IPS-E-PR-830

ENGINEERING STANDARD

FOR

PROCESS DESIGN OF VALVES

AND

CONTROL VALVES

ORIGINAL EDITION

DEC. 1997

This standard specification is reviewed and

updated by the relevant technical committee on
Nov. 2005(1) and Feb. 2014(2). The approved
modifications are included in the present issue
of IPS.

This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of Petroleum. All rights are reserved to the owner.
Neither whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party, reproduced, stored in
any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of the
Iranian Ministry of Petroleum.
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

FOREWORD
The Iranian Petroleum Standards (IPS) reflect the views of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum and are
intended for use in the oil and gas production facilities, oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical
plants, gas handling and processing installations and other such facilities.
IPS is based on internationally acceptable standards and includes selections from the items
stipulated in the referenced standards. They are also supplemented by additional requirements
and/or modifications based on the experience acquired by the Iranian Petroleum Industry and the
local market availability. The options which are not specified in the text of the standards are
itemized in data sheet/s, so that, the user can select his appropriate preferences therein
The IPS standards are therefore expected to be sufficiently flexible so that the users can adapt
these standards to their requirements. However, they may not cover every requirement of each
project. For such cases, an addendum to IPS Standard shall be prepared by the user which
elaborates the particular requirements of the user. This addendum together with the relevant IPS
shall form the job specification for the specific project or work.
The IPS is reviewed and up-dated approximately every five years. Each standards are subject to
amendment or withdrawal, if required, thus the latest edition of IPS shall be applicable
The users of IPS are therefore requested to send their views and comments, including any
addendum prepared for particular cases to the following address. These comments and
recommendations will be reviewed by the relevant technical committee and in case of approval will
be incorporated in the next revision of the standard.

Standards and Research department

No.17, Street14, North kheradmand
Karimkhan Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
Postal Code- 1585886851
Tel: 021-88810459-60 & 021-66153055
Fax: 021-88810462
Email: [email protected]
 Dec. 1997
IPS-E-PR- 830

GENERAL DEFINITIONS:
Throughout this Standard the following definitions shall apply.

COMPANY:
Refers to one of the related and/or affiliated companies of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum such as
National Iranian Oil Company, National Iranian Gas Company, National Petrochemical Company
and National Iranian Oil Refinery And Distribution Company.

PURCHASER:
Means the “Company” where this standard is a part of direct purchaser order by the “Company”,
and the “Contractor” where this Standard is a part of contract documents.

VENDOR AND SUPPLIER:

Refers to firm or person who will supply and/or fabricate the equipment or material.

CONTRACTOR:
Refers to the persons, firm or company whose tender has been accepted by the company.

EXECUTOR:
Executor is the party which carries out all or part of construction and/or commissioning for the
project.

INSPECTOR:
The Inspector referred to in this Standard is a person/persons or a body appointed in writing by the
company for the inspection of fabrication and installation work.

SHALL:
Is used where a provision is mandatory.

SHOULD:
Is used where a provision is advisory only.

WILL:
Is normally used in connection with the action by the “Company” rather than by a contractor,
supplier or vendor.

MAY:
Is used where a provision is completely discretionary.
 Dec. 1997
IPS-E-PR- 830

CONTENTS: PAGE No.

0. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1
1. SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................ 2
2. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 2
3. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... 3
4. DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................. 5
4.1 Actuator (Valve Operator) ...................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Control Valve ........................................................................................................................... 5
4.3 High Recovery Valve............................................................................................................... 5
4.4 Low Recovery Valve ............................................................................................................... 5
4.5 Valve Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 5
5. UNITS .............................................................................................................................................. 5
6. GENERAL CONSIDERATION........................................................................................................ 5
6.1 Valve Guides ............................................................................................................................ 6
6.2 Selection of Valves ................................................................................................................. 6
7. MANUAL VALVES.......................................................................................................................... 7
7.1 Grouping of Valves by Method of Flow Regulation ............................................................. 7
7.2 Globe Valves ............................................................................................................................ 7
7.2.3 Applications ..................................................................................................................... 8
7.3 Piston Valves ........................................................................................................................... 8
7.4 Gate Valves .............................................................................................................................. 8
7.4.1 Parallel gate valve............................................................................................................ 8
7.4.2 Wedge gate valves ........................................................................................................... 9
7.4.3 Conduit gate valves ......................................................................................................... 9
7.5 Plug Valves (Cocks) ................................................................................................................ 9
7.6 Ball Valves ............................................................................................................................. 10
7.7 Butterfly Valves ..................................................................................................................... 10
7.8 Needle Valves ........................................................................................................................ 10
7.9 Pinch Valves .......................................................................................................................... 11
7.10 Diaphragm Valves ............................................................................................................... 11
8. CHECK VALVES .......................................................................................................................... 12
8.1 Check Valve Type.................................................................................................................. 12
8.1.1 Lift check valves ............................................................................................................ 12
8.1.2 Swing check valves ....................................................................................................... 13
8.1.3 Tilting-disc check valves .............................................................................................. 13
8.1.4 Diaphragm check valves ............................................................................................... 13
8.1.5 Foot valves ..................................................................................................................... 13
8.1.6 Poppet lift check valves ................................................................................................ 13
8.1.7 Ball foot valves .............................................................................................................. 13
8.1.8 Membrane foot valves ................................................................................................... 13
8.1.9 Spring-loaded check valves ......................................................................................... 13
8.2 Selection of Check Valves ................................................................................................... 13
8.2.1 Check valves for incompressible fluids ...................................................................... 13
8.2.2 Check valves for compressible fluids ......................................................................... 13
9. CONTROL VALVES ..................................................................................................................... 14
9.1 Control Valve Characteristics .............................................................................................. 14
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

9.1.1 Quick opening ................................................................................................................ 14

9.1.2 Linear .............................................................................................................................. 14
9.1.3 Equal percentage ........................................................................................................... 14
9.2 Control Valve Types.............................................................................................................. 15
9.2.1 Selection ......................................................................................................................... 15
9.2.2 Rangeability ................................................................................................................... 17
9.2.3 Choice of failure position.............................................................................................. 17
9.3 Control Valve Sizing ............................................................................................................. 17
9.4 Common Control Valve Problems ....................................................................................... 17
9.4.1 Cavitation problem ........................................................................................................ 18
9.4.2 Flashing problem ........................................................................................................... 18
9.4.3 Choked flow problem .................................................................................................... 18
9.4.4 Noise problem ................................................................................................................ 18
10. SELF-ACTING REGULATORS .................................................................................................. 18
10.1 Self-Acting Pressure-Reducing Regulators ..................................................................... 18
10.2 Self-Acting Back-Pressure Regulators ............................................................................. 19
10.3 Self-Acting Differential-Pressure Regulators ................................................................... 19
10.4 Self-Acting Temperature Regulators ................................................................................ 19
11. SPECIFICATION FORM FOR CONTROL VALVE .................................................................... 19

APPENDICES:

APPENDIX A EQUATIONS FOR CONTROL VALVE SIZING CALCULATIONS ......................... 20

APPENDIX B VALVE TYPES TABLES ......................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX C TYPICAL VALVE SELECTION GUIDE ................................................................... 28
APPENDIX D CAVITATION IN CONTROL VALVES .................................................................... 31
 Dec. 1997
IPS-E-PR-830

