course Webpage:
 https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/rfmicd/info

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 INTRODUCTION

Lectures Schedule
 Thursday: 17H00-20H00; Room: 22

Grading Criteria
 30 % Sessional
 30 % Mid-term
 40 % Final Exam

Every time bring calculators and papers, random

quizzes, problems etc.
 4 Quizzes, 2/3 Assignments, ½ Presentations/project

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 COURSE OUTLINE
WEEK COURSE DESCRIPTION
1 Introduction to Transmission Line Theory

2 Impedance Matching and Smith Chart

3 Microwave Network Analysis (S-Parameters)

4 Introduction to Active Devices (Diodes)

5 Introduction to Transistors (BJTs, FETs, etc.)

6 OHT-1

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 COURSE OUTLINE
WEEK COURSE DESCRIPTION
7 Noise and Non-Linear Distortion

8 Characteristics/Parameters of Nonlinear Devices

9 Switch Design

10 Amplifier Design

11 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) Design

12 OHT-2

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 COURSE OUTLINE
WEEK COURSE DESCRIPTION
13 Power Amplifier Design

14 Microwave Oscillators

15 RF/Microwave Mixers

16 RF/MW Link-budgeting and System Design

17 RF/MW Transceiver Design (TR-Module)

18 End Semester Exam

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 MICROWAVE DEVICES & SYSTEMS
This Course encompasses the Study of ;

 Microwave Frequencies
 Microwave Devices
 Microwave Active Circuits
 Microwave Systems

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES
 The field of radio frequency (RF) and microwave engineering generally
covers the behavior of alternating current signals with frequencies in the
range of 30 MHz to 3000 GHz.

 RF frequencies range from very high frequency (VHF) (30–300 MHz) to ultra
high frequency (UHF) (300–3000 MHz), while the term microwave is
typically used for frequencies between 0.3 and 30 GHz, with a corresponding
electrical wavelength between λ = c/ f = 10 cm and λ = 1 mm, respectively.

 Signals with wavelengths on the order of millimeters are often referred to as

millimeter waves (30-300GHz), while Terahertz waves ranges from 0.3 to
3THz.

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 MICROWAVE DEVICES & CIRCUITS
 Microwave Devices
 Diodes
 Transistors
 ICs

 Microwave Active Circuits

 Switches
 Amplifiers
 Oscillators
 Mixers etc.

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 CLASSIFICATION OF MICROWAVE SYSTEMS
 Communication Systems
 Point to Point Links
 Satellite Links
 Mobile & Wireless Links etc

 RADAR Systems
 Air Traffic Control RADARs
 Weather Monitoring RADARs
 Measurement RADARs
 Military RADARs

 EW Systems
 ECM Systems
 ECCM Systems

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WHAT IS THIS COURSE ABOUT ?

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WIRELESS EVERYWHERE: GOOD OR BAD?

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TECHNOLOGY IMPACT
Raw Materials

Process Computational Techniques for Device

Technologies Design & Modeling Concepts

Components & Subsystems

Computers Smaller
IT Gadgets Systems Cheaper
Mobile Phones Widespread
Benefits to the Society

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 RF SPECTRUM
Frequency Wavelength Band
30-300 Hz 104-103 km ELF
300-3000 Hz 103-102 km VF
3-30KHz 100-10 km VLF
30-300 KHz 10-1 km LF
0.3-3 MHz 1-0.1 km MF
3-30 MHz 100-10 m HF
30-300 MHz 10-1 m VHF
300-3000 MHz 100-10 cm UHF
3-30 GHz 10-1 cm SHF
30-300 GHz 10-1 mm EHF (mm Waves)
Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 RF SPECTRUM

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran15Najam
 MARCONI’S WORK (1907)

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS SYSTEMS

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORK

 A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for

communication among computer devices (telephone and PDAs)
close to the person
 The reach of PAN is typically a few meters
 PANs can be used for connecting to a higher level network and
internet (an uplink)
 PANs may be wired with computer buses such as USB or FireWire
 A WPAN can also be made possible with network technologies as
IrDA, Bluetooth, or UWB

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 BLUETOOTH
 Bluetooth is an industrial specification for
wireless personal area networks (WPANs)
 The specification is based on frequency
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technology
 The Bluetooth specifications are developed by
Bluetooth Special Interest Group
 Applications: connection between devices such
as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital
cameras, and video game consoles over a
secure and globally unlicensed short-range
radio frequency

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 ZIGBEE
A specification for a suit of high level communication protocols using small,
low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for
WPANs, such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via
short-range radio
Technology is intended to be cheaper than other WPANs, such as
Bluetooth
Operated in ISM radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in USA and
Australia, 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide
Target RF applications requiring low data rate, long battery life, and
secure networking
General-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing, mesh network for
industrial control, embedded sensing, medical data collection, smoke and
intruder warning, building automation, home automation etc.

