ASTU

SoCEA
Architecture Department
Capstone Design Project One (Research)

SPORT AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

GROUP MEMBERS

GETACHEW GEBEYEHU R/00458/07

KALEB FIKADU R/00572/07 SUBMITTED TO –MANAYE
MELKAMU YESHITILA R/00685/07 MARCH 2019
NATHNAEL LEMMA R/00777/07
TSEGA ABRAHAM R/00967/07
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Content Page
SPORT AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES .............................................................................. 2
I. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 2
II. Definition .................................................................................................................... 2
III. Site selection criteria.............................................................................................. 3
IV. Factor affecting ..................................................................................................... 4
V. Common features ..................................................................................................... 4
VI. Types ....................................................................................................................... 5
VII. General principles.................................................................................................. 5
VII. Emerging Issues ...................................................................................................... 6
1.SPA..................................................................................................................................... 6
2.RECREATIONAL SPACE ..................................................................................................... 9
RESORT ............................................................................................................................... 10
3. EXTREME SPORT.............................................................................................................. 14
4. INDOOR AND OUTDOOR GAME .................................................................................. 18

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SPORT AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

I. Introduction
Sport and Recreational are an essential part of human life and finds many different forms
which are shaped naturally by individual interests’ activities can be communal or solitary,
active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, and useful for society or
detrimental. A significant section of recreational and sport activities is designated as hobbies
which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis. In this section we define and analyze
the general design components of sport and recreational space that serve to beautify a
development. First, we define the different scales of sport and recreational space. Second,
we examine how design components should accommodate different uses of sport
recreational space and address problems with use.

II. Definition
Sports facilities

✓ Is the ground or building in which the sport is played or trained in.

✓ Individual buildings or groups of structures or l fields designed for exercising, sports
training and practice, and competition in various sports.
✓ Is a small or large and expansive area that incorporates several buildings, fields or
courts dedicated to a particular sport or series of sports.
✓ Sports facilities are the buildings or fields that are often used for tournaments and
leagues because they can hold a significant amount of people to watch the teams
play.
✓ A sports facility also means a distinct facility where sports take place within an
enclosed area. It can be a building (indoor sports), just outside (outdoor sports) or
contain indoor and outdoor sports features mixed together.
✓ Facilities within a sport may include swimming pools, outdoor grass and/or artificial
pitches for football (soccer), hockey etc. And also, any associated cafeteria, bars and
other facilities.
✓ Grass fields, track and field center grass field, FIFA quality synthetic field, basketball
and netball center, volleyball courts, tennis courts, gymnastics center, aquatic and
fitness center, combat center, recovery center, strength and conditioning gym are
the most examples of sport facilities.

What is a Recreation facility’s?

Recreation facilities

➢ Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do

something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology.
➢ Recreational facilities are facilities that are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or
pleasure and are considered to be "fun".
➢ A recreation facility are facilities that provides a space for people to enjoy a variety of
activities in one location.
➢ Many recreation centers have things like basketball courts, swimming pools, and
exercise rooms.
➢ People typically use those spaces for the recreation and allow them to use all of the
different equipment and amenities available in those spaces.

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➢ Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or

indoors, healthy or harmful, and useful for society or detrimental.
➢ Public space such as parks and beaches are essential venues for many recreational
activities,
➢ For Examples spa, solarium, sauna and/or steam room, sports hall, squash courts, fitness
suite, aerobics studios, are recreational…….
➢ Outdoor recreation, broadly defined, is any leisure time activity conducted outdoors.
Within the vast range of such a definition lies an almost unlimited number of possible
activities, from wilderness camping to neighborhood playground use and outdoor
performances.
➢ For the purpose of planning outdoor recreation, some commonly identified activities,
such as walking for pleasure have been omitted entirely because of the inability to
practically measure and plan for the resources needed to support the activity.

➢ Bicycling Saltwater Fishing Riding

Camping Freshwater Swimming Nature Study
Canoeing/Kayaking Hiking Picnicking
Freshwater and Horseback Riding Saltwater Beach
Saltwater Boating Hunting Activities
Freshwater and Motorized – OHV
Visiting Archeological and Historic

Why sports facilities are important?

Benefits for Families

Reduce Crime Rates with Children
Cultural diversity
Tourism/business
Health /Reduce Stress

Why Is Recreation Facilities Important?

✓ Open space and recreation activities improve resident’s physical and mental
health.
✓ Open space promotes environmental sustainability
✓ Open space and recreation activities can help to address environmental justice
across a community.
✓ Open space provides tangible economic benefit.