0. INTRODUCTION
Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure system which regulate either the flow or the
pressure of the fluid. This duty may involve stopping and starting flow, controlling flow rate, diverting
flow, preventing back flow, controlling pressure, or relieving pressure.
"Process Design of Valves & Control Valves and Piping Systems" are broad and contain variable
subjects of paramount importance. Therefore, a group of process engineering standards are
prepared to cover the subject.
This group includes the following Standards:

STANDARD CODE STANDARD TITLE

IPS-E-PR-830 “Engineering Standard for Process Design of Valves &
Control Valves”
IPS-E-PR-440 “Engineering Standard for Process Design of Piping
Systems (Process Piping and Pipeline Sizing)”

This Engineering Standard Specification covers:

"PROCESS DESIGN OF VALVES AND CONTROL VALVES"

1
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

1. SCOPE
This Engineering Standard Specification is intended to cover minimum process requirements for
manual valves, check valves and control valves as well as field of application, selection of types,
design considerations (e.g. cavitations) and control valve sizing calculations.
The equations of this Standard are used to predict the flow rate of a fluid through a valve when all
the factors including those related to the fluid and its flowing condition are known, when the
equations are used to select a valve size, it is often necessary to use capacity factors associated
with the fully open or rate condition to predict an approximate required valve flow coefficient (Cv).
The valves discussed here are manually operated valves for stop and starting flow, controlling flow
rate and diverting flow. The manual valves are divided into four groups according to the way the
closure member moves into the seat. The many types of check valves are likewise divided into
groups according to the way the closure member moves onto the seat. The basic duty of these
valves is to prevent back flow. Predicting the flow of compressible and incompressible fluids through
control valve, and cavitation are covered as parts of this Engineering Standard Specification.
The application of this Engineering Standard Specification shall be exercised, only in combination
with the relevant Piping & Pipelines and Instrument Standards, i.e., IPS-E-PR-440 “Piping
Systems”, IPS-M-PI-110/I-VI, "Valves", and IPS-E-IN-160, "Control Valves", respectively, some of
which are provided base on the following specifications and handbooks:
- “Valve Selection Handbook”, 5th Edition, 2003, by R.W. ZAPPE
- Design Practice by EXXON Engineering, 1999
- Process Engineering Design Manual by TOTAL Company.
- Manual control valves- selection, sizing, and specification, April 2003.
- Valve handbook, by: skousen (McGrow hill digital library).

Note 1:
This standard specification is reviewed and updated by the relevant technical committee on
Nov. 2005. The approved modifications by T.C. were sent to IPS users as amendment No. 1
by circular No. 273 on Nov. 2005. These modifications are included in the present issue of
IPS.

Note 2:
This standard specification is reviewed and updated by the relevant technical committee on
Feb. 2014. The approved modifications by T.C. were sent to IPS users as amendment No. 2
by circular No. 414 on Feb. 2014. These modifications are included in the present issue of
IPS.

2. REFERENCES
Throughout this Standard the following dated and undated standards/codes are referred to. These
referenced documents shall, to the extent specified herein, form a part of this standard. For dated
references, the edition cited applies. The applicability of changes in dated references that occur
after the cited date shall be mutually agreed upon by the Company and the Vendor. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced documents (including any supplements and
amendments) applies.

ISA/ANSI (INSTRUMENT SOCIETY OF AUTOMATION/AMERICAN NATIONAL

STANDARDS INSTITUTE)
ANSI/ISA-75.01.01-2012 “Industrial-Process Control Valves - Part 2-1: Flow
(60534-2-1 MOD) Capacity – Sizing Equations for Fluid Flow under
Installed Conditions”

2
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS)

IPS-M-PI-110/I-VI “Material and Equipment Standard for Valves”
IPS-E-IN-160 “Engineering Standards for Control Valves”

3. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

2
Cd Required 6.45 Cv /d at a specified flow condition.
Cf Critical factor, (dimensionless).
Cfr Reducer critical factor, dimensionless.
Cv Valve flow coefficient.
d Valve inlet diameter.
D Internal diameter of the pipe.
Eq Equation.
Fd Valve style modifier (see Table A.3 in Appendix A).
FF Liquid critical pressure ratio factor, dimensionless.
Fk Ratio of specific heats factor, dimensionless.
FL Liquid pressure recovery factor of a valve without attached fittings, dimensionless.
FLP Product of the liquid pressure recovery factor of a valve with attached fittings (no
symbol has been identified) and the piping geometry factor, dimensionless.
FP Piping geometry factor, dimensionless.
FRe Reynolds number factor, dimensionless.
Fs Laminar, or streamline, flow factor, dimensionless.
g Local acceleration of gravity, (9.806 m/s²).
G Relative density (specific gravity).
Gf Liquid relative density (specific gravity) at upstream conditions [ratio of density of
liquid at flowing temperature to density of water at 15.5°C (60°F)], dimensionless.
Gg Gas relative density or specific gravity (ratio of density of flowing gas to density of
air with both at standard conditions, which is equal to the ratio of the molecular
mass of gas to the molecular mass of air), dimensionless.
K Flow characteristic of valve.
KB Bernoulli coefficient, dimensionless.
KB1 Bernoulli coefficient for an inlet fitting, dimensionless.
KB2 Bernoulli coefficient for an outlet fitting, dimensionless.
change in flow
Kc Coefficient of incipient cavitation, Kc = (Eq. 1)
change in lift
Ki Velocity head factors for an inlet fitting, dimensionless.
K1 Resistance coefficient for inlet fitting.
M Molecular mass (weight), atomic mass units.
MPa Megapascal = 1- bar.
N1, N2 Numerical constants for units of measurement used.
etc.
P1 Upstream absolute static pressure, measured two nominal pipe diameters
upstream of valve-fitting assembly.

3
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

P2 Downstream absolute static pressure, measured six nominal pipe diameters

downstream of valvefitting assembly.
∆P Pressure differential, ∆ P = P1 - P2.. in (bar).
∆ Pcrit Critical pressure drop, ∆ Pcrit. = Cf2 (P1 - Pv)
Pc Absolute thermodynamic critical pressure.
Pr Reduced pressure, dimensionless.
PR Valve Pressure drop ratio; is the ratio of valve Pressure drop to total dynamic
pressure drop.
Pv Absolute vapor pressure of liquid at inlet temperature.
Pvc Apparent absolute pressure at vena contracta.
R Sub-critical flow capacity correction factor, dimensionless.
q Volumetric flow rate.
qmax Maximum flow rate (choked flow conditions) at a given upstream condition.
Rev Valve Reynolds number, dimensionless.
T Absolute temperature, in kelvin (K).
T1 Absolute upstream temperature, in kelvin (K).
Uc Velocity in the inlet pipe that will create critical cavitation in the valve, in (m/s).
Ui Velocity in the inlet pipe that will create incipient cavitation in the valve, in (m/s).

V Specific volume, in (m³/kg).

W Mass or (weight) flow rate (mass fraction), in (kg/h).
Wf Mass flow rate of fluid, in (kg/h).
Wg Mass flow rate of gas, in (kg/h).
X Ratio of pressure drop to absolute inlet pressure, (X = ∆ P/P1), dimensionless.
XT Pressure drop ratio factor, dimensionless.
XTP Value of XT for valve-fitting assembly, dimensionless.
Y Expansion factor, ratio of flow coefficient for a gas to that for a liquid at the same
Reynolds number, dimensionless.
Z Compressibility factor, dimensionless.
γ (gamma) Specific mass (weight), in (kg/m³).
γ 1 (gamma) Specific mass (weight), upstream conditions, in (kg/m³).
γ f (gamma) Specific mass (weight) of liquid, in (kg/m³).
µ (mu) Viscosity, absolute.
ν (nu) Kinematic viscosity, in centistokes (cSt).
ρ (rho) Density (mass density).
Subscripts:
1 Upstream conditions.
2 Downstream conditions.
s Non-turbulent.
t Turbulent.

