1

fuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka Tng"

Ø f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh hkq l=ula o@
Ø úúO lafIa;%hkays f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrk wdldrh
Ø o;a; yd f;dr;=re y÷kd .ekSu

Ø mß.Klfha b;sydih
Ø mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh

ms<sn| j ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'

1'1 f;dr;=re iy ikakf

s õok ;dlaIKh

ñksid Ys,d hq.fha isg tla tla hq. miqlrk úg ikaksfõokfha wjYH;dj
jeä úh' tfia u ;SrK .ekSug" ie,iqï lsÍug" wkdjels m%ldY lsÍug wdÈ fkdfhl=;a
lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re wjYH úh'

Ys,d hq.fha isg u ñksid úiska ;ukaf.a wjYH;d i|yd fuj,ï ks¾udKh
lrk ,o w;r tA i|yd Bg wÞ< ;dlaIK Ndú; lrk ,È' f;dr;=re hq.fha ñksidg
f;dr;=re ks¾udKh lsÍu" l<ukdlrKh lsÍu" ikaksfõokh lsÍu iy Ndú; lsÍu
hkdÈ ld¾hhka bgq lr .ekSu i|yd ;dlaIKh wjYH úh'

fuu wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk ;dlaIKh f;dr;=re iy

ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

1
 úúO lafIa;%hkays f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha Ndú;h

mß.Klh ks;r wei .efgk idudkH WmlrKhla njg fï jk úg

m;a j we;' mß.Klh yd ne÷Kq f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh (Information
and Communication Technology) ñksidf.a ffoksl Ôú;hg w;HjYH jQ wx.hla njg
m;a j we;s fyhska f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ñksidf.a tÈfkÞ lghq;=
i|yd fhdÞ .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| j m<uq j úuid n,uq'

wOHdmk lafIa;%h ^Education Sector)

mß.Klh" wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=< Ndú; jk jeo.;a u WmlrKhla njg m;a

ù we;' l,ska ilia lrk ,o mß.Kl wOHdmksl jev igyka kej; kej;;A mx;s
ldurh ;=< Ndú;hg .ekSug yels ù ;sîu fuys § we;s jQ iqúfYAI ,laIKhla f,i
fmkajd Èh yels h'

m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha isg oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh olajd Ndú; jk fndfyda úIh

Odrdjka wo mß.Kl .; lr ;sîu;a" úfYaIfhka u fujeks jevigyka nyqudOH
;dlaIKh ^Multimedia Technology& Ndú;fhka ilia lr ;sîu;a fuys ,d i|yka l<
hq;h
= 's

mka;s ldurhla ;=< .=rejrhl= yd isiqka w;r mej;s idïm%Þhsl bf.kqï

l%shdj,sh miq ld,Sk j ÿria: wOHdmkh ^Distance Education& olajd ÈhqKq úh' fuys
§ .=rejrhd tla ia:dkhl isg igyka yd Wmfoia ,nd ÿka w;r isiqyq Tjqkag myiq
ia:dkhl § wjYH mßÈ bf.kqu ,enQy' .=rejrhd yd isiqka uqK.eiSfï wjYH;djla
fkd ù h' fndfyda úg ÿria: wOHdmkh ;eme,a fyda ÿrl:k ud¾.fhka isÿ úh'
f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu. u ÿria: wOHdmkh b;d
ckm%sh úh' mka;s ldurh ;=< § fiajh ,nd §ug yels jkafka b;d u iSñ; isiqka
msßilg muKla jqj o nyq udOH ;dlaIKh fhdÞ .ksñka isÿ lrk úoHq;a wOHdmkfha
§ ^e-Education& tljr fndfyda isiqka msßilg tu fiajh ,nd .ekSug yels ù ;sîu
o fuys § úfYAIfhka i|yka l< hq;= h'

úoHq;a bf.kqu ^e-Learning& iy tA wdY%s; há;, myiqlï j¾Okh lsÍu

flfrys fï jk úg Y%S ,xldj ;=< jeä wjOdkhla fhduq ù we;' úYajúoHd,
lafIa;%h fï jk úg tys mqfrda.dóka f,i lghq;= lrk w;r bÈß ld,fha § mdi,a
moaO;sh olajd úoHq;a bf.kqu jHdma; jkq we;'