III. Site selection criteria

Sport is the most comprehensive and attractive activity of recreation. Sport and recreation
affect each other.
Site selection criteria’s
a) Size: should be enough area for the building and construction of those sport facilitates.
b) Availability: Site available and at a good value for bond/
c) Accessibility: Site easily accessible to all City residents
d) Proximity: Close to consumer resources, downtown and airport for all users of complex
e) Transportation: Alternative options readily available including public transit, bike, trails
f) Area Impact: Potential to enhance community with minimal negative impact
g) Development potential: Characteristics of site without development barriers

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h) Aesthetics: Dynamic area with pleasant views to drive interest in complex

i) Economics: Allows project scale to meet revenue generating potential of complex, cover
operation expenses and serve as an economic engine for local businesses
j) Site Environment the destination’s surroundings are attractive the destination’s
climate is desirable
k) Accommodation Facilities - Suitable accommodation is affordable Hotel rooms are
should readily available and Hotels are in close proximity to event venues.

IV. Factor affecting

The most common factor that affecting the design and elements of those facilities are the
following:

1. Site Topography: The design is influenced by the land topography. This influences the
design process as it affects how the building will be built and whether it can be on
the plot of land.
2. Budget: The budget of the client can also influence the design process greatly as this
greatly effects how big build will be, it also affects the materials that can be used
and the land that it can be built on
3. Sustainability: If the building is not environmentally friendly or if the building will not last
very long then the design would need to be changed prolong the buildings lifespan
and also to make the building better for the environment.
4. Climate-HVAC and green solutions: How is the design going to conform to energy
and material conservation?
5. Zoning and neighboring buildings: What are the restrictions (if any) for height,
footprint and occupancy?
6. Applicable building codes: These will shape the building, demand stairways specific,
egress doors, windows and hallways. They will also guide the insulation of HVAC,
Electric, Plumbing and Green solutions besides the structural and fire-resistant guides.
7. Aesthetic design: this is very important and reflects on use, comfort, value, and
safety.
8. Lighting: ordinary internal domestic lighting is not subject to planning controls
9. Profit: this might be the most important!
10. Building Technology: Building configuration, materials, and systems are rarely
arbitrarily chosen and are only partially based on aesthetic criteria.

V. Common features
✓ Common Features of Sport and recreational facilities
Most of the world's sports contain the following features:
· Competition between individual or team
· Physical activity
· Winners and losers (in some sports you can have a draw)
· Rules to ensure fair competition
· A special place to play (e.g., a pitch, court, or ring)
· Special equipment

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VI. Types

1 Indoor and outdoor

Sport facilities

2 Extreme sport

3 Spa and fitness centers

4 Recreational facilities

VII. General principles

✓ The provision of sport, recreation and open space in communities is vital to provide for
the long-term recreation and sporting needs of an active and healthy community.
✓ The objectives for the development of sport, recreation and open space are designed
to promote ‘sense of place’ and community for people of all ages, providing
opportunities to meet and interact in appropriate spaces in suitable ways and times.
✓ They can also give character to an area, define landscapes and provide a focus to
connect a community.

• Accessible: Pertains to building elements, heights and clearances implemented to

address the specific needs of disabled people.
• Aesthetics: Pertains to the physical appearance and image of building elements
and spaces as well as the integrated design process.
• Cost-Effective: Pertains to selecting building elements on the basis of life-cycle costs
(weighing options during concepts, design development, and value engineering) as
well as basic cost estimating and budget control.
• Functional/Operational: Pertains to functional programming—spatial needs and
requirements, system performance as well as durability and efficient maintenance of
building elements.
• Historic Preservation: Pertains to specific actions within a historic district or affecting a
historic building whereby building elements and strategies are classifiable into one of
the four approaches: preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, or reconstruction.
• Productive: Pertains to occupants' well-being—physical and psychological
comfort—including building elements such as air distribution, lighting, workspaces,
systems, and technology.
• Secure/Safe: Pertains to the physical protection of occupants and assets from man-
made and natural hazards.
• Sustainable: Pertains to environmental performance of building elements and
strategies.
• Universal Design; Facilities should be designed to accommodate everyone regardless
of age, gender, ability and cultural background. This includes participants, officials,
administrators, spectators and visitors.
• INTEGRATED & MULTIFUNCTIONAL. An integrated and multi-functional open space
network would respond to a variety of needs for recreation and open space, better
utilizing the existing resources.
• SENSE OF PLACE. they should create a network that inspires a deep connection to
place.
• EQUITY & ACCESSIBILITY. Open space and recreational programs should be
equitably distributed.