4
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

4. DEFINITIONS

4.1 Actuator (Valve Operator)

The Actuator is the device used to move the stem. The most common operator is a spring-
loaded diaphragm. It is actuated with compressed air, whether the controller itself is pneumatic
or electronic. Other operators are pistons (air or hydraulic), electric motor and air motor.

4.2 Control Valve

A control valve is an engineered variable flow restriction. The input signal to the control valve is the
output signal from a controller. The control valve is constructed such that the stem lift (plug position)
is proportional to the input signal.

4.3 High Recovery Valve

High Recovery Valve is one that does recover a significant amount of pressure at the outlet
compared to the differential pressure across the valve itself. An example is a streamlined angle
valve with flow in the side and out the bottom.

4.4 Low Recovery Valve

Low Recovery Valve is one that does not recover very much pressure at the outlet compared to
the differential pressure across the valve itself. Examples are cage valves and globe valves with
flow upwards against the seat.

4.5 Valve Characteristics

The relationship between the position of a valve plug (or stem lift) and the area open for flow is the
valve characteristic. With a constant∆P across the valve this relationship would also hold for flow
rate. The valve area characterized by the coefficient Cv. The Cv coefficient is the number of U.S.
gallons of water flowing during one minute through a restriction and pressure drop through this
restriction and the pressure drop through this restriction is 1 PSI.

5. UNITS
This Standard is based on International System of Units (SI), as per IPS-E-GN-100 except where
otherwise specified.

6. GENERAL CONSIDERATION
Valves are the components in a fluid flow or pressure systems that regulate either the flow or the
pressure of the fluid. This duty may involve stopping and starting flow, controlling flow rate, diverting
flow, preventing back flow, controlling pressure, or relieving pressure.
These duties are performed by adjusting the position of the closure member in the valve. This may
be done either manually or automatically. Manual operation also includes the operation of the valve
by means of a manually controlled power operator.

5
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

6.1 Valve Guides

The main parameters concerned in selecting a valve or valves for a typical general service are:

a) Fluid to be handled
This will affect both type of valve and material choice for valve construction.

b) Functional requirements
Mainly affecting choice of valve.

c) Operating conditions
Affecting both choice of valve type and constructional materials.

d) Flow characteristics and frictional loss

Where not already covered by (b), or setting additional specific or desirable requirements.

e) Size of valve
This again can affect choice of type of valve (very large sizes are only available in a limited
range of types); and availability (matching sizes may not be available as standard
production in a particular type).

f) Noise limitation
Affecting choice of valve type.

g) Any special requirements

In the case of specific services, choice of valve type may be somewhat simplified by
following established practice or selecting from valves specifically produced for that
particular service.
Table B.1 in Appendix B summarizes the applications of the main types of general purpose
valves.
Table B.2 in Appendix B carries general selection a stage further in listing valve types
normally used for specific services.
Table B.3 in Appendix B is a particularly useful expansion of the same theme relating the
suitability of different valve types to specific functional requirements.

6.2 Selection of Valves

a) Valves for stopping and starting flow

These valves are normally selected for low flow resistance and a straight-through flow
passage. Such valves are Slide, Rotary and Flex-body valves.

b) Valves for control of flow rate

Most common used are Globe, Ball, and Rotary valves.

6
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

c) Valves for diverting flow

These valves have three or more ports, depending on the flow diversion duty. Such valves
are plug valves and ball valves.

d) Valves for fluids with solids in suspension

The valves best suited for this duty have a closure member that slides across the seat with
a wiping motion.

e) Valves for providing pressure drop

Such valves are Globe and Plug.

7. MANUAL VALVES
A manual valve is considered to be a valve that is operated by plant personnel directly, by the use
of either a hand wheel/wrench or an on/off actuator in the case of shutdown valves. Certain
automated valves with actuators are also supplied with hand wheels to allow manual operation in
the event of power failure.
Manual valves serve three major functions in fluid handling systems:

a) stopping and starting flow;

b) controlling flow rate;
c) Diverting flow.

7.1 Grouping of Valves by Method of Flow Regulation

Manual valves may be grouped according to the way the closure member moves onto the seat.
Four groups of valves are thereby distinguishable:

7.1.1 Closing-down valves

A stopper-like closure member is moved to and from the seat in direction of the seat axis, such as
globe and piston valves.

7.1.2 Slide valves

A gate-like closure member is moved across the flow passage, such as gate valve.

7.1.3 Rotary valves

A plug or disc-like closure member is rotated within the flow passage, around an axis normal to the
flow stream, such as Plug, Ball, and Butterfly valves.

7.1.4 Flex-body valves

The closure member flexes the valve body, such as Pinch and Diaphragm valves.

7.2 Globe Valves

7.2.1 Globe valves are preferred for high pressure drop applications, low flow applications, or where
cavitation, flashing, noise are considerations. A globe-style valve that has a cast flanged body that
can be serviced while in the line is preferred. Split body valves are not recommended because they

7
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

are prone to leakage. The sealing of these valves is high.

7.2.2 Three-way and angle body valves may be considered for special applications. Three-way
valves can be used for proportioning control of converging or diverging flow. Angle body valves
should be considered for outgassing service, coking service (where solids are carried in
suspension), severe flashing service, and where the piping design can take advantage of the valve
geometry.

7.2.3 Applications

Duty:
- Controlling flow.
- Stopping and starting flow.
- Frequent valve operation.

Service:
- Gases essentially free of solids.
- Liquids essentially free of solids.
- Vacuum.
- Cryogenic.

7.3 Piston Valves

Applications

Duty:
- Controlling flow.
- Stopping and starting flow.

Service:
- Gases.
- Liquids.
- Fluids with solids in suspension.
- Vacuum.

7.4 Gate Valves

7.4.1 Parallel gate valve

Applications

Duty:
- Stopping and starting flow.
- Infrequent operation.

8
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

Service:
- Gases.
- Liquids.
- Fluids with solids in suspension.
- Knife gate valve for slurries, fibers, powders, and granules.
- Vacuum.
- Cryogenic.

7.4.2 Wedge gate valves

Wedge shape is to introduce a high supplementary seating load against high but also low fluid
pressures.

Applications

Duty:
- Stopping and starting flow.
- Infrequent operation.

Service:
- Gases.
- Liquids.
- Rubber-seated wedge gate valves without bottom cavity for fluids carrying solids
in suspension.
- Vacuum.
- Cryogenic.

7.4.3 Conduit gate valves

Applications

Duty:
- Stopping and starting flow (on & off).
- Zero leakage and High integrity.
- Low and High line pressure.

Service:
- Gases.
- Liquids.
- Through conduit gate valve, a full bore gate valve, with very low pressure drop and allows
for the passage of pipeline pigs or scrapers for cleaning, de-watering, batching, etc.

7.5 Plug Valves (Cocks)

Applications

Duty:
- Stopping and starting flow.
- Moderate throttling.
- Flow diversion.