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WI-FI

 A wireless technology brand-owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance intended

to improve the interoperability of wireless local area network
products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards
 Wi-Fi allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc
networks) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with
each other
 Applications: Internet and VoIP phone access
 Gaming
 Network connectivity for televisions, DVD players, and digital cameras
 Wi-Fi allows wireless LANs reducing the cost of cables
 A typical Wi-Fi home router using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna
might have a range of 32m indoors and 95m outdoors

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 BLUETOOTH VS. WI-FI

 Both are versions of unlicensed spread spectrum technology

 Use the same frequency range, but employ different multiplexing
schemes
 For different applications
 Wi-Fi provides higher throughput and covers greater distances but
requires more expensive hardware and higher power consumption
 Bluetooth is often thought of Wireless USB whereas Wi-Fi is
Wireless Ethernet (both with much lower bandwidth than the cable
systems)

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK

 Links two or more computers without using wires

 WLAN utilizes spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation technology
based on radio waves to enable communication between devices
in a limited area, also known as the basic service set
 Advantages
 This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and
still be connected to the network
 With the emergence of public wireless networks, users can access the internet
even outside their normal work environment
 Users connected to a wireless network can maintain a nearly constant affiliation
with their desired networks as they move from place to place

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 KEY DISADVANTAGES IN WLAN

 Security
 For proper reception, WLAN uses a fairly considerable amount of power
 To combat this consideration, WLAN uses usually choose various encryption
techniques such as Wi-Fi protected Access (WPA)
 Range
 Typical range of common 802.11g network with standard equipment is tens of
meters
▪ Use repeaters or additional access points to extend the range
 Reliability
 Wide variety of interference, as well as complex propagation effects
(multipath, Rician Fading)
 Speed
 ~1-108 Mbps is slower compared with the slowest common wired networks
(100 Mbps – several GHz)
▪ 802.11n supporting peak throughput in the range of 100-200 Mbps
 Performance issues caused by TCP and congestion avoidance

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WIMAX
Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access
WiMAX is a technology aimed at providing wireless data
over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point
links to full mobile cellular type access
It is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is also called
Wireless MAN
The WiMAX forum describes WiMAX as “a standard-based
technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL”
Applications
 Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to Internet
 Providing high spped data and telecommunication services
 Providing wireless access for large distances (kms)

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
GSM: originally from Groupe Special Mobile
Most popular standard for mobile phones in the world (~82 %)
International roaming
Considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system
GSM also pioneered SMS
Frequency bands
 Mostly 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands
 Uplink : 890-915 MHz
 Downlink: 935-960 MHz
 This 25 MHz BW is subdivided into 124 channels
 LPC scheme, GMSK modulation technique
 TDM is used to allow 8 full-rate or 16 half rate speech channels per RF
channel
 The transmitted power is limited to a maximum of 1 watt

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Application :
 Maps

Key Facts
 GPS a fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS)
 Uses a constellation of at least 24 Medium Earth Orbit
satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, the system
enables a GPS receiver to determine its location, speed,
direction, and time
 Other similar systems are the Russian GLONASS, European-
Galileo Positioning System, the proposed COMPASS navigation
system of China
 GPS also provides a precise time reference used in many
applications including scientific study of earthquakes, and
synchronization of telecommunications and networks

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

 Frequencies used by GPS include

 L1 (1575.42 MHz)
▪ Mix of navigation Message, coarse-acquisition (C/A) code and encrypted precision P(Y) code
 L2 (1227.60 MHz)
▪ P(Y) code, plus the new L2C code
 L3 (1381.05 MHz)
▪ Used by the Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection System Payload (NDS) to signal detection of
nuclear detonations and other high-energy infrared events. Used to enforce Nuclear Test Ban Treaties
 L4 (1379.913 MHz)
▪ Being studied for additional ionospheric correction
 L5 (1176.45 MHz)
▪ Proposed for a use of civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE (DBS)
 DBS refers to satellite television broadcast intended for home
reception, also referred to as direct-to-home signals
 DTH refers to services carried by lower power satellites which
required larger dishes (1.7m diameter or greater) for reception
 DBS typically requires smaller (0.9m dishes). Uses higher powered
satellites
 The term DBS now covers both analog and digital television and
radio reception, and is often extended to other services provided
by modern digital television systems, including video-on-demand
and interactive features
 Modern satellite providers in the US use high power Ku-band
transmissions using circular polarization, which result in small dishes,
and digital compression (hence bringing in an alternative term,
Digital Satellite System)
 European Ku band DBS systems operate > 10.7 GHz

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
is an automatic identification method,
relying on storing and remotely
retrieving data using devices called
RFID tags or transponders
An RFID tag is an object that can be
applied for to or incorporated into a
product, animal, or person for the
purpose of identification using radio
waves
Some tags can be read from several
meters away and beyond the line of
sight of the reader