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VII. Emerging Issues

✓ As the world of buildings continues to change and grow in complexity, additional

programs and information will have an impact on the entire design, planning and
construction community.
✓ High Performance Buildings are energy efficient, have limited environmental impact, and
operate with the lowest possible life-cycle costs.
✓ There are a number of additional ways and tools to achieve high-performance buildings,
such as the use of life-cycle cost analysis, integrated design processes, integrated
ene0rgy solutions for the building envelope, and building commissioning.

1.SPA
I. Definition

 A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water (and sometimes seawater) is used
to give medicinal baths.
 Spa towns or spa resorts (including hot springs resorts) typically offer various health
treatments, which are also known as balneotherapy.
 International Spa Association (ISPA International Spa Associations) defines the spa
areas as places which “encourage the regeneration of body, mind and spirit and
provide professional services for this aim” and reviews.

II. Site selection criteria

 The spa shall be located in a place that is convenient, safe, and will not endanger
an individual’s health.
 In the case where the spa is located in the same building as another business
enterprise, its boundaries shall be clearly delineated and other business’s activities
shall not interfere with the provision of spa services.
 Services Area - the service areas shall be clearly separated and the space for each
service shall be appropriate for the type of service being provided.

III. Spa Types

 Spa industry include beauty, massage, hospitality, tourism, architecture, property

development, landscape design, fashion, food and beverage, fitness and leisure,
personal development, as well as complementary, conventional and traditional
medicine.
 International Spa Association (ISPA International Spa Associations) reviews them in
six groups:

1. Club Spa Facilities, the main purposes of which are to provide professionally managed spa
services on the basis of a sports facility and daily use.

2. Day Spa These are the facilities which are generally opened in city centers and suitable
for daily SPA use. These types of facilities are easy to access.

3. Destination Spa Destination spas are the facilities which offer guidance services for
individual spa goers to get them adopt healthy habits.

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4. Medical Spa Operates under the supervision of a licensed medical doctor and provides
integrated medical care and wellness facilities.

5. Mineral Spa Facilities which offer natural mineral, thermal or seawater sources that are
used in Hydrotherapy.

6. Hotel/Resort Spa Areas, which are located within resorts or hotels that provide
professionally managed spa services, fitness and components of a healthy life.

Types of spa treatments and importance

➢ for personal care treatments.

➢ aromatherapy ➢ Moroccan bath
➢ Foot spa ➢ Vichy shower
➢ Hot tub ➢ Manicure, pedicure and waxing
➢ massage ➢ Spa (mineral water), from the
➢ Sauna sources in spa.
➢ Steam bath ➢ Ganban’yoku, a hot stone spa
➢ Hot springs

o Onsen (japanese hot springs)

o Thermae (roman hot springs)

➢ Spas usually offer mud baths for general health, or to address a variety of medical
conditions. This is also known as ‘fangotherapy’.
➢ A variety of medicinal clays and peats is used.

IV. Design requirement

 Interior design should provide a residential not institutional feeling. A simple yet
effective zone keying system should be installed.
 A proper “signage” system should be installed for easy traffic flow. All treatment
areas should be as sound proof as possible.
 Materials -non-corrosive materials should be used in all high moisture areas (Vents,
ducts, drains, ceiling & wall cover).
 Affordability Consider using local materials and integrating cultural and artistic
traditions

Flooring

 Linoleum or vinyl tile- floor must be non-porous, surface, smooth and washable

Lighting

 Indirect lighting with dimmer control on wall or overhead at edge of ceiling, not directly
over facial lounge.
 Task lighting at counter surface.

Electrical

 Wall outlet at foot and sides of table.

 Sound System: same system as for massage rooms-centrally located sound system with
speakers in each room. Tip: each room needs individual volume control knob.

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Beauty

 Beauty related services such as nails, hair, and make-up can be integrated into
the spa environment, and some are best offered in a separate salon area.

Storage: Storage cabinet for professional products with locks and drawers for small tools.

❖ Spa Design Tips

 Create Texture: Use wall hangings, pillows, rugs and unique bed coverings to create
texture and contrast in your spa.
 Locally made textiles embody a return to folkloric ideals and handmade crafts.
Balance a combination of elements, such as reclaimed woods and other
recyclables, textured glass, and metals such as copper and bronze.
 Bring the Outdoors In: Create a sense of the outdoors indoors by using with
waterfalls, bamboo, and stone
 Don’t Forget Dramatic Doors: attention to doors and entryways: they signify a
“crossing-over" to a place where people can leave their everyday lives behind.
 Colors that Stimulate the Senses: “Flat color is out, and color with depth and
character is in,” says well-known spa architect Robert Henry.