2
 ls%hdldrlu
1'1

úoHq;a bf.kqu ^e-Learning& ms<sn| jeäÿr úia;r i|yd www.schoolnet.lk fjí

,smskh Tiafia mdi,a cd,h fj; msúi tys we;s oE Tnf.a wOHhk lghq;= i|yd
fldf;la ÿrg m%fhdackj;a ±hs úuid n,kak'

mß.Kl Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka wOHdmkh ,eîu zmß.Kl wdOdrl bf.kquZ

^CAL- Computer Assisted Learning& f,i;a mß.Kl weiqßka b.ekaùu zmß.Kl wdOdrl
b.ekaùuZ ^CBT-Computer Based Teaching& f,i;a wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lrñka wOHdmk
lghq;= isÿ lsÍu zfjí wdOdrl b.ekaùuZ ^WBT-Web Based Teaching& f,i;a y÷kajkq
,nk w;r" fujeks bf.kqï moaO;s wo Tng t;rï w¨;a fohla fkdjkq we;'

mdi,a lghq;=j,g wu;r j mdi,a mßmd,k lghq;= i|yd o mß.Klh Ndú;

fõ' mdif,a mßmd,k lghq;= i|yd mß.Kl Ndú; lsÍu uÕska wOHdmk lafIa;%fha
.=Kd;aul nj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu myiqfjka l< yels h'

fi!LH lafIa;%h ^Health Sector&&

mß.Kl Ndú;h nyq, j isÿ jk ;j;a lafIa;%hla f,i fi!LH lafIa;%h

ye¢kaúh yels h'

úúOdldrfha úYAf,aIK hka;%" úfYaI mÍlaIK i|yd Ndú; lrk 'CT

Scanners', 'MRI Scanners', 'ECG' yd 'EEG' hka;% wo frday,a ;=< ke;s j u neß Wmdx.
njg m;a ù we;s w;r" fujeks WmlrK yeisrùu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd mß.Kl
fhdÞ .efka' mß.Kl wdY%; s Wmdx. Ndú; lsÍu ksid ksje/È frda. úksYpa h ld¾hlaIu
j l< yels jk w;r" tu.ska fi!LH lafIa;%h ;=< jvd;a .=Kd;aul yd ld¾hlaIu
fiajdjla iemhSug yels ù we;' úfYAI{ ffjoHjreka iïnkaO lr .ekSu jeks
(e - channeling) lghq;= muKla fkdj ÿria: Y,Hl¾u lsÍu olajd u wo mß.Klh
fuu lafIa;%h ;=< úYd, fufyhla bgq lrhs'

nexl= iy uQ,H lafIa;%h ^Bank and Finance Sector&&

wo jk úg nexl= jeks uQ,H lafIa;%h ;=< b;d úYd, f,i mß.Kl iy

ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrkq ±lsh yels h' úfYaIfhka u nexl= iy uQ,H
wdh;k" ;u YdLd ld¾hd, ujq YdLdj iu. mß.Kl cd, moaO;s yryd iïnkaO lr
;sîu ksid ´kE u YdLd ld¾hd,hl isg ;ukaf.a uQ,Huh lghq;= id¾:l j bgq lr
3
.ekSug yelshdj ,eî we;' iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;% ^ATM-Automatic Teller Machines&
u.ska uQ,H wdh;k iïnkaO lr ;sîu ksid" l=uk nexl=jlg wh;a nexl=lrejl=g
jqj o ;u lghq;= iajhxlS%h fg,¾ hka;% u.ska myiqfjka bgq lr .; yels h'

ish .kqfokqlrejkag ;u nexl=jg fyda YdLdjg fkdf.dia ish .sKqï lghq;=

lr .ekSu i|yd úúOdldr myiqlï nexl= u.ska imhd § we;' WÞyrKhka f,i
'Telebanking', iy 'Phonebanking' fiajd fmkajd Èh yels h' fuu fiajd u.ska ;ukaf.a
u fyda fjk;a whf.a .sKï q w;r uqo,a yqjudre lsÍu" f;dard .;a fiajd i|yd jQ ì,am;a
f.ùu jeks lghq;= /ila ;u mß.Klh Ndú;fhka ksjfia isg u lr.; yels h'