9
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

Service:
- Gases.
- Liquids.
- Non-abrasive slurries.
- Abrasive slurries for lubricated plug valves.
- Sticky fluids for eccentric and lift plug valves.
- Sanitary handling of pharmaceutical and food stuffs.
- Vacuum.

7.6 Ball Valves

Applications

Duty:
- Stopping and starting flow.
- Moderate throttling.
- Flow diversion.

Service:
- Gases.
- Liquids.
- Non-abrasive slurries.
- Vacuum.
- Cryogenic.
- A full bore ball valve has very low pressure drop and allows for the passage of
pipeline pigs or scrapers for cleaning.

7.7 Butterfly Valves

Butterfly valves are rotary valves in which a disc-shaped closure member is rotated through 90°, or
approximately, to open or close the flow passage.

Applications

Duty:
- Stopping and starting flow.
- Controlling flow.

Service:
- Gases.
- Liquids.
- Slurries.
- Powder.
- Granules.
- Sanitary handling
- Vacuum.

7.8 Needle Valves

Small sizes of globe valves fitted with a finely tapered plug are known as needle valves.

10
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

Duty:
- Secondary system for on and off application.
- Sampling.
- Available in smaller size.

Service:
- Gases.
- Liquids.

a) b) c)

Fig. 1

Three basic configurations are shown in Fig. 2, (a) is a simple screwdown valve; (b) is an oblique
version, offering a more direct flow path; (c) is another form where the controlled outlet flow is at
right angles to the main flow (and may be distributed through one or more passages).

7.9 Pinch Valves

Pinch valves are flex-body valves consisting of a flexible tube which is pinched either mechanically,
or by application of a fluid pressure to the outside of the valve body.

Applications

Duty:
- Stopping and starting flow.
- Controlling flow.

Service:
- Liquids.
- Particle-entrained fluids.
- Abrasive slurries.
- Powders.
- Granules.
- Sanitary handling

7.10 Diaphragm Valves

Diaphragm valves are flex-body valves in which the body flexibility is provided by a diaphragm.
Diaphragm valves fall into two main types:
- Weir-Type Diaphragm valves which are designed for a short stroke between the closed
and fully open valve positions.
- Straight-Through Diaphragm valves which have a relatively long stroke which requires
more flexible construction materials for the diaphragm.

11
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

Applications

Duty:
For weir-type and straight-through diaphragm valves:
- Stopping and starting flow.
- Controlling flow.
Service:
For weir-type diaphragm valves:
- Gases, may carry solids.
- Liquids, may carry solids.
- Viscous fluids.
- Leak-proof handling of hazardous fluids.
- Sanitary handling
- Vacuum.
Service for straight-through diaphragm valves:
- Gases, may carry solids.
- Liquids, may carry solids.
- Viscous fluid.
- Sludges.
- Slurries may carry abrasives.
- Dry media.
- Vacuum (consult manufacturer).

8. CHECK VALVES
Check valves are automatic valves which open with forward flow and close against reverse flow.
They are also known as non-return valves. Check valves shall operate in a manner which avoids:
1) The formation of an excessively high surge pressure as result of the valve closing.
2) Rapid fluctuating movements of the valve closure member.

8.1 Check Valve Type

Check valves are commonly used in combination with flow control valves, the type and operating
characteristics of which can influence the choice of check valve type. Suitable combinations are:
- Swing check valve-used with ball, plug, gate or diaphragm control valves.
- Tilting disc check valves-similar to swing-type check valve but with a profiled disc.
- Lift check valve-used with globe or angle valves.
- Piston check valve-used with globe or angle valves.
- Butterfly check valve-used with ball, plug, butterfly, diaphragm or pinch valves.
- Spring-loaded check valves-used with globe or angle valves.
- Diaphragm check valves-the closure member consists of a diaphragm which deflects from
or against the seat.
- The different type of check valve which are most used in oil and gas industries, their
importance as follows:

8.1.1 Lift check valves

Lift check valves may be sub-divided into:
a) Disc check valves;
b) Piston check valves;
c) Ball check valves.

12
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

8.1.2 Swing check valves

- Dirt and viscous fluids cannot easily hinder the rotation of the disc around the hinge.

8.1.3 Tilting-disc check valves

- Potentially fast closing.
- Being more expensive.
- More difficult to repair.

8.1.4 Diaphragm check valves

- Are not as well known as other check valves.
- Is well suited for applications in which the flow varies within wide limits.
- The pressure differential is limited to 1 Megapascal (MPa).
- Operating temperature is limited to 74°C. (Refer to Zappe handbook, page no. 167)
- Sizes as small as DN3 (NPS 1/8 inch) and as large as DN 3000 (NPS 120 inch).

8.1.5 Foot valves

- Is basically a check valve
- Often include a strainer.
- Are fitted to the end of a suction pipe.
- Prevent the pump emptying when it stops.

8.1.6 Poppet lift check valves

The travel of the poppet is controlled by a stop on the end of the poppet legs acting as supports for
the return spring shouldered on to a washer.

8.1.7 Ball foot valves

- It is particularly suitable for use with contaminated waters or more viscous fluids.

8.1.8 Membrane foot valves

- Consist of a cylindrical rubber membrane fitted inside a steel strainer.

8.1.9 Spring-loaded check valves

- Spring-loaded for more positive shut-off action.
- More rapid response cessation of flow.
- Work in any position, inclined, upward or downward flow.

8.2 Selection of Check Valves

Most check valves are selected qualitatively by comparing the required closing speed with the
closing characteristic of the valve. This selection method leads to good results in the majority of
applications.

8.2.1 Check valves for incompressible fluids

These are selected primarily for the ability to close without introducing an unacceptably high surge
pressure due to the sudden shut-off of reverse flow. Selecting these for a low pressure drop across
the valve is normally only secondary consideration.

8.2.2 Check valves for compressible fluids

Check valves for compressible fluids may be selected on a basis similar to that described for

13
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

incompressible fluids. However, valve-flutter can be a problem for high lift check valves in gas
service, and the addition of a dashpot may be required. The most important application of dashpots
is in systems in which flow reverses very fast. A dashpot designed to come into play during the last
closing movements can considerably reduce the formation of surge pressure.

9. CONTROL VALVES
A control valve is an engineered variable flow restriction. The input signal to the control valve is the
output signal from a controller. The control valve is constructed such that the stem lift (plug position)
is proportional to the input signal. A valve selected as optimum for a level control process might not
be the best selection for a flow control system. Also, the best valve for one flow control system
might not be optimum for a system utilizing a different primary element or flow measurement
means. Control valves are used in many applications including liquid flow control, gas pressure
reduction, steam flow to heaters, etc.

9.1 Control Valve Characteristics

There are determined principally by the design of the valve trim. The three fundamental
characteristics available are quick opening, linear, and equal percentage:

9.1.1 Quick opening

As the name implies, this type provides a large opening as the plug is first lifted from the seat with
lesser flow increase as the stem opens further. The most common application if for simple on-off
control with no throttling of flow required.

9.1.2 Linear
Linear trim provides equal increases in stem travel. Thus the flow rate is linear with plug position
throughout its travel (Fig.2).

9.1.3 Equal percentage

Provides equal percentage increases in rate of flow for equal increments of stem travel. The
characteristics provide a very small opening for plug travel near the seat and very large increase
toward the fully open position. As a result, a wide rangeability of flow rate is achieved (Fig.2).

