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EE117L/B6

EE117L • Name: (SN, FN, MI)

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Orientation

• Introduction EE117L
• Course Syllabus
• Course/Class Policies
• Attendance
• Class Requirement
• Reports Experiment No. 1
• Grading System Short Line Investigation
• Final Examination
• Others
Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 1
Transmission Line Exact Equivalent Circuit

• Transmission Line – A mechanical structure designed to transmit a

certain maximum amount of energy economically from one place
to another, with a specified limit to the permissible voltage
variation at the receiving end and with the least possible risk of
interruption to continuous service.
• Short Line – length < 80 km
• Medium Length Line – 80 km < length < 240 km
• Long Line – length > 240 km

• For overhead line conductors, conductance (g) is neglected because

ic >>>>>ig.

Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 1

Short Line Equivalent Circuit Vector Diagram

Z Z

IS I IR IS I IR

VSN VRN VSN VRN

Load Load

VSN
α
sending end current = receiving end current IRX
θ VRN
IRR

IR
Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 1
Efficiency and Voltage Regulation Objectives

• Identify the characteristics of a short line

• Determine the voltage regulation and efficiency of a simple
inductive line
• Construct the relevant phasor diagram

Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 1

Procedure Figure 1.1
I. Resistive Load
a. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.1. MULT MULT
CB2
b. Load the circuit starting with 25% resistive load.
V A V A

c. Close CB1 (at the secondary of the supply transformer) and CB2 (at the sending end of
the line). This connects power to the line. V A
4uF. 8uF 8uF 16uF 4uF. 8uF
V A
d. Use the analog voltmeter to measure the voltage drop (VD) across the line impedance.
Use the multifunction meters to measure the sending and receiving end voltages,
currents and power. You can also use these meters to verify the power factor.
e. Proceed to the next trial using different percentage of resistive load.
RESISTIVE LOAD
f. Use the results to determine the line voltage regulation and efficiency. L1 L2 L3 N

g. Construct a short line phasor diagram.

INDUCTIVE LOAD
h. Use the results to calculate the actual value of inductance and compare it with the L1 L2 L3 N
values written next to the inductors.
Note: The sending end voltage should remain fairly constant. CAPACITIVE LOAD
L1 L2 L3 N
II. Inductive Load
a. Repeat procedure I using a combination of resistive and inductive load. Use 25%
Inductive Load for all trials.
Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 1
Vector Diagram Vector Diagram

Table 1 – Resistive Load Table 2 – Resistive and Inductive Load

R VS IS PS VD VR IR PR %VR % Eff R VS IS PS VD VR IR PR %VR % Eff

25% 25%

50% 50%

75% 75%

100% 100%

125% 125%

150% 150%

L = _________ mH Note: Use 25% inductive load for all trials.

L = _________ mH

Transmission Line
Nominal T Equivalent Circuit

EE117L • Nominal T Equivalent Circuit

Experiment No. 2
Medium Length Line –
Nominal T Method
Transmission Line Experiment No. 2
Nominal T Equivalent Circuit Vector Diagram
 ZY   ZY 
VSN = 1 +  VRN + Z 1 + IR
 2   4 
 ZY 
I S = Y VRN + 1 + IR
 2  VSN

pf R = cos θ R and pf S = cos θ S I1 V1 IS(R/2) IS(X/2)

α
[
PLOSS = 3 I S2 + I 2R ] R2 θ VRN IR(X/2)
IS IR(R/2)
PR PR
%η = x 100 = x 100 IR
PS PR + PLOSS
VRNL − VRFL
%VR = x 100
VRFL Note: Line to neutral voltages
can also be used.
 2 
VRNL = VS  
 2 + ZY 

Experiment No. 2 Experiment No. 2

Objectives Procedure

• Identify the characteristics of a medium length line – nominal I. Resistive Load