wka;¾cd, myiqlï Ndú; lrñka cd;Hka;r uQ,H wdh;k iu. jqj o

myiqfjka ;u .kqfokq lr .ekSfï wjia:dj o WÞ ù we;'

ls%hdldrlu
1'2
Y%S ,xldfõ m%isoaO rdcH yd jd‚c nexl= lsysmhl fjí wvú ksÍlaIKh lr
Tjqka ,nd fok mß.Kl.; fiajdjka ms<sn| j flá jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'

ikaksfõok lafIa;%h ^Communication Sector&&

mß.Kl ;dlaIKh iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh tlsfklg iïnkaO jQ

;dlaIKhka h' wka;¾cd,h u.ska úYAj .ïudk ixl,amh yryd rgj,a iy cd;Ska
w;r ÿria:Ndjh wvq lr we;' cx.u ÿrl:kh wo ´kE u flkl= Ndú; lrk
idudkH WmlrKhla njg m;a j we;' fï ksid ieu úg u wka wh yd wjYH lrk
iïnkaO;dj mj;ajdf.k hdfï yelshdj ,eî ;sfí'

.=jkaúÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh jeks ckudOH wdh;k ish ikaksfõok lghq;=

i|yd mß.Kl nyq, j Ndú; lrhs' uqøK l¾udka;hg mß.Klh ke;s j u neß
WmlrKhls' uE; b;sydifha § i;s .Kkla ld,h jeh lrñka ks¾udKh lrkakg
fhÿKq fmd;a iy mqj;am;a ks¾udKh lsÍu" Èk lsysmhlska lrkakg yelshdj wo ,eî
we;' wo bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk fndfyda .=jkaúÿ,s iy rEmjdyskS jevigyka ks¾udKh
i|yd mß.Klh weiqre lr .ekSu ckm%sh wx.hla njg o m;a j we;'

4
 ls%hdldrlu
1'3
Y%S ,xldfõ m%isoaO rdcH iy fm!oa.,sl udOH wdh;k lsysmhl ikaksfõok
lghq;= i|yd mß.Kl Ndú; lrk wdldrh fidhd n,d flá jd¾;djla ilia
lrkak'

m%jdyk lafIa;%h ^Transportation Sector&&

wd.uk iy ú.uk fomd¾;fïka ; = j " fuda g ¾ r:jdyk ,s h dmÈxÑ

lsÍfï fomd¾;fïka;=j" fudag¾ r:jdyk fomd¾;fïka;=j jeks wdh;k fï jk úg
;u jev lghq;= bgq lr .ekSu i|yd mß.Kl Ndú; lrhs'

.=jka .uka lghq;=j, § mß.Klh w;HjYH fuj,ula njg wo m;a j we;'

.=jka .uka md,kh ^Air Traffic Controlling&" úoHq;a .=jka m%fõYm;a ksl=;a lsÍu
(e-ticketing)" wdik fjka lsÍu (Reservation of Seats) jeks lghq;= i|yd wo nyq,
f,i mß.Kl Ndú; lrkq olakg ,efí'

bÈlsÍï lafIa;%h ^Construction Sector&

bÈlsÍï i|yd mß.Kl Ndú; lsÍu ksid jvd fyd| fmkqula iys; Yla;su;a
f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKh lsÍug wo yels ù ;sfí' f.dvke.s,sj, iels,s ks¾udKfha isg
tys wjika fmkqu ,nd .ekSu olajd jQ iEu wjia:djla i|yd u mß.Klh Ndú;
lrkq ,efí'

mß.Klh weiqre lr .ksñka mßir ys;ldó f.dvke.s,s ilia lsÍfï øjH

ks¾udKh lsÍu wo nyq, j isÿ fõ' wvq úhoulska f.dvke.s,sj, jev wjika lr
.ekSu o mß.Klh ksid ,efnk ;j;a jdishls'

tfia u k.r ks¾udK lghq;= i|yd o mß.Klh Ndú; lrkq ,efí' mßirh
iqrlsñka ukd whqßka ixúOdkh jQ k.r ks¾udKlrKh mß.Klh ksid wo b;du;a
myiq ld¾hhla ù we;'