V. Components of a Spa Facility

 Reservations and Scheduling  Reception Desk and Welcome area

 Retail/Spa Boutique  European Hydro-Massage
 Men’s and Women’s Locker Rooms  Treatment Showers and Baths
 Dry Treatment Rooms  Treatment Waiting Area
 Wet Treatment Rooms
VI. Key Environmental Dimensions

Ambient Conditions

• Temperature
• Air quality
• Noise levels/Smells/odors

Space/Function

• Layout
• Equipment
• Furnishing

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2.RECREATIONAL SPACE
I. Introduction
Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are
shaped naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction.
Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors,
healthy or harmful, and useful for society or detrimental. A significant section of recreational
activities is designated as hobbies which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis.

Definition
Recreation Space:
Etymologically the term recreation appears to have been used in English first in the late 14th
century, first in the sense of "refreshment or curing of a sick person" and derived turn from
Latin (re: "again", creare: "to create, bring forth, beget").

Recreation is any activity that results in pleasurable response that has physical, emotional
and intellectual benefits. Recreational space is essential in the urban areas, where more
residents live in compact houses and apartments without backyards. Recreational spaces
in Urban Councils provide local destinations for people to be physically active and exposed
to nature. These spaces generate social and economic values for the community.

Site selection criteria

In most cases a balance needs to be set between recreation and amenity. The areas of
land allocated/identified for public open space use need to be interesting and with
sufficient diversity and quality to fulfil a variety of recreational roles, both formal and
informal. Such areas also need to be readily accessible from the surrounding
development and clearly defined with good access
for maintenance and management purposes.

Factors considered in site selection

The following factors are presented in what is felt to be their order of relative importance.

Soils
Probably the most important single factor to be evaluated in developing a recreation
site is the soil. Soils are by no means to be considered a barrier to development. Instead,
the soil survey is to be utilized to determine the suitability of the site for recreation
purposes, site design, type of facilities and species of vegetation the site will support. The
surface soil texture, depth of the surface soil, and sub-soil texture was determined. The
sites were examined for possible areas where the soils would restrict development.

Topography
The acceptable limits of topography or degree of slope are very much dependent upon
the purpose for which the area is to be used. Areas that are to be used as playgrounds
must, by necessity, be relatively level. If they are not, the cost of creating large level
playing fields may very well be prohibitive. For such areas, a maximum slope of 6
percent is recommended. On the other hand, if an area is to be developed into a
nature trail, a certain amount of slope is not only acceptable but it is also aesthetically
desirable. Slopes of up to 25 percent are quite acceptable. Between these two

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extremes are the areas to be developed into camp and picnic areas. Here, the
maximum slope is 15 percent.

Access
Road construction is a major cost factor in recreation site design. If sites can be located
so that access road construction will be kept to a minimum, a considerable savings will
result. Because of this, all of the potential sites were located either adjacent to or near
existing roads. Many of the sites either bordered paved roads or had such a road
running directly through them.

Vegetation, Wind, Distribution of the Sites, Water and Land Ownership are the other
factors considerable in site selection.

Classification of recreational spaces and its General principles

This framework contains two central categories - function and catchment hierarchy:
Function (primary use and expected activities) identifies three primary types of open
• Recreation spaces provide a setting for informal play and physical activity,
relaxation
and social interaction.
• Sport spaces provide a setting for formal structured sporting activities.
• Nature spaces provide a setting where people can enjoy nearby nature and
protect local biodiversity and natural area values.

Catchment hierarchy (typical size and how far a user might travel to visit the site)
includes four categories:
• Local open space (LOS): -is usually small parklands that service the recreation
needs of the immediate residential population.
• Neighborhood open space (NOS) serves as the recreational and social focus of a
community. Residents are attracted by the variety of features and facilities and
opportunities to socialize.
• District open space (DOS) is principally designed to provide for organized formal
sport. DOS will very likely include substantial recreation space and some nature
space.
• Regional open space (ROS) may accommodate important recreation and
organized sport spaces as well as significant conservation and/or environmental
features.

RESORT
According to the new definition, A resort is a full-service lodging facility that provides access
to or offers a range of amenities and recreation facilities to emphasize a leisure experience.
Resorts serve as the primary provider of the guest’s experience, often provide services
for business and meetings, and are characteristically located in vacation-oriented settings.
There may be numerous forms of resort like,

• Sports Resort-
• Nature Resort-
• Eco Resort-
• Argo- Resort-
• Health Resort
•

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Design Guidelines
Site Planning
The layout and configuration of the resort buildings and site elements is fundamental to
the character and quality of the resort. Each of the building typologies are clustered,
terraced, or situated within the vineyards to maximize views, preserve gentle slopes, or
maintain open space.