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 RFID

Most RFID tags contain at least two parts

 One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information,
modulating and demodulating a (RF) signal and can also be used for
other specialized functions
 The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal
 A technology called chipless RFID allows for discrete identification of
tags without an integrated circuit, thereby allowing tags to be
printed directly onto assets at lower cost than traditional tags

RFID is used in
 Enterprises supply chain management
 Improving the efficiency of inventory tracking and management

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 RFID – TYPES
Passive tags
 require no internal power source, thus being pure passive devices (they
are only active when a reader is nearby to power them). To
communicate, tags respond to queries generating signals that must not
create interference with the readers.
Active RFID tags
 Have their own internal power source, which is used to power IC and
broadcast the signal to the reader. These are much more reliable than
passive tags due to their ability to conduct a session with a reader
Semi-Passive Tags
 These are similar to active tags in that they have their own power
source, but the battery only powers the microchip and does not
broadcast a signal. Three advantages: (1) Greater Sensitivity (2) better
battery life than active tags (3) can perform active functions under its
own power such as temperature logging

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 SOME USEFUL BANDS

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 HIGH FREQUENCY; ADVANTAGES
Larger instantaneous BW for greater transfer of info
Higher resolution for radar, bigger Doppler shift for
CW radar, more detailed imaging and sensing
Reduced dimensions for antennas and other
components
Less interference from nearby applications
Fast speed for DSP and data transmission
Less crowded spectrum
Difficulty in jamming
Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 HIGH FREQUENCY; DISADVANTAGES
More expensive components
Higher atmospheric losses
Reliance on GaAs instead of Si Tech
Higher component losses and lower output power from active devices
Less accurate design tools and less mature technologies

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 EM WAVE
Electromagnetic wave propagates as described by Maxwell;
Changing magnetic field produces an electric field and changing electric
field produces a magnetic field
Self propagating wave

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
Maxwell’s equations state the divergences and curls of
the electric and magnetic fields.

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
 Maxwell’s Equations
 Introduction to Transmission Lines
 Transmission Line Equation (Telegrapher’s Equations)
 Transmission Line Parameters
 Types of Transmission Lines
 Coaxial Line
 Waveguides
 Micro-strip Line
 Stripline etc.

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
The general form of time-varying Maxwell equations, can be written
in “point,” or differential, form as;

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
 The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line theory is
electrical size.

 Circuit analysis assumes that the physical dimensions of the network are
much smaller than the electrical wavelength, while transmission lines may be
a considerable fraction of a wavelength, or many wavelengths, in size.

 A transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where voltages and

currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its length, while ordinary
circuit analysis deals with lumped elements, where voltage and current do not
vary appreciably over the physical dimension of the elements.

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
A transmission line is often schematically represented as a two-wire line since
transmission lines (for transverse electromagnetic [TEM] wave propagation)
always have at least two conductors. The piece of line of infinitesimal length ∆z
can be modeled as a lumped-element circuit, as shown in Figure

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
where
R, L, G, and C are per-unit-length quantities defined as follows:

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS
Solving above circuit for V and I using KCL and KVL gives the
following equations. These equations are known as Telegrapher
Equations in Phasor form

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WAVE PROPAGATION ON A TRANSMISSION
LINE
The two equations can be solved simultaneously to give wave equations for V(z)
and I (z):

Where

is the complex propagation constant, which is a function of frequency

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WAVE PROPAGATION ON A TRANSMISSION
LINE
Traveling wave solutions to above equation can be found as

Where I (z) in terms of Impedance can be written as.

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 WAVE PROPAGATION ON A TRANSMISSION
LINE
Where

Zo is called the characteristic Impedance of the line. In terms of voltage and

current , Zo can be written as

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 THE LOSSLESS TRANSMISSION LINE
For Lossless transmission line , R=G=0;

The Characteristic Impedance is written as

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TERMINATED LOSSLESS TRANSMISSION LINE
For Lossless transmission line terminated with a load ZL as shown in figure

The total Voltage and Current at any point z can be written as

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TERMINATED LOSSLESS TRANSMISSION LINE
The total voltage and current at the load are related by the load impedance at z = 0
Is given by:

-
Solving for V gives

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TERMINATED LOSSLESS TRANSMISSION LINE
The amplitude of the reflected voltage wave normalized to the amplitude of the
incident voltage wave is defined as the voltage reflection coefficient and is given
by:

The time-average power flow along the line (For Generator matched to the line) at
the point z is given by:

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 INPUT IMPEDANCE Zin
The impedance seen looking into the line must vary with position.
At a distance l = −z from the load, the input impedance seen looking
toward the load is;

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES
 Used for guided transmission of power / signal

 Commonly used types of Transmission lines are as follows;

 Coaxial Lines
 Rectangular Waveguides
 Circular Waveguides
 Parallel Plate Waveguides
 Micro-strip Lines
 Striplines etc.

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 COAXIAL LINES

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 MICRO-STRIP LINE

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 STRIPLINE

Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam
 THANKYOU
Research Institute for Millimeter and Microwave Studies (RIMMS) © Dr. Ali Imran Najam