T circuit a. Connect a nominal T circuit using four inductors with 8 µF capacitor.
b. Close CB1 (at the secondary of the supply transformer) and CB2 (at the sending end
• Construct a nominal T circuit using the transmission line trainer; of the line). This connects power to the line.
• Determine the voltage regulation and efficiency of a medium length c. Measure the receiving end voltage without load.
line represented by the nominal T circuit; and d. Load the circuit starting with 25% resistive load.
e. Use the two analog voltmeters to measure the voltage drop (VD1 and VD2) across
• Construct the relevant phasor diagram the two inductances at the sending and receiving end. Use the multifunction meters
to measure the sending and receiving end voltages, currents and power. You can
also use these meters to verify the power factor.
f. Proceed to the next trial using different percentage of resistive load.
g. Repeat steps a to f using the 16 µF capacitor.
h. Use the results to determine the line voltage regulation and efficiency.
i. Construct the relevant phasor diagram.
Experiment No. 2 Experiment No. 2
Procedure Data Sheet
I. Inductive Load RUN 1 – Resistive Load
a. Repeat procedure I using a combination of resistive and inductive load. Use 25% RUN 2 – Inductive Load
Inductive Load for all trials.
Trial VS IS PS VD1 VD2 VC I VR IR PR pfR %VR %η
Note: The sending end voltage should remain fairly constant for both runs.
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%
150%

Note: Use 25% inductive load in RUN 2

Transmission Line
Nominal Pi Equivalent Circuit

EE117L Medium Length Transmission Line. Analysis involves the use of

lumped parameters.

• Nominal Pi Equivalent Circuit

Experiment No. 3
Medium Length Line –
Nominal Pi Method
Transmission Line Experiment No. 3
Nominal Pi Equivalent Circuit Vector Diagram

 ZY 
V SN = 1 + V RN + I R Z
 2 
 ZY   ZY 
I S = Y 1 + V + 1 + IR
4   2 
RN

VSN
pf R = cos θ R and pf S = cos θ S I1 α
PLOSS = 3 I 2 R IX
θ I VRN IR
PR PR
%η = x 100 = x 100
PS PR + PLOSS IR
V RNL − V RFL
% VR = x 100
V RFL
Note: Line to neutral voltages
 2  can also be used.
V RNL = VS 
 2 + ZY 

Experiment No. 3 Experiment No. 3

Objectives Procedure

• Identify the characteristics of a medium length line – nominal I. Resistive Load

Pi circuit a. Connect a nominal Pi circuit using four inductors with 4 µF capacitor.
b. Close CB1 (at the secondary of the supply transformer) and CB2 (at the sending end
• Construct a nominal Pi circuit using the transmission line trainer; of the line). This connects power to the line.
• Determine the voltage regulation and efficiency of a medium length c. Measure the receiving end voltage without load.
line represented by the nominal Pi circuit; and d. Load the circuit starting with 25% resistive load.
e. Use the two analog voltmeters to measure the voltage drop (VD1 and VD2) across
• Construct the relevant phasor diagram the two inductances at the sending and receiving end. Use the multifunction meters
to measure the sending and receiving end voltages, currents and power. You can
also use these meters to verify the power factor.
f. Proceed to the next trial using different percentage of resistive load.
g. Repeat steps a to f using the 8 µF capacitor.
h. Use the results to determine the line voltage regulation and efficiency.
i. Construct the relevant phasor diagram.
Experiment No. 3 Experiment No. 3
Procedure Data Sheet
II. Inductive Load RUN 1 – Resistive Load
a. Repeat procedure I using a combination of resistive and inductive load. Use 25% RUN 2 – Inductive Load
Inductive Load for all trials.
Trial VS IS PS VD IC1 IC2 I VR IR PR pfR %VR %η
Note: The sending end voltage should remain fairly constant for both runs.
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%
150%

Note: Use 25% inductive load in RUN 2

Experiment No. 4
Theory

EE117L Z<θ

VS VR

Experiment No. 4
Effect of Real Power and VS x VR VR2
P= Cos (θ − δ ) − Cosθ
Reactive Power on Voltage Z Z
With l arg e X / R ratio , θ → 90. Hence,
Drop and Transmission Angle
V x VR
P= S Sinδ
Z
Therefore, the flow of real power (P) determines the transmission angle.
Experiment No. 4 Experiment No. 4
Theory Objectives

VS2 = (VR + ∆V p ) + ∆Vq2

2
• To demonstrate the effect of Real Power (P) and Reactive Power (Q)
on the Voltage Regulation and Transmission Line Angle in
VS − VR ≈ ∆V p → if δ is small
transmission lines that have high X/R ratio.
∆V p = RI p + XI q RIq XIp

RP + XQ
∆V p = VS
VR
∆Vq
For leading power factor
PX − QR
∆Vq = VR RIp XIq
VR Ip

Iq ∆Vp
I

Therefore, the flow of reactive power (Q) determines the voltage drop.