5
 ls%hdldrlu
1'4
bÈlsÍï lafIa;%fha § mß.Kl Ndú; lsÍu ksid we;s jk jdis iy tA i|yd
Ndú; lrkq ,nk mß.Kl uDÿldx. ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'

wdrlaIl lafIa;%h ^Security and Defence Sector &

wdrlaIl wxYj, f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;h by< uÜgul

mj;S' ñihs, yeisrùfï iy kHIaál n,d.dr yeisrùu jeks b;d u ixlS¾K iy
wjodkï iy.; jQ ld¾hhka i|yd o wo mß.Kl Ndú;hg .efka'

nqoaê f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu iy úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd mß.Kl fkdue;s

jgmsgdjla .ek is;Sugj;a fkdyels h'

mß.Kl l%Svd ^Computer Games&&

idudkH ck Ôú;fha § l%Svdjg ysñ j we;af;a iqúfYAI ;ekls' tu.ska

úfkdaÞiajdoh fuka u ldhsl iy udkisl iqjh o w;am;a lr .; yels h' wo
mß.Klh iu. úúO fuj,ï iïnkaO lr .ksñka l%Svd NdKAvhla f,i Ndú;hg
.efka' tu.ska ,nk úfkdaÞiajdoh ;=<ska úúO úIh lafIa;%hkays ±kqu j¾Okh lr
.ekSug o wo th WmldÍ ù we;'

mß.Kl l%Svd Ndú;fha § tu l%Svd ksmojd we;s wdldrh wkqj úúO jhia
ldKavhkg .e<fmk wdldrhg fyda ±kqu fyda yelshd uÜgï wkqj ;ukg reÑ
wdldrhg mß.Kl l%Svdj ilia lr .ksñka Ndú;hg .ekSug yels ùu jeo.;a
,laIKhls' úfYaIfhka u fpia jeks l%Svd WÞyrK f,i ±laúh yels h'

fujeks l%Svd u.ska flkl=f.a nqoaêh" laI‚l ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj iy

ks¾udKYS,S;ajh jeä ÈhqKq jk nj ms<s.;a u;hls'

.‚;h" úoHdj" ;dlaIKh muKla fkdj NdIdj" ix.S;h" Ñ;% Ys,amh hkd§
wm%udK jQ úIh lafIa;%hkays ±kqu" ks¾udK l=i,;d fuka u úYaf,aIK yelshdjka
m%j¾Okh lr .ekSu fuka u ldhsl fjfyi yd udkisl wd;;sh wvq lr .ekSu i|yd
o fuh myiq yd ckms%h udOHhla njg m;a ù we;'

6
 flfia jqj o mß.Kl l%S%vdj,g weíneys ùu iy iQ¥j jeks ÿisß;a i|yd
mß.Kl fhdÞ .ekSu wdÈh mß.Klfha w÷re me;slvj,g WÞyrK f,i ±laúh
yels h'

by;ska idlÉPd lrkq ,enqfõ f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;

lrk m%Odk lafIa;% lsysmhla ms<sn| j muKls' f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
Ndú; fkdlrk lafIa;%hla wo fidhd .kakg fkdyels ;rï h'

1' wm by;ska idlÉPd l< lafIa;%j,g wu;r j f;dr;=re

iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrkq ,nk wfkl=;a
lafIa;% iy tys Ndú;h ms<sn| j úia;r fidhd l=vd
mejreï 1'1 jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'

2' by; idlÉPd lrk ,o tla tla lafIa;%h ;=< mß.Kl Ndú; lsÍu ksid
isÿjk jdis iy wjdis ms<sn| j j.=jla ilia lrkak'
3' mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï follg fn§ mka;s ldurfha isÿ lrk idudkH
bf.kqu iy mß.Kl Ndú; lrñka isÿ lrk úoHq;a bf.kqu ms<n s | újdohla
mj;ajkak'