14
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR AND EQUAL PERCENTAGE VALVES

Fig. 2

9.2 Control Valve Types

If the application allows, valves with a rotating spindle are preferred to linear motion valves for
reasons of capacity and turndown. Control valves and pressure regulators shall be selected in
accordance with the requirements of the piping class.

9.2.1 Selection
Control valves can be classified according to body design. The selection of a valve for a particular
application is primarily a function of the process requirements, and no attempt will be made herein
to cover this subject. Some of the more common types of control valve bodies are mentioned in
7.1.1 through 7.1.4. For "Typical Valve Selection Guide" see Appendix C hereinafter.

9.2.1.1 Globe valve

a) Two-way globe valves
If rotary valves cannot be used, globe valves should be considered as the first choice.
b) Three-way globe valves
Each flow path shall be sized separately for three way globe valves. Except for instrument air
dryers, the application of three-way globe valves requires the approval of the Principal.
Control valve used in most of cases except at very high pressure drop as defined by instrument
group, or on water networks, and ·compressor suction lines for throttling purposes.

9.2.1.2 Globe body valve

One of the principle advantages is a balancing feature which reduces required actuator forces. In
this design two options are available:
1) A single-seat construction for minimum leakage in the closed position.
2) A more simplified construction where greater leakage in the closed position can be
tolerated.

15
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

The valve trim may be replaced without removing the valve body from the line. The globe valve
design for a doubleseated type has a higher leakage rate in the closed position than a single-seat
type.
Another variation is the split body valve which is available both in globe and angle-type patterns. In
this valve, the seat ring is clamped between the two body sections which makes it readily
removable for replacement. This design is a single-seat type and does minimize leakage in the
closed position.
The split body valve is used extensively in chemical processes due to (a) its availability in alloy
materials and (b) the feature of separable flanges which allows the flanges to be manufactured from
less expensive materials.

9.2.1.3 Butterfly valve

The butterfly valve is a rotating-vane, high-pressure recovery type of valve used in applications
where high-capacity and low-pressure drop are required. Although not normally used on minimum
leakage applications.
Butterfly valves shall be considered for the following circumstances:
- If the required size would make it economically attractive (usually due to a high flow rate with a low
pressure drop);
- If eccentric plug / segmented ball or globe valves are not suitable;
- For corrosive services, where body lining of globe valves becomes economically unattractive.
- Suction lines to centrifugal gas compressors and air blowers.
- Outlet lines from water disengaging drums.
- As a substitute for a large (or unavailable) 3-way (two butterfly valves are needed) in gas lines
through and by-passing heat exchangers. Special needs of this service are covered under 3-way
valves.

9.2.1.4 Ball valve

The ball control valve is a rotating-stem, high-pressure recovery type of valve, in which the flow of
fluid is restricted by using a full-or partial-type ball in the valve body. This valve has a high flow
coefficient and may be used to control many types of fluids.
Ball valves may be considered for on-off service.
Ball valves for use in erosive (e.g. slurry) service etc. should be equipped with a scraper type of
seat construction.
Unless equipped with a special trim, i.e. anti-cavitation or low-noise design, certain ball valves may
be unsuitable for high differential pressures.

9.2.1.5 Three-way valve

The three-way valve is a special type of valve primarily used for splitting (diverting) or mixing
(combining) service. The most common applications are through or around exchangers to control
the heat transferred or in the controlled mixing of two streams.

9.2.1.6 Angle valve

Angle valves should be considered for:
- Hydrocarbon services where coke may form;
- Erosive services, e.g. slurries;
- Flashing service;

16
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

- Applications where solid contaminants might settle in the body of a globe valve;
- Liquid service where high differential pressure prevails.

9.2.2 Rangeability
The rangeability required for the control valve should be considered during valve selection. The
requirement for rangeability is that the valve must handle the maximum flow at the minimum
pressure drop available down to the minimum flow at maximum pressure drop. Sizing calculations
should be checked at both extremes to assure controllability over the entire range of flow rates and
pressure drops.
Each control valve type (and size) has a minimum area open to flow, below which operation is not
sufficiently consistent or precise for satisfactory control. The rangeability of the valve is defined as
this minimum divided into the area open to flow at full stem lift.
However, actual control valve rangeability is limited by the following factors:
− Control valves are specified with opening percentage at maximum flow, to insure it is in a
controlling position.
− The specified valve capacity will rarely match a commercially available size, since the next
larger valve is frequently supplied.
− Erosion and corrosion in service will cause a deterioration of the valve's rangeability.

9.2.3 Choice of failure position

When selecting the positions to which the valves go on air or power failure the goal is to require
minimum operator attention to put the unit in the safest possible standby condition; to minimize
upsets to associated units; and to ease the problem of returning to service when the failure is
corrected. So-called general rules are seldom “generally” applicable; there usually will be some
valves that are contrary to the rule. However, the following rules can be useful as a point of
departure:
1. Close valves feeding heat and material to the unit.
2. Close valves on streams leaving the unit.
These two actions “bottle-up” the unit and may cause actuation of safety valves.
3. Open valves in heat absorbing circuits such as furnace coils, heat exchangers, the exchanger
port of 3-way valves, reflux streams, pumparounds, etc. Note that on process units such as
crude pipe stills and steam crackers this rule will supersede rule No. 1.

9.3 Control Valve Sizing

9.3.1 Having obtained the control valve’s pressure drop allocation from pump head available, the
further step is to size the valve. The other factors involved are flow rate and liquid relative density
(specific gravity). Appendix A herein shows a selected summary of the equations for control valve
sizing calculations, respectively.
9.3.2 Valve sizing shall be based on maximum sizing capacity of 1.3 times the normal maximum
flow or 1.1 times the absolute maximum flow, whichever is greater.
9.3.3 The valve should be selected such that the opening of the valve at Cv calculated, should not
be greater than 75 percent of total travel. For the exceptional cases, the approval of the company
shall be obtained.

9.4 Common Control Valve Problems

Common valve problems can be categorized as Cavitations, Flashing, Choked flow and Noise.

17
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

9.4.1 Cavitation problem

Cavitation occurs in liquid service when the pressure in the valve body falls below the vapour
pressure of the liquid. The bubbles formed will implode immediately after leaving the valve, due to
the downstream pressure of the control valve recovering to rise above the liquid vapour pressure.
Cavitation should be avoided because it limits the valve capacity, generates vibration and noise and
might physically damage the control valve. For preventing of cavitation, following remedial actions
can be considered :
• Select a valve with a higher liquid pressure recovery factor;
• Modify the piping of control valve upstream to reach a higher inlet pressure and/or a lower
inlet temperature;
• Install a restriction orifice directly downstream of the control valve, provided that flow rate
variations are small and providing that the restriction orifice is not damaged by cavitation;
• Use hardened or special anti-cavitation trim to prevent damage;
• Install two (or more) control valves in series.
For more details refer to Appendix D.

9.4.2 Flashing problem

Flashing problem occurs, for liquids only, when the pressure in the valve body falls below the liquid
vapour pressure and when the bubbles thus formed remain as vapour in the fluid, owing to the fact
that the downstream pressure of the control valve is at or below the liquid vapour pressure. The first
stage of flashing is identical to that for cavitation. In the second stage, a portion of the vapour
formed at the vena contracta remains in vapour phase as the downstream pressure is equal or less
than the vapour pressure of the liquid. In situations where flashing in the control valve cannot be
prevented by relocating the valve measures shall be taken to prevent damage as a result of high
fluid velocities. Consult the control valve Manufacturer for guidance, as the required measures
depend on valve and trim geometry.