The design and site layout should create an exceptional resort experience with the highest
quality site plan, architecture and landscape, with an intimate, clustered style of
development that also preserves the beauty and functionality of the existing vineyards.
Clustering shall be used to reduce exposure to ambient noise.

Site plans for clustered units should create a “sense of place” by orienting to common areas
or natural site features. All open space should provide an amenity for the entire resort
community.

Building Orientation
The overall site plan determines the optimal locations for different building clusters; within
each cluster of buildings, the orientation of each individual unit is critical to reinforcing the
quality and character of the resort.

Any building facing the central open space or wetlands should be designed to orient to
these resources. The buildings should be attractive and fit into the character of the
landscape, have detailed, aesthetic entryways, provide direct pedestrian access to the
resource(s), and be comparable in the level of design attention for both the building
“front,” and “back.”

Roadway Circulation, Access and Streetscape

The entire site will be interconnected by narrow roadways and pathways. All roadways will
be designed for multiple uses (walking, bicycling, small electric cart transport, and
emergency vehicle access). The majority of resort pathways and roadways should be
designed to limit regular, private vehicular access while accommodating pedestrian,
bicycle, and emergency vehicle access.

There will be three main types of roadways:

• Resort Entrance Drives,

• Resort Drives, and
• Multiuse Paths.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Network
All Multi-Use Paths, Secondary Roads, and Entry Roads should be bicycle and pedestrian-
friendly. All paths should connect to the vineyard units, resort units, resort main building,
parking, and resort amenities throughout the site.

Vehicle Access
Ease of access to the resort, a planned arrival sequence, and a sense of “entrance” or
“arrival” are key components of the resort experience. The vehicular movement and traffic
patterns should be carefully designed so that visitors and guests can easily navigate the site
without interrupting the calm and quiet of the resort. Entrances, arrival courts, and vehicular
access patterns should be designed to blend into the character of the surrounding
landscape while also providing a memorable arrival experience.

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• Resort Access
• Winery Access
• Service Access
Parking
• The majority of parking for the resort will be provided within a centralized parking area
that includes both above ground and underground parking.
• All Surface parking lots should minimize the total amount of paving area and use
permeable paving when possible. Surface parking should be screened from view using
trees or vertical screens. Where feasible, surface parking areas should be shaded by trees,
trellises or other type of canopy.
• Special attention should be paid to designing the parking structure entrance to blend
into the character of the surrounding architecture and landscape.

• Winery Parking
• Vineyard Units Type A Parking
• Special Event Parking
Sustainability
Long-term sustainability is fundamental to the design and character of the Resort, Winery
and vineyards. The architecture, landscape, and vineyard management techniques
should each be designed, constructed, and managed in a way that is compatible with
sustainable building principles. The architecture and site development of the resort should
be compliant with the latest LEED-NC (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design: New
Construction) standards and should meet or exceed LEED-NC “Silver” requirements. In
addition to the standards described in the “Building Architecture” and “Landscape,”
Sections, the Stanly Ranch Resort should adhere to the following sustainable principles:

• Minimal Land Disturbance

• Energy and Energy Conservation
• Stormwater Management and Water Conservation
• Sustainable/Local Materials
Building Architecture
The resort’s overall design should be cohesive and create a clearly defined sense of place
through the architectural theme. The resort cottages and main buildings should be
aesthetically and architecturally coordinated, so that the overall feel of the resort is one of
continuity.

General Architectural Requirements

• Massing and scale: -the natural and built environment should inform the architectural
design; buildings should reflect, and be in harmony with the surrounding vineyard
landscape and environment.
• Façade composition: -Every building should have a defined base, a clear pattern of
openings and surface features, a recognizable entry, and a detailed or well-finished
roofline.
• Roofs and Rooflines: -should provide visual interest, complement the overall façade
composition in terms of style, detailing, and materials, and be attractive when viewed
from surrounding areas.
• Building Entrances: -should be prominent and easy to identify. For groupings or clusters
of buildings, entrances should be oriented towards a central common area wherever
possible.
• Side and rear facades: -should be treated with the same attention and detail as front

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facades; all building facades should be of the highest aesthetic quality from all possible
views.
• Pattern of window, door and surface features: -windows, doors, wall panels, pilasters,
and building bays should be, carefully composed, based on the building’s structural bay
spacing or other appropriate organizational system. Features based on this module should
be carried across windowless walls to relieve blank, uninteresting surfaces.
• Door and window openings: -should be aligned and composed vertically to create an
attractive façade. In general, windows should be sized and located to best view of the
resort.