Experiment No. 4 Experiment No. 4

Procedure Procedure
I. Resistive Load II. Inductive Load
a. Connect a short line circuit using two inductors a. Repeat Procedure I using inductive load.
b. Close CB1 (at the secondary of the supply transformer) and CB2 (at the sending end
of the line). This connects power to the line.
III. Resistive and Inductive Loads
c. Load the circuit starting with 25% resistive load.
a. Repeat procedure I using a combination of resistive and inductive loads. Use 25%
d. Use the multifunction meters to measure the sending and receiving end voltages, Inductive Load for all trials.
currents and real and reactive power. You can also use these meters to verify the
power factor.
e. Use the phase angle meter to measure the transmission angle across the two
inductors. The two leads of the phase angle meter should be connected at the Note: Phasor diagram should be drawn for resistive, inductive and the combination of
sending end and the other two at the receiving end. resistive and inductive loads.
f. Proceed to the next trial using different percentage of resistive load.
g. Select a trial and draw the phasor diagram. Determine the transmission angle from
the phasor diagram and compare it with the measured value.

Note: The sending end voltage should remain fairly constant.

Experiment No. 4
Data Sheet

RUN 1 – Resistive Load EE117L

RUN 2 – Inductive Load
RUN 3 – Resistive and Inductive Loads

Trial VS IS PS QS VD VR IR PR QR δ %VR
25%
50% Experiment No. 5
75% Investigation of the Natural
100% Load of a Line
125%
150%

Note: Use 25% inductive load in RUN 3

Experiment No. 5 Experiment No. 5

Objectives Theory

• To show how the Natural Load of a transmission line depends on • A transmission line absorbs an increasing amount of reactive power
the values of its inductance and capacitance as the load increases. At the same time, it generates reactive power
• To demonstrate how the Natural Load of a transmission line can be due to the capacitance of the line.
determined experimentally
• If the resistance of the line is neglected or the line has large X/R
ratio and the voltage is considered constant, there will be a load on
the line for which the net reactive power is zero.

V2
I X2 X =
XC
V L
= XX C =
I C
Experiment No. 5 Experiment No. 5
Theory Theory

• If the line is terminated by a load equal to the square root of L/C • The line is delivering its Natural load when:
(called the characteristic or surge impedance), the voltage and • Net Reactive Power is Zero
current are in phase and there is no voltage drop. • Sending End and Receiving End voltages are the same
• Voltage drop is zero
• The power delivered by the line under these conditions is called the • Voltage and current are in phase
Natural Load (PN) or surge impedance load of the line.

• For loads greater than Natural Load, the line absorbs reactive
V2 power.
PN =
LC • For loads less than Natural Load, the line generates reactive power.

Experiment No. 5 Experiment No. 5

Procedure Procedure
I. Pi connection using four line inductors II. Pi connection using two line inductors
a. Connect a Pi circuit using four inductors and 4 microfarad capacitor. a. Repeat Procedure I using only two line inductors.
b. Connect a 25% resistive load.
c. Close CB1 (at the secondary of the supply transformer) and CB2 (at the sending end III. T connection using four line inductors.
of the line). This connects power to the line.
a. Connect a T circuit using four inductors and 8 microfarad capacitor.
d. Use the multifunction meters to measure the sending and receiving end voltages,
b. Repeat procedure Ib to Ig.
currents and power.
e. Use the phase angle meter to measure the transmission angle across the line
inductors. The two leads of the phase angle meter should be connected at the IV. T connection using two line inductors
sending end and the other two at the receiving end. a. Repeat Procedure III using only two line inductors.
f. Proceed to the next trial using different percentage of resistive load.
g. Calculate the Natural Load (PN).
Experiment No. 5
Data Sheet

RUN 1A – Pi connection, four line inductors EE117L

RUN 1B – Pi connection, two line inductors
RUN 2A – T connection, four line inductors
RUN 2B – T connection, two line inductor
Trial VS IS PS QS VR IR PR QR VδD PN
25%
Experiment No. 6
50%
75%
Voltage Regulation at
100% Constant Load Power Factor
125%
150%
PN = _______________