1'2 o;a; iy f;dr;=re y÷kd .ekSu

o;a; (Data) iy f;dr;=re (Information) hkq fudkjd ±hs úuid n,uq'

o;a; hkq fudkjd o@

lsisÿ wdldrhl ilia lsÍulg Ndckh fkdl< lreKq" ixLHd" rEm" wl=re"
Ñ;% iy ñkqï iuQyhla o;a; f,iska ir, j ye¢kaúh yels h'

o;a; ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; i|yka WÞyrKh foi
úuis,su;a j n,kak'
WÞyrK ( Okql" 95" 85" ;reñ‚" 75" 80" i|,s" 60" 55" reisre 70" 78" ks¨mq,a 68" 65"
p;=rx." 64" 70" ;reIs" 51" 71" u,s;a" 80" 71

by; i|yka WÞyrKhg wkqj lsis hï jQ ld¾hhla i|yd o;a; iuQyhla

f.dkq lr we;s nj Tng yefÕkq we;'
7
 tfy;a ksje/È woyila ,nd .ekSu i|yd tu o;a; lsishï wdldrhlg ilia
lsÍulg Ndckh l< hq;= nj Tng o yefÕkq we;'

f;dr;=re hkq fudkjd o@

,nkakdg lsishï w¾:hla f.k fok mßÈ l%udkql+, j ilia lrk ,o o;a;
f;dr;=re f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

f;dr;=re Ndú; lrñka myiqfjka ;SrK .ekSu fyda tfia;a fkdue;s kï

myiqfjka ks.ukj,g t<öug fyda yels fõ' tfia ks.ukj,g t<öfï myiqj
i|yd o;a; lsishï ilia lsÍulg Ndckh lr f;dr;=rla njg m;a l< hq;= h' tfia
ilia fkdlrk ,o o;a;j,ska ksje/È ks.ukj,g t<öu i|yd úYd, mßY%uhla
±Íug isÿ fõ'

by; WÞyrKh u.ska mdi,l isiqka lsysm fokl=f.a kï iy úIhhka folla

i|yd Tjqka úiska ,nd .kq ,enQ ,l=Kq my;ska bÈßm;a lr we;'

ku m<uq jk úIhfha ,l=Kq fojk úIhfha ,l=Kq

Okql 95 85
;reñ‚ 75 80
i|,s 60 55
reisre 70 78
ks¨mq,a 68 65
p;=rx. 64 70
;reIs 51 71
u,s;a 80 71
j.=j 1'1 - úIhhka folla i|yd isiqka úiska ,nd .kq ,enQ ,l=Kq

fuu j.=j ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § by; WÞyrKh u.ska fok ,o o;a; igykg
jvd jeä f;dr;=re ^úia;r& m%udKhla Tng ,nd .; yels h'

fuu j.=j ;j ÿrg;a úia;r ,nd fok j.=jla njg myiqfjka u m;a l<
yels h' tla tla YsIHhd fyda YsIHdj úiska ,nd .;a ,l=Kqj, tl;=j" úIhhka i|yd
,nd .;a idudkH ,l=Kq .Kkh lsÍu jeks foa myiqfjka l< yels h' ^j.=j 1'2
n,kak&
8
 ls%hdldrlu
1'5
my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

ku m<uq jk úIhfha ,l=Kq fojk úIhfha ,l=Kq ,l=Kqj, tl;=j

Okql 95 85
;reñ‚ 75 80
i|,s 60 55
reisre 70 78
ks¨mq,a 68 65
p;=rx. 64 70
;reIs 51 71
u,s;a 80 71

idudkH
,l=Kq

j.=j 1'2 - úIhhka folla i|yd isiqka úiska ,nd .kq ,enQ ,l=Kq" Tjqkaf.a ,l=Kqj, tl;=j
iy úIhfhys idudkH ,l=Kq

j.=j 1'2 ys we;s f;dr;=rej,ska wmg fndfyda ks.ukj,g t<ôh yels h'
WÞyrKhla f,i tla tla YsIHhd fyda YsIHdj úiska ,nd .;a ,l=Kqj, tl;=j
wdY%fhka jeä u ,l=Kq ,nd .;a YsIHhd fyda YsIHdj fyda wvq u ,l=Kq ,nd .;a
YsIHhd fyda YsIHdj fidhd .ekSu myiqfjka l< yels h'

tfia u j.=j 1'2 ys we;s idudkH ,l=Kq wdY%fhka YsIHhkag jvd;a wmyiq jQ
úIhh l=ula o hk lreK;a ±k .ekSug yels h'

by;ska ±lafjk j.=j 1'2 Ndú;fhka YsIHhka úiska ,nd .kq ,enQ ,l=Kqj,
tl;=j iy idudkH ,l=Kqj,g wu;r j ;j;a fndfyda f;dr;=re .Kkh l<