9.4.3 Choked flow problem

Choked flow occurs for an incompressible or compressible fluids when the fluid velocity at the vena
contracta reaches sonic velocity; For incompressible fluids, choked flow is associated with
cavitation or flashing. For remedial actions, see recommendations of Flashing and cavitation
problems. For compressible fluids, choked flow shall be avoided, as the associated high fluid
velocities result in high noise levels and physical damage to valves and downstream piping.

9.4.4 Noise problem

Noise is generated when vibration produces wide variations in atmospheric pressure, which are
then transferred to the eardrums as noise. Noise spreads at the speed of sound [which is 335 m/s].
Noise in valves can be created in a number of different ways; however, the most common cause is
turbulence generated by the geometry of the valve, which is radiated by the downstream piping .
Noise can also be generated by hydrodynamic and aerodynamic fluid sound. With liquid
applications, hydrodynamic noise is caused by the turbulence of the flow, cavitation, flashing, or the
high velocities that occur as the flow moves through the vena contracta.

10. SELF-ACTING REGULATORS

10.1 Self-Acting Pressure-Reducing Regulators

Self-acting pressure regulators shall only be used in clean fluid services and only in applications
that need no operator intervention, such as reducing instrument supply pressure or gas blanketing

18
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

of vessels or storage tanks. Pressure-reducing regulators in gas blanketing service shall not be
provided with an internal self-relieving function.

10.2 Self-Acting Back-Pressure Regulators

Self-acting back-pressure regulators shall only be considered for clean fluids in applications which
need no operator intervention, such as for maintaining a uniform back pressure in utility (e.g.
nitrogen) distribution systems or for lubrication, sealing or control oil applications in rotating
equipment.
The use of self-acting back-pressure regulators requires the approval of the Principal.

10.3 Self-Acting Differential-Pressure Regulators

Self-acting differential-pressure regulators shall only be considered for clean fluids in applications
that need no operator intervention, such as for secured instrument air systems or for lubrication,
sealing or control oil applications of rotating equipment. Except in secured instrument air supply
systems, the use of self-acting differential-pressure regulators requires the approval of the Principal.

10.4 Self-Acting Temperature Regulators

Self-acting temperature regulators shall only be considered for simple, non-safety related heating
applications where utilities (e.g. instrument air or gas) are not available. The use of self-acting
temperature regulators requires the approval of the Principal.

11. SPECIFICATION FORM FOR CONTROL VALVE

For specification form for valves, reference shall be made to IPS-E-IN-160.

19
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A
EQUATIONS FOR CONTROL VALVE SIZING CALCULATIONS

A.1 Flow Coefficient:

(Eq. A.1)
A.2 Equations for Incompressible Flow of Nonvaporizing Liquid

Flow rate (Eq. A.2)

A.2.1 For turbulent flow

In volumetric rate (Eq. A.3)

In mass flow rate W = N6 . Fp . Cv (P1 - P2) (Eq. A.4)

A.2.2 Piping geometry factor Fp

(Eq. A.5)

Head loss coefficient ∑ K = K1 + K2 + KB1 - KB2 (Eq. A.6)

(Eq. A.7)

(Eq. A.8)

(Eq. A.9)
(to be continued)

20
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX A (continued)

Bernoulli coefficient KB
When diameters of the inlet and outlet fitting are identical KB1 = KB2,

then (Eq. A.10)

A.3 Equations for Non-Turbulent Flow

Volumetric flow rate (Eq. A.11)

Mass flow rate (Eq. A.12)

Reynolds number (Eq. A.13)

A.4 Equations for Liquid Choked Flow

Maximum flow in straight pipes (Eq.A.14)

or (Eq. A.15)

Liquid pressure recovery factor (Eq. A.16)

Absolute pressure at vena contracta Pvc = FF . Pv (Eq. A.17)

(Eq. A.18)

Maximum flow with attached fittings (Eq. A.19)

(to be continued)

21
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX A (continued)

or (Eq. A.20)

A.5 Combined Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor FLP

(Eq. A.21)

Velocity head factor for inlet fitting Ki = K1 + KB1 (Eq. A.22)

Values for N are listed in Table A.1:

TABLE A.1 - NUMERICAL CONSTANTS FOR LIQUID FLOW EQUATIONS

CONSTANT UNITS USED IN EQUATIONS

N W q p, ∆ P G1 γ 1 ν
N1 0.0865 --- m³/h kPa --- --- ---
0.865 --- m³/h bar --- --- ---
1.00 --- gpm psia --- --- ---
N2 0.00214 --- --- --- mm --- ---
890 --- --- --- in --- ---
---
N4 76000 --- m³/h --- mm centistockes*
17300 --- gpm --- in centistockes*
---
N6 2.73 kg/h --- kPa --- kg/m³ ---
27.3 kg/h --- bar --- kg/m³ ---
63.3 lb/h --- psia --- lb/ft³ ---

To convert m²/s to centistokes, multiply m²/s by 106. To convert centipoises to centistocks,

divide centipoises by Gf.

A.6 Compressible Fluid-Flow of Gas and Vapor

A.6.1 Equation for turbulent flow

Mass flow (Eq. A.23)

(Eq. A.24)

Volumetric flow (Eq. A.25)

(to be continued)

22
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX A (continued)

(Eq. A.26)

TABLE A.2 - NUMERICAL CONSTANTS FOR GAS AND VAPOR FLOW EQUATIONS

CONSTANT UNITS USED IN EQUATIONS

N W q* p, ∆P T1 d, D
mm
N5 0.00241 --- --- --- --- --- in
1000 --- --- --- --- ---
N6 2.73 kg/h --- kPa kg/m³ --- ---
27.3 kg/h --- bar kg/m³ --- ---
63.3 lb/h --- psia lb/ft³ --- ---
N7 4.17 --- m³/h kPa --- K ---
417 --- m³/h bar --- K ---
1360 --- scfh psia --- °R ---
N8 0.948 kg/h --- kPa --- K ---
94.8 kg/h --- bar --- K ---
19.3 lb/h --- psia --- °R ---
N9 22.5 --- m³/h kPa --- K ---
2250 --- m³/h bar --- K ---
7320 --- scfh psia --- °R ---

* q is in cubic feet per hour measured at 14.73 psia and 60°F, or cubic meters per hour
measured at 101.3 kPa and 15.6°C.

A.6.2 Expansion factor Y for a valve

X
Without attached fittings Y=1 - (Limits 1.0 ≥ Y ≥ 0.67) (Eq.A.27)
3FK . X T
X
With attached fittings ♣ Y=1- (Eq. A.28)
3FK . X TP
K
FK = (Eq. A.29)
1.40
* Chocked flow P1/Pvc > 2.0.

A.6.3 Pressure drop ratio factor with reducers or other fittings XTP.

(Eq. A.30)

Table A.3 for XT , FL , Fs , Fd , Cv / d².

* If all inlet conditions are held constant and the differential pressure ratio (X) is increased by
lowering the downstream pressure (P2), the mass flow rate will increase to a maximum limit.
Flow conditions where the value of X exceeds this limit are known as chocked flow.