Experiment No. 6 Experiment No. 6

Theory Objectives

• To investigate the change in voltage regulation with load at

• Leading PF can cause an
constant power factor
increase in voltage
• Lagging PF can cause a severe
reduction in voltage and in
the maximum power that can
be delivered
• For maximum power transfer
and voltage near 1.0 pu, it is
necessary that a high PF is
maintained
Experiment No. 6 Experiment No. 6
Procedure Data Sheet
I. Resistive Load (Unity Power Factor) RUN 1 – Resistive Load (Unity Power Factor)
a. Connect a Pi circuit using four inductors and 4 microfarad capacitor.
b. Connect a 25% resistive load. R L VS VR PR pfR PR/PN VR/VS
c. Close CB1 (at the secondary of the supply transformer) and CB2 (at the sending end
25% -
of the line). This connects power to the line.
d. Use the multifunction meters to measure the sending and receiving end voltages, 50% -
currents and power. 100% -
e. Proceed to the next trial using different percentage of resistive load.
150% -
f. Calculate the Natural Load (PN).
g. Calculate the ratios VR/VS and PR/PN. 200% -
h. Plot VR/VS against PR/PN. 250% -
II. Resistive and Inductive Loads (Lagging Power Factor) 300% -
a. Repeat procedure I using a combination of resistive (R) and inductive (L) loads. Each
RL combination must give a power factor of approximately 0.90 lagging. PN = _______________

Experiment No. 6
Data Sheet

RUN 2 – Resistive and Inductive Loads (Lagging Power Factor) EE117L

R L VS VR PR pfR PR/PN VR/VS
25% 25% + 25%
50% 25%
100% 50%
150% 75% Experiment No. 7
200% 100% Three-Phase Line –
250% 125% Unbalanced Loads and
300% 150% Neutral Connection
PN = _______________
Experiment No. 7 Experiment No. 7
Theory Objectives

Balanced Load • To show the effects of unbalanced loads on system voltages and
• Phase loads have equal impedances currents
• Phase currents are the same • To demonstrate how the unbalanced voltages and currents are
• Phase voltages are equal changed by a neutral connection between a wye-connected load
and the neutral point of the transformer secondary
• Neutral current is zero

Unbalanced
• Phase loads have unequal impedances
• Phase currents are not the same
• Phase voltages are not equal
• Neutral current is the sum of the line currents

Experiment No. 7 Experiment No. 7

Procedure Data Sheet
I. Balanced Loads RUN 1 – Balanced Load
a. Connect a three-phase circuit with each phase having two 0.15 PU inductors in series
and no capacitors and terminated by resistive load at the end of the line. A link Neutral Load Load Load
VVP1
L1 VL2
P2 VL3
P3 IL1 IL2 IL3 VN IN
connects the neutral point of the load to the neutral line. The multi-function meter in Switch L1 L1
L2 L1
L3
the upper channel measures the neutral current and voltage. A neutral switch
Close 25% 25% 25%
connects and disconnects the neutral connection back to the transformer.
b. Select 25% for each of the resistive loads. Shut the neutral switch, CB1, CB3 and CB4. Open 25% 25% 25%
Use the multi-function meter to the right of the lower panel to measure the voltage
Close 50% 50% 50%
and currents through the loads. Use the multi-function meter to the left of the upper
panel to measure the neutral voltage and current. Open 50% 50% 50%
c. Open the neutral switch and record the readings again.
Close 75% 75% 75%
d. Repeat the test for 50%, 75% and 100% loads.
Open 75% 75% 75%
II. Unbalanced Load
a. Repeat procedure I but with unbalanced load (refer to table 2). Close 100% 100% 100%
Open 100% 100% 100%
Experiment No. 7 Final Examination
Data Sheet March X, 201X

RUN 2 – Unbalanced Load • Randomly selected questions from the seven (7) experiments
• Three chances will be given
Neutral Load Load Load
Switch L1 L1
L2 L1
L3
VVP1
L1 VL2
P2 VL3
P3 IL1 IL2 IL3 VN IN • First Try – 100%
Close 25% 25% 100% • Second Try – 85%
Open 25% 25% 100% • Third Try – 70%
Close 50% 100% 100% • Question – Results through a simple experiment
Open 50% 100% 100%