• Building Materials: -Building materials for each of the building types (resort, vineyard unit,
winery) should be cohesive and unified, helping to strengthen the character of the resort
as a whole. Small variances are acceptable for unique design circumstances, or to create
a distinct identity for the different building clusters, or overall composition.

Landscape Design Guidelines

The resort landscape theme and plant palette will be based on local agricultural patterns
and materials. The landscape will include a blend of historic elements, local elements, and
regional/Mediterranean influences that include: iconic landscape plantings at entry and
accent points; roses; “fields” of lavender; groves and orchards of trees, such as olives,
throughout the resort; large native canopy-shade trees at parking courts; Italian cypress or
other columnar trees; and native trees and riparian plantings along the pond and margins
of existing wetlands. Stone walkways, permeable payers or crushed gravel pathways, low
stone walls, wood trellises and arbors, and other similar landscape elements will
accommodate the guests throughout the site.

• Overall Landscape Design

• Materials
- Plant Materials
- Paving Materials
• Irrigation and Water
• Site Grading and Maintenance
- Site Grading
- site Maintenance
• Special Landscape Areas
- Resort and Winery Landscape
- Central Open Space, Wetlands, and Pond
- Existing Concrete Cistern
- Entryway, Pathways and Roadways Landscaping
- Iconic Landscape Planting Areas
- Public Art
- Pool Deck and Pool
- Tennis Courts and other recreation facilities
- Picnic Areas, Fire Pits and Barbeques
• Site Furnishings and Signage
- Site Furnishings
- Signage
- Wails and Monuments
• Lighting

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3. EXTREME SPORT
Extreme sports - also called Action Sports - are just not like mainstream sports. Past and
present they are crawling with rebels, riders, drivers and rock stars. It's not about uniforms,
coaches or scripts.

Earth

Skateboarding, Longboarding, Mountain Boarding, Sandboarding, Drifting, BMX, Motocross, FMX,

Aggressive Inline Skating, Mountain Biking, Caving, Slacklining, Absailing, Rock Climbing, Free
Climbing, Bouldering, Mountaineering, Parkour, Sand kiting, Zorbing, Obstacle Course Racing.

Water

Surfing, Waterskiing, Body Boarding, Wakeboarding, Kitesurfing, Windsurfing, Cave diving, Flow
boarding, Paddle surfing / Stand up paddle, Kayaking, Cliff Jumping, Coasteering, Scuba Diving,
Knee Boarding, White Water Rafting, Skim Boarding, Jet Skiing, Fly boarding/Jet boarding.

Snow and Ice

Snowboarding, Skiing, Ice Climbing, Snowmobiling, Snow Kiting, Monoskiing, Snowblading.

Air

Base Jumping, Skydiving, Wing Suiting, Bungee Jumping, High-lining, Hang Gliding, Paragliding.

CYCLE SPORTS FACILITIES

INTRODUCTION

BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either
in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general on- or off-road recreation.
BMX began when young cyclists appropriated motocross tracks for fun, racing and stunts,
eventually evolving specialized BMX bikes and competitions

DEFINITION

BMX racing is a type of off-road bicycle racing. The format of BMX was derived from
motocross racing. BMX bicycle races are sprint races on purpose-built off-road single-lap
race tracks. The track usually consists of a starting gate for up to eight racers, a groomed,
serpentine, dirt race course made of various jumps and rollers and a finish line. The course
is usually flat, about 15 feet (4.6 m) wide and has large banked corners that help the riders
maintain speed.

TYPE

• cycle racing tracks and velodromes

• closed road racing circuits
• BMX race tracks
• cycle speedway tracks
• mountain bike courses and trails

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• cyclo-cross circuits
• grass tracks
• road racing and time trials
• cycle sport for disabled people.

GENERAL PRINCIPLE

BMX race tracks must adhere to the minimum requirements of British Cycling and the Union
Cycliste International and be of a high enough standard to host a regional event. Such
race tracks have a separate start and finish and are constructed with various corners and
jumps that are designed to be challenging while taking account of riders’ safety.

The start hill, as the name suggests, is a downhill gradient with a start gate at the top. The
riders start with their front wheels pressed against the start gate, which is hinged and drops
forward when released to start the race. The average BMX track will be 300–400m in length
with a hard, smooth surface. The track design will include obstacles constructed at strategic
points to add excitement and an extra skill factor to the racing. There are also banked turns
(berms) to help riders maintain maximum speed during a race

DESIGN REQUIREMENT

BMX serve two main functions, both of which are complementary to the development of
international road racing:

• a means of training by competition in surroundings not affected by other road users

– this is particularly important for under-16s whose road racing is confined to closed
circuits
• a form of road racing that will attract the public, thus making it a spectator sport.