♣ Expansion factor Y at choked flow (X ≥ Fk. XTP) is then at minimum value of 2/3°.
(to be continued)

23
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX A (continued)

A.6.4 Representative values of valve capacity factors

TABLE A.3 - REPRESENTATIVE VALUES OF VALVE CAPACITY FACTORS

VALVE TRIME TYPE FLOW XT FL Fs Fd** Cv/d²♣

TYPE DIRECTION*
GLOBE
Single port Ported plug Either 0.75 0.90 1.0 1.0 9.5
Contoured plug Open 0.72 0.90 1.1 1.0 11
Close 0.55 0.80 1.1 1.0 11
Characterized cage Open 0.75 0.90 1.1 1.0 14
Close 0.70 0.85 1.1 1.0 16
Wing guided Either 0.75 0.90 1.1 1.0 11
Double port Ported plug Either 0.75 0.90 0.84 0.7 12.5
Contoured plug Either 0.70 0.85 0.85 0.7 13
Wing guided Either 0.75 0.90 0.84 0.7 14
Rotary Eccentric spherical plug Open 0.61 0.85 1.1 1.0 12
Close 0.40 0.68 1.2 1.0 13.5
ANGLE Contoured plug Open 0.72 0.90 1.1 1.0 17
Close 0.65 0.80 1.1 1.0 20
Characterized cage Open 0.65 0.85 1.1 1.0 12
Close 0.60 0.80 1.1 1.0 12
Venture Close 0.20 0.50 1.3 1.0 22
BALL Segmented Open 0.25 0.60 1.2 1.0 25
Standard port (diameter º 0.8d) Either 0.15 0.55 1.3 1.0 30
BUTTERFLY 60-Degree aligned Either 0.38 0.68 0.95 0.7 17.5
Fluted vane Either 0.41 0.70 0.93 0.7 25
90-Degree offset seat Either 0.35 0.60 0.98 0.7 29

* Flow direction tends to open or close the valve, i.e., push the closure member away from or
towards the seat.
** In general, an Fd value of 1.0 can be used for valves with a single flow passage. An Fd
value of 0.7 can be used for valves with two flow passages, such as double-ported globe
valves and butterfly valves.
♣ In this Table, d may be taken as the nominal valve size, in inches.

24
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX B
VALVE TYPES TABLES

TABLE B.1 - APPLICATIONS OF VALVE TYPES

Valve category General application(s) Actuation Remarks
Screw-down stop Shut-off or regulation of flow of liquids and (i) Handwheel. (a) Limited applications for low
Valve gases (e.g. steam) (ii) Electric motor. pressure/low volume systems
(iii) Pneumatic actuator. because of relatively high cost.
(iv) Hydraulic actuator. (b) Limited suitability for handling
(v) Air motor. viscous or contaminated fluids.
Cock Low pressure service on clean, cold fluids Usually manual. Limited application for steam
(e.g. water, oils, etc.). services.
Check valve Providing flow in one direction. Automatic. (a) Swing check valves used in
larger pipelines.
(b) Lift check valves used in
smaller pipelines and in high
pressure systems.
Gate valve Normally used either fully open or fully (i) Handwheel. (a) Not recommended for use as
closed for on-off regulation on water, oil, gas, (ii) Electric motor. throttling valves.
steam and other fluid services. (iii) Pneumatic actuator. (b) Solid wedge gate is free
(iv) Hydraulic actuator. from chatter and jamming.
(v) Air motor.
arallel slide valve Regulation of flow, particularly in main (a) Offers unrestricted bore at
services in process industries and steam full opening.
power plant. (b) Can incorporate venture bore
to reduce operating torque.
Butterfly valve Shut-off and regulation in large pipelines in (i) Handwheel. (a) Relatively simple
waterworks, process industries, petrochemical (ii) Electric motor. construction.
industries, hydroelectric power stations and (iii)Pneumatic actuator. (b) Readily produced in very
thermal power stations. (iv)Hydraulic actuator. large sizes [e.g. up to 5.5 m
(v) Air motor. (18 ft) or more.]
Diaphragm valve Wide range of applications in all services for (i) Handwheel. (a) Can handle all types of fluids,
flow regulation. (ii) Electric motor. including slurries, sludges,
(iii)Pneumatic actuator. etc., and contaminated fluids.
(iv)Hydraulic actuator. (b) Limited for steam services by
(v) Air motor. temperature and pressure
rating of diaphragm.
Ball valve Wide range of applications in all sizes, (i) Handwheel. (a) Unrestricted bore at full
including very large sizes in oil pipelines, etc. (ii) Electric motor. opening.
(iii)Pneumatic actuator. (b) Can handle all types of fluids.
(iv)Hydraulic actuator. (c) Low operating torque.
(d) Not normally used as a
throttling valve.
Pinch valve Particularly suitable for handling corrosive (i) Mechanical. (a) Unrestricted bore at full
media, solids in suspensions, slurries, etc. (ii) Electric motor. opening.
(iii) Pneumatic actuator. (b) Can handle all types of fluids.
(iv) Hydraulic actuator. (c) Simple servicing.
(v) Fluid pressure (d) Limited maximum pressure
(modified design). rating.

(to be continued)

25
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX B (continued)

TABLE B.2 - VALVE TYPES FOR SPECIFIC SERVICES

Service Main Secondary

Gases Butterfly valves Pressure control valves

Check valves Pressure-relief valves
Diaphragm valves Pressure-reducing valves
Lubricated plug valves Safety valves
Screw-down stop valves Relief valves
Liquids, clear up to sludges and Butterfly valves
Sewage Screw-down stop valves
Gate valves
Lubricated plug valves
Diaphragm valves
Pinch valves
Slurries and liquids heavily Butterfly valves
contaminated with solids Pinch valves
Gate valves
Screw-down stop valves
Lubricated plug valves
Steam Butterfly valves Check valves
Gate valves Pressure control valves
Screw-down stop valves Presuperheated valves
Turbine valves Safety and relief valves

(to be continued)

26
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX B (continued)

TABLE B.3 - VALVE TYPE SUITABILITY

SERVICE OR FUNCTION
Valve type On-off Throttling Diverting No Pressure Flow Pressure Quick Free Low Handling
reverse control Control relief opening draining pressure solids
flow drop suspension
Ball S M S --- --- --- --- S --- S LS
Butterfly S S --- --- --- S --- S S S S
Diaphragm S M --- --- --- --- --- M M --- S
Gate S --- --- --- --- --- --- S S S ---
Globe S M --- --- --- M --- --- --- --- ---
Plug S M S --- --- M --- S S S LS
Oblique (Y) S M --- --- --- M --- --- --- --- ---
Pinch S S --- --- --- S --- --- S S S
Slide --- M --- --- --- M --- M S S S
Swing check --- --- --- S --- --- --- --- --- S ---
Tilting disc --- --- --- S --- --- --- --- --- S ---
Lift check --- --- --- S --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Piston check --- --- --- S --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Butterfly check --- --- --- S --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Pressure relief S --- --- --- --- --- S --- --- --- ---
Pressure --- --- --- --- S --- --- --- --- --- ---
reducing
Sampling S --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Needle --- S --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Key:

S = Suitable choice
M = May be suitable in modified form
LS = Limited suitability

27
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX C

TYPICAL VALVE SELECTION GUIDE

(to be continued)

28
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX C (continued)

(to be continued)

29
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX C (continued)

30
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

APPENDIX D
CAVITATION IN CONTROL VALVES

Cavitation, in a control valve handling a pure liquid, may occur if the static pressure of the flowing
liquid decreases to a value less than the fluid vapor pressure. At this point continuity of flow is
broken by the formation of vapor bubbles. Since all control valves exhibit some pressure recovery,
the final downstream pressure is generally higher than the orifice throat static pressure (pressure
recovery). When downstream pressure is higher than vapor pressure of the fluid, the vapor bubbles
revert back to liquid. This two-stage transformation is defined as cavitation. For applications where
no cavitation whatsoever can be tolerated, the coefficient of incipient cavitation, Kc, should be
2
employed in place of Cf . Values of Kc are listed in Table D1. When reducers are used, the same Kc
value may be safely used. To find pressure differential for incipient cavitation use the following
formula:

∆ P (incipient cavitatio) = Kc ( P1 - Pv ) (Eq. 3)

Where:

Kc is coefficient of incipient cavitation (see Table D1);

∆P is actual pressure drop, in bars.

