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General Chemistry II – Spring 2017

Chapter 1: Thermochemistry –
Energy Flow and Chemical Change
Key terms
thermodynamics |ˌTHə rmō dīˈnamiks| Fahrenheit |ˈferə nˌhīt|

thermochemistry |ˌTHə rmō ˈkemə strē | Celsius |ˈselsē ə s|

internal energy (E) |inˈtə rnl ˈenə rjē | Kelvin |ˈkelvə n|

heat (q) |hē t|

work (w) |wə rk| heat capacity |hē t kə ˈpasə dē |

state function |stā t ˈfə NG(k)SH(ə )n| specific heat capacity (c) |spə ˈsifik hē t kə ˈpasə dē |
pressure-volume work (PV work) molar heat capacity (C) |ˈmō lə r hē t kə ˈpasə dē |
|ˈpreSHə r ˈvälyə m wə rk|

isobaric process |ˌīsə ˈbärik| calorimeter |ˌkalə ˈrimidə r|

isochoric process |īsə ˈkôrik| stoichiometry |ˌstoikē ˈämə trē |

isothermal process |ˌīsə ˈTHə rm(ə )l| Hess’s law |ˈhesə s lô|
adiabatic process thermochemical equation
|ˌadē ə ˈbadikˌā ˌdīə ˈbadik| |ˌTHə rmō ˈkemə k(ə )l ə ˈkwā ZHə n|
first law of thermodynamics standard state
|ˈstandə rd stā t|

enthalpy (H) |ˈenTHalpē | standard enthalpy of reaction (Horxn)

|ˈstandə rd ˈenTHalpē ə v rē ˈakSH(ə )n|

change in enthalpy (H) standard enthalpy of formation (Hof)

|CHā nj in ˈenTHalpē | |ˈstandə rd ˈenTHalpē ə v fôrˈmā SH(ə )n|
enthalpy diagram bond dissociation energies
|ˈenTHalpē ˈdīə ˌɡ ram| |band diˌsō SHē ˈā SH(ə )n ˈenə rjē |

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General Chemistry II – Spring 2017 Dr. Truong Thanh Tu
exothermic process heat of combustion
|ˌeksō ˈTHə rmik ˈprō ˌses| |hē t ə v kə mˈbə sCH(ə )n|
endothermic process Kirchhoff's law |ˈkɪə tʃɒ fs|
|ˌendō ˈTHə rmik ˈprō ˌses|

Key Principles
• Chemical or physical change is always accompanied by a change in the energy content of the
matter. (Introduction) 

• To study a change in energy (E), scientists conceptually divide the universe into the system
(the part being studied) and the surroundings (everything else). All energy changes occur as heat
(q) and/or work (w), transferred either from the surroundings to the system or from the system to
the surroundings (E = q + w). Thus, the total energy of the universe is constant (law of
conservation of energy, or first law of thermodynamics). (Section 1.1) 

• Because E is a state function—a property that depends only on the current state of the system—
E depends only on the difference between the initial and final values of E. Therefore, the
magnitude of E is the same no matter how a given change in energy occurs. (Section 1.1) 

• Enthalpy (H) is also a state function and is related to E. The change in enthalpy (H) equals the
heat transferred at constant pressure, qP. Most laboratory, environmental, and biological changes
occur at constant P, so H is more relevant than E and easier to measure. (Section 1.2) 

• The change in the enthalpy of a reaction (Hrxn) is negative (< 0) if the reaction releases heat
(exothermic) and positive (> 0) if it absorbs heat (endothermic). (Section 1.2) 

• The more heat a substance absorbs, the higher its temperature becomes, but each material has
its own capacity for absorbing heat. Knowing this capacity and measuring the change in
temperature in a calorimeter, we can find Hrxn. (Section 1.3) 

• The quantity of heat released or absorbed in a reaction is related stoichiometrically to the
amounts (mol) of reactants and products. (Section 1.3) 

• Because H is a state function, we can find H of any reaction by imagining the reaction
occurring as the sum of other reactions whose enthalpies of reaction we know or can measure
(Hess’s law). (Section 1.4) 

• Chemists have specified a set of conditions, called standard states, to determine and compare
enthalpies (and other thermodynamic variables) of different reactions. Each substance has a
standard enthalpy of formation (Hof ), the enthalpy of reaction when 1 mol of the substance is
formed from its elements under these conditions. The Hof values for each substance in a reaction
are used to calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction (Horxn). (Section 1.5) 


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General Chemistry II – Spring 2017 Dr. Truong Thanh Tu

Learning Objectives
• Interconvert energy units; understand that E of a system appears as the total heat and/or work
transferred to or from its surroundings; understand the meaning of a state function.

• Understand the meaning of H, why we measure H, and the distinction between exothermic
and endothermic reactions; draw enthalpy diagrams for chemical and physical changes.
• Understand the relation between specific heat capacity and heat transferred in both constant-
pressure (coffee-cup) and constant-volume (bomb) calorimeters.
• Understand the relation between heat of reaction and amount of substance.
• Explain the importance of Hess’s law and use it to find an unknown H.
• View a reaction as the decomposition of reactants followed by the formation of products;
understand formation equations and how to use H°f values to find H°rxn.

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General Chemistry II – Spring 2017 Dr. Truong Thanh Tu

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General Chemistry II – Spring 2017 Dr. Truong Thanh Tu

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General Chemistry II – Spring 2017 Dr. Truong Thanh Tu

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General Chemistry II – Spring 2017 Dr. Truong Thanh Tu

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General Chemistry II – Spring 2017 Dr. Truong Thanh Tu

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