9
yels h' WÞyrK f,i b;du;a myiqfjka ud;h" uOHkHh jeks w.hhka .Kkh
lsÍu fuys § fmkajd Èh yels h'

f;dr;=rej, iqúfYAI;d

f;dr;=re ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍfï § tAjdfha jeo.;alu ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd

my; i|yka lreKq Wmfhda.S jkq we;'

f;dr;=re ieu úg u"

• wÞ< ld¾hh i|yd WÑ; úh hq;= h'

• wÞ< ld¾hh i|yd m%udKj;a úh hq;= h'

• wÞ< ld¾hh i|yd ksje/È úh hq;= h'

• Ndú; lrkakdg meyeÈ,s j f;areï .; yels úh hq;= h'

• Ndú; lrkakdg úYajdi l< yels úh hq;= h'

• ksje/È mqoa.,hd fj;g <Õd úh hq;= h'

• kshñ; fõ,dj jk úg § ilia ù ^iQÞkï ù& ;sìh hq;= h'

• ksYAÑ; jákdlulska hqla; úh hq;= h'

1'3 mß.Klfha w;S; l;dj

mß.Klh fï jk úg Tng b;d u yqremqreÿ jpkhls' mß.Klhla Tng

b;d u myiqfjka y÷kd .ekSug;a yels h' tfy;a wo wm olsk fuu mß.Kl ìysùu
i|yd fndfyda ld,hla .; úh' tfia u fï i|yd fndfyda msßila ;u Þhl;ajh o
,nd ÿkay'

le,fha ;u Ôú;h .; l< ñksid l%ul%ufhka iudcYS,S ùu;a iuÕ u ;u

jev lghq;= myiqfjka iy l%udkql+, j bgq lr .ekSu i|yd fkdfhla wdldrfha
WmlrK ks¾udKh l< nj Tn wid we;'

10
 wenlih ^Abacus& ñksid ;u .‚; lghq;= myiq lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú;hg
.;a ir, wdldrfha jQ WmlrKhls' fndfyda fokdf.a ms<s.ekSu jkafka wenlih wo
wm Ndú; lrk mß.Klh i|yd wä;d,u jQ njhs'

ñksid .‚; l¾u i|yd uq,ska u Ndú; lrkq ,enQ WmlrKh f,i i,lk
wenlih jir oyia .Kkl isg f,dalfha úúO cd;Syq .‚; l¾u myiq lr .ekSu
i|yd Ndú; l<y' tfia u Ökh" cmdkh jeks wdishd;sl rgj, fuka u W;=re
wefußldj o .‚; l¾u i|yd wenlih Ndú; lrkq wo o olakg ,efí'

ñksid wenlih jeks WmlrK fidhd .ekSug uQ,sl u fya;=j jqfha ;u

lghq;= ld¾hlaIu j yd ksje/È j lr .ekSu i|yd jQ fm,Uùu hs' wo Ndú; lrkq
,nk wenlihl mska;+rhla Tng 1'1 rEmfhka ±l.; yels h'

rEmh 1'1 - wenlih

1617 § iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl fcdaka fkamsh¾ ^John Napier& úiska ,>q.Kl

isoaOdka; f,djg fy<s lrk ,È' ixLHd .=K lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ,>q.Kl Ndú;
lrñka myiq tl;= lsÍulg mßj¾;kh l< yels h' ,>q.Kl Ndú;fhka .eg¨
úi£fï § ,>q.Kl j.= Ndú; l< hq;= h' fcdaka fkamsh¾ úiska wjYH lrk w.hhka
we;ao< ;Srej, igyka lrñka fï i|yd wk¾> jQ úl,am l%uhla Ndú; lrk ,È'
fuf,i Ndú; lrk ,o ,>q.Kl w.hhka igyka jQ we;ao< ;Sre 'Napier's Bones'
f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí'

11
 rEmh 1'2 - fkamsh¾f.a we;ao< ;Sre