In many areas, circuits already exist in parks and recreation grounds or could easily be
extended to provide a completed circuit. For new recreation complexes, consideration
should be given at the design stage to the construction of access roads so that these
complexes can be used for closed road circuits.

GENERAL PROVISION

The opportunity to develop BMX circuit will often arise as part of a regeneration
programmed, therefore the chosen site may well be classed as ‘brownfield’ with formation
levels consisting of significant measures of landfill material. It is essential that the
characteristics of the site be investigated to determine suitability for use and the optimum
construction methods.

A site investigation process should be undertaken by a specialist company to determine

the following:

• presence or otherwise of hazardous materials

• evidence of insufficient compaction in fill materials
• water table level and ability to drain naturally
• allowable ground-bearing capacity to enable design of road construction.

STANDARD

Small circuits at multi-use sites should be at least 0.5km in circumference. These are suitable
for introducing newcomers to cycling and for basic training.

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Closed road circuits of at least 1km circumference will be suitable for most local and
regional level activity, although 3–5km circuits are necessary for regional and national
competitions. A circuit width of 6–8m is recommended. If the nature of the circuit restricts
the width, a minimum width of 5m will be acceptable. The finish area width must be 7–8m.
Closed road circuits will be used for races similar to those on open roads and should
therefore simulate this if possible, with hills and bends.

SITE REQUIREMENT

Track features

There are all types of BMX jumps, ranging from small rollers to massive step-up doubles. There
are pro straights which are for junior and elite men. They are all doubles which range from
about 6 m to 12 m, while "Class" straights have more flow and have many more ranges of
jumps.

Starting hill, The Starting hill marks the

start of the track. Most BMX Tracks
have a gate.

Step-up A short hill, then followed by a Step-down A hill, then followed by a

much larger hill. shorter hill.

Berms Turns are at an angle. Therefore, Roller A small hill, normally in groups.
you can easily turn without having to
brake. Panettone A flat jump, normally for
learning to jump
Double The double are two hills close
to each other.

CONSTRUCTABILITY

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AMENITY

Cycling stadiums follow the normal guidelines for sport and leisure facilities. A suggestion is
offered here that changing, lockers, showers and toilets should be planned in module form.
If units are designed for up to 10 persons, the number of units can reflect the forecast volume
of competitors using the stadium. The advantage of the modular format is that the number
of units open for use can change to meet male/ female needs on each occasion. During
training sessions, units that are not required can be locked. This imposed discipline reduces
cleaning duties. Two rooms should be planned for massage and a limited gymnasium would
be good for cyclists, and a possible attraction for non-cyclist users of the facility.

SPECIAL ATTENTION

Potential risk areas

• Children and young people: Their immaturity, susceptibility, physical limitations,

propensity to take risks from bravado/desire to win, unreasonable expectation of their
abilities by event organizers
• Vandalism: Interference with obstacles, signs, equipment; tampering with cycles
• Traffic: General lack of concern for cyclists, motorists’ failure to take care when cycle
races/time trials and the like take place on public roads, their unwillingness to ‘give
way’ when appropriate
• Fitness: Insufficient care taken re fitness of participants, failure to establish fitness
criteria/verification
• Courses/obstacles: Insufficient reconnaissance/unreasonable expectation of
participants’ physical ability to overcome obstacles. Inadequate maintenance of
permanent obstacles or of fixed tracks/courses
• Medical cover/arrangements: Insufficient first aid/professional medical cover,
inadequate liaison with hospitals/means of communication.