31
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

TABLE D.1 - TYPICAL CRITICAL FLOW FACTOR AT FULL OPENING

Cfr
TRIM FLOW
VALVE TYPE Cf Kc* D/d = 1.5
SIZE TO
or greater

Close 0.85 0.58 0.81

A
Open 0.90 0.65 0.86

Close 0.80 0.52 0.80

B
Open 0.90 0.65 0.90

Close
0.68 0.35 0.65
A Open
0.85 0.60 0.80

Close 0.70 0.39 0.70

B
Open 0.88 0.62 0.87

Contoured 0.90 0.70 0.86

A
V-Port 0.98 0.80 0.94

Contoured 0.80 0.31 0.80

B
V-Port 0.95 0.73 0.94

Close 0.80 0.51 0.77

A
Open 0.75 0.46 0.72

Close 0.80 0.52 0.80

B
Open 0.90 0.65 0.89

Close 0.48 0.17 0.45

A
Open 0.90 0.65 0.84

Close 0.55 0.23 0.54

B
Open 0.95 0.72 0.93

(to be continued)

32
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

TABLE D.1 - (continued)

Flow in
A Either 0.65 0.32 0.60
Direction

A 0.60 0.24 0.55

Close 0.90 0.65 0.86

A

B Close 0.90 0.65 0.90

0.53
A Close 0.81 0.64 0.78
Open 0.89 0.85

B Close 0.80♣ 0.52♣ 0.80

Open 0.90 0.65 0.90

A Close 0.75 0.46 0.69

Open 0.75 0.46 0.69

A) Full capacity trim, orifice dia. ~ 0.8 valve size.

B) Reduced capacity trim 50% of (a) and below.
♣ With venture liner Cf = 0.50, Kc = 0.19.

Mathematically, the critical pressure drop with the aid of Cf factor can be defined as follows:
∆ Pcrit. = Cf2 (P1 - Pv) (Eq. 4)

with reducers,

(Eq. 5)
Where:
R is sub-critical flow capacity correction factor (see Table D2).

33
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

D.1 How to Avoid Cavitation

Referring to the relationship ∆ Pcrit. = Cf² (P1- Pv) to avoid cavitation, the following procedures shall
be considered:
- Reduce the pressure-drop across the valve below ∆ Pcrit. This can be done, for example,
by increasing P1 through the selection of a valve location at a lower elevation in the piping
system.
- Select a valve type that has a larger Cf or Kc factor. For example choosing a V-port
instead of a contoured plug.
- A change in flow direction can bring a marked improvement. For instance, installing a
streamlined angle valve "flow to open" will increase the Cf factor from 0.48 to 0.9, meaning
that the allowable ∆ P can be more than tripled.
- In extreme cases, two identical control valves in series should be installed. The combined
Cf factor of the two valves can be estimated as follows:
Cf total = of single valve

- The Cv of each valve has to be increased by 40% to compensate for the reduced pressure
drop. It is important that flow characteristic and valve lift be identical.

TABLE D.2 - EFFECT OF INLET AND OUTLET REDUCERS

FLOW D/d = 1.5 D/d = 2.0

VALVE TYPE
TO R Cfr/R R Cfr/R

Close 0.96 0.84 0.94 0.86

Open 0.96 0.89 0.94 0.91

Close 0.95 0.68 0.92 0.71

Open 0.95 0.84 0.92 0.86

Contoured 0.96 0.89 0.94 0.91

V-Port 0.96 0.93 0.94 0.95

(to be continued)

34
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

TABLE D.2 - (continued)

Close 0.96 0.80 0.94 0.81

Close 0.96 0.75 0.94 0.77

Close 0.85 0.53 0.77 0.57

Open 0.95 0.89 0.91 0.91

Flow in
Either 0.81 0.74 0.72 0.83
Direction

0.87 0.63 0.80 0.68

Close 0.96 0.89 0.94 0.91

Close
0.96 0.81 0.94 0.82

Close
0.96 0.88 0.94 0.90

Close
0.92 0.75 0.86 0.79

Close 0.75
0.92 0.86 0.79

Values shown are for full area trim. For reduced trim, assume R = 1.0.

D.2 Equations
The following equations make up the procedure for predicting the conditions for incipient and critical
cavitation in ball and butterfly valves. The following symbols are defined here for convenience:
Ui the velocity in the inlet pipe that will create incipient cavitation in the valve, in (m/s).
Uc the velocity in the inlet pipe that will create critical cavitation in the valve, in (m/s).
d valve inside diameter. Use i.e. of schedule 40 pipe of same nominal size, in (cm).

35
 Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-830

∆P pressure drop, in bars.

Cd required 6.45 Cv / d² at a specified flow condition.

(Eq. 6)
P1 upstream pressure, in bar absolute [bar(abs)].
Pv vapor pressure, in bar absolute [bar(abs)].
Ui = 0.3048 . Jo . Ji . Jn . Jd (Eq. 7)
Uc = 0.3048 . Jo . Jc . Jn . Jd (Eq. 8)

Where:

(Eq. 9)

(Eq. 10)

(Eq.11)
1.06 for d < 30.48
Jo = 1.00 for d = 30.48 (Eq. 12)

 0.94 for d . 30.48


60.4 J k for J k ≤ 0.1

Ji = 
 (Eq. 13)
36.2 J k + 2.42 for J k ≥ 0.1

Jc =  71.0 J k for J k ≤ 0.1 (Eq.14)


 43.0 J k + 2.80 for J k ≥ 0.1

∆ P = 4.44 G.U2 / Cd2 (Eq. 15)

D.3 Maximum Effective ∆ P

The limits of the homogeneous equation would be reasonable to assume that where gas is the
continuous phase, the maximum effective ∆ P in the equation is:
lim ∆ P = P1 . Fk . XTP (Eq. 16)
Where liquid is the continuous phase, when vaporization at the vena contracta prevents a further
reduction of the pressure at this point. The maximum effective ∆ P in the equation is:
lim ∆ P = FL² ( P1 - FF . Pv ) (Eq. 17)
Liquid may be considered the continuous phase at the vena contracta when:
Wf Wg .T1
> (Eq. 18)
γf 0.0209 G g (P1 − ∆P = FL )
2

Where:
Gg = Relative density (specific gravity) of gas at STP for liquid which may considered as
Liquid-vapor is the same as above equation except with less confidence.

36