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DFIG For Double Fed Induction Generator, A Generating Principle

The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) works by connecting the rotor windings to the grid via slip rings and a back-to-back voltage source converter that controls the rotor and grid currents. This allows the rotor frequency to differ from the grid frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. The converter can independently control the active and reactive power fed to the grid regardless of the generator's turning speed. A key advantage is that only 25-30% of the mechanical power must pass through the converter, lowering costs compared to other variable speed solutions.

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Kishor Janjal Patil
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72 views4 pages

DFIG For Double Fed Induction Generator, A Generating Principle

The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) works by connecting the rotor windings to the grid via slip rings and a back-to-back voltage source converter that controls the rotor and grid currents. This allows the rotor frequency to differ from the grid frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. The converter can independently control the active and reactive power fed to the grid regardless of the generator's turning speed. A key advantage is that only 25-30% of the mechanical power must pass through the converter, lowering costs compared to other variable speed solutions.

Uploaded by

Kishor Janjal Patil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2.

8- principle and working of Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The principle of the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (referred to


as DFIG) is that rotor windings are connected to the grid via slip rings and
back-to-back voltage source converters that control both the rotor and the grid
currents. Thus, rotor frequency can freely differ from the grid frequency (50 or
60 Hz).

DFIG for Double Fed Induction Generator, a generating principle


widely used in wind turbines. It is based on an induction generator with a
multiphase wound rotor and a multiphase slip ring assembly with brushes for
access to the rotor windings. It is possible to avoid the multiphase slip ring
assembly (see brushless doubly-fed electric machines), but there are problems
with efficiency, cost and size. A better alternative is a brushless wound-rotor
doubly-fed electric machine.

The principle of the DFIG is that rotor windings are connected to the grid
via slip rings and back-to-back voltage source converter that controls both the
rotor and the grid currents. Thus rotor frequency can freely differ from the grid
frequency (50 or 60 Hz). By using the converter to control the rotor currents, it
is possible to adjust the active and reactive power fed to the grid from the stator
independently of the generator's turning speed. The control principle used is
either the two-axis current vector control or direct torque control (DTC).[9] DTC
has turned out to have better stability than current vector control especially
when high reactive currents are required from the generator.[10]
Unit 2.8- principle and working of Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The doubly-fed generator rotors are typically wound with 2 to 3 times


the number of turns of the stator. This means that the rotor voltages will be
higher and currents respectively lower. Thus in the typical ± 30% operational
speed range around the synchronous speed, the rated current of the converter is
accordingly lower which leads to a lower cost of the converter. The drawback is
that controlled operation outside the operational speed range is impossible
because of the higher than rated rotor voltage. Further, the voltage transients
due to the grid disturbances (three- and two-phase voltage dips, especially) will
also be magnified. In order to prevent high rotor voltages - and high currents
resulting from these voltages - from destroying the IGBTs and diodes of the
converter, a protection circuit (called crowbar) is used.
Unit 2.8- principle and working of Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The crowbar will short-circuit the rotor windings through a small resistance
when excessive currents or voltages are detected. In order to be able to continue
the operation as quickly as possible an active crowbar[11] has to be used. The
active crowbar can remove the rotor short in a controlled way and thus the rotor
side converter can be started only after 20-60 ms from the start of the grid
disturbance when the remaining voltage stays above 15% of the nominal
voltage. Thus it is possible to generate reactive current to the grid during the
rest of the voltage dip and in this way help the grid to recover from the fault.
For zero voltage ride through it is common to wait until the dip ends because
with zero voltage it is not possible to know the phase angle where the reactive
current should be injected.[12]
As a summary, a doubly-fed induction machine is a wound-rotor
doubly-fed electric machine and has several advantages over a conventional
induction machine in wind power applications. First, as the rotor circuit is
controlled by a power electronics converter, the induction generator is able to
both import and export reactive power. This has important consequences
for power system stability and allows the machine to support the grid during
severe voltage disturbances (low voltage ride through, LVRT). Second, the
control of the rotor voltages and currents enables the induction machine to
remain synchronized with the grid while the wind turbine speed varies. A
variable speed wind turbine utilizes the available wind resource more efficiently
than a fixed speed wind turbine, especially during light wind conditions. Third,
the cost of the converter is low when compared with other variable speed
solutions because only a fraction of the mechanical power, typically 25-30%, is
fed to the grid through the converter, the rest being fed to grid directly from the
stator. The efficiency of the DFIG is very good for the same reason.
Doubly-fed electric machine is connected to a selection of resistors
via multiphase slip rings for starting. However, the slip power was lost in the
resistors. Thus means to increase the efficiency in variable speed operation by
recovering the slip power were developed. In Krämer (or Kraemer) drives the
rotor was connected to an AC and DC machine set that fed a DC machine
connected to the shaft of the slip ring machine.[4] Thus the slip power was
returned as mechanical power and the drive could be controlled by the
excitation currents of the DC machines. The drawback of the Krämer drive is
that the machines need to be overdimensioned in order to cope with the extra
circulating power. This drawback was corrected in the Scherbius drive where
the slip power is fed back to the AC grid by motor generator sets
Unit 2.8- principle and working of Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The rotating machinery used for the rotor supply was heavy and
expensive. Improvement in this respect was the static Scherbius drive where the
rotor was connected to a rectifier-inverter set constructed first by mercury arc-
based devices and later on with semiconductor diodes and thyristors. In the
schemes using a rectifier the power flow was possible only out of the rotor
because of the uncontrolled rectifier. Moreover, only sub-synchronous operation
as a motor was possible.

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