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4. INDOOR AND OUTDOOR GAME

✓ Games, even if it is in a room or in a field, games can make you relax and take your stress
from office works, assignments, and mostly your problems away. They are very
entertaining, but still they have their difference that can make the two types of games
very special.
✓ Indoor games are usually things that are fun to do even inside the house, halls, rooms,
etc.it is usually the board games, relays, card games and other fun games you can do
without getting all sweaty and tired because of the sun. Indoor games can be played
even if the place is not that spacious like outdoor games that you have to use a field or
court just so you can properly play the game. The skies are the enemies of indoor games
and usually not a lot of people have to play a certain game.
✓ Indoor sports and games provide us the pleasure of playing in a closed environment. It is
so convenient to play indoors. The best part about indoor sports is that they can be
played all year round.
Types of indoor game
Snooker
✓ snooker is a game played on a billiards board with 15 red balls, six balls of other colors,
and a white cue ball in which we have to put the other balls using the cue ball. Some
play snooker as a recreational game while some play it for money and prestige. It may
seem ordinary but there is so much to this game. It can be considered as example of
applied physics and geometry. Some of its benefits include enhancing focus and
coordination, and promoting self-confidence if you are good at this game.
Squash
✓ squash is a great sport that provides fun and recreation. It is a game played in an
enclosed court by two or four players who strike the ball with their rackets and hit onto
playable surfaces of the walls of the court.
Bowling
✓ Bowling is a sport which involves rolling a ball down a lane to knock down a group of
pins. It is not as simple as it looks; it is a complicated sport indeed. You must be able to
understand the lane conditions to bowl well. The common types of balls used these
days are the resin balls.
Table Tennis
✓ It is an indoor variation of tennis, played on table divided by net with small paddles and
a light weight ball. Table tennis is a complex physical sport. It is good for the body, mind
and soul. It has many physical as well as mental benefits. It improves flexibility, helps for
weight loss, develops motor skills and balance, improves concentration and brain
function.
Badminton
✓ Badminton is a game played with rackets in which a shuttlecock is volleyed across a
narrow net. Regularly playing badminton helps to reduce bad cholesterol and increase
good cholesterol. It also helps to strengthen heart muscle, reduce blood pressure and
avoid hypertension. Playing badminton keeps you motivated, strong and healthy.
Chess
✓ In my words, chess is a war of thoughts between two players on a chess board having
16 pieces each with the objective of check mating the opponent’s king. Chess
enhances mental development and hence used to treat many disabilities.

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Indoor Volleyball
✓ Volleyball is a game played by two teams of six players each on a rectangular court
divided by a high net, in which each team tries to ground the ball on other team’s
court. This is a high energy game in which lot of physical movements like jumping,
squatting, diving and coordinated hand movements are necessary.
Boxing
✓ It is the act of fighting with fists by using boxing gloves in a boxing ring. This sport makes
the body and mind strong.
Swimming
✓ Swimming is a great recreational activity in which we glide through water using our
limbs. Swimming helps to stay fit and keep in shape thus improving physique. It also
renews energy, increases circulation, and builds endurance, muscle strength and
cardiovascular fitness.
Indoor Basket ball
✓ Basketball is played by two teams of five players each. The objective is to throw the ball
into the basket at the opponent’s side of a rectangular field. Basketball has many
health benefits as it demands lot of physical work. It also has a cultural and social
significance. There is a quote saying “Basketball doesn’t build character. It reveals it.”
Whenever you are stressed, find a hoop and shoot a basketball!
Outdoor games
✓ Outdoor games can be played on a lawn or field, mostly it takes a lot of people to play
a single game, balls, bats, and other rackets are usually used in outdoor games and unlike
indoor gaming, outdoor games are good for people who are proactive and are in much
of very tiring and exhausting sports just like basketball, soccer, baseball, football and
many more. Indoor games can be very interesting because it uses our mind to think and
a way to win, even if outdoor games use also our minds to think, our body does the effort
more.
Types of outdoor game
✓ basketball
✓ basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each,
opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of
shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24 cm) in diameter) through the
defender's hoop (a basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter mounted 10 feet (3.048 m) high
to a backboard at each end of the court) while preventing the opposing team from
shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth two points, unless made from
behind the three-point line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play stops and the
player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free
throws. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play
expires with the score tied, an additional period of play (overtime) is mandated.
Football
✓ Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score
a goal. Unqualified, the word football is understood to refer to whichever form of football
is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears. Sports commonly
called football in certain places include association football (known as soccer in some
countries); gridiron football (specifically American football or Canadian football);
Australian rules football; rugby football (either rugby league or rugby union); and Gaelic
football. These different variations of football are known as football codes.

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Golf
✓ Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of
holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.
✓ Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not utilize a standardized playing area,
and coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the
game. The game at the usual level is played on a course with an arranged progression
of 18 holes, though recreational courses can be smaller, often having 9 holes. Each hole
on the course must contain a tee box to start from, and a putting green containing the
actual hole or cup (4.25 inches in diameter). There are other standard forms of terrain in
between, such as the fairway, rough (long grass), bunkers (or "sand traps"), and various
hazards (water, rocks) but each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout and
arrangement.
Handball
✓ Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball is a
team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six out court players and a
goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the
other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that
scores the most goals wins.
water sports
✓ There are a large number of sports that involve water. The following is a list of water
sports categorized by how the sport is played in relation to the location of the water.
These range from activities involving a single person such as scuba diving and
swimming, to team sports such as boat racing and underwater football.
Athletics field
✓ The athletics field has a 400-metre running track and areas for javelin-throwing, long-
jumping, and the shot put.360-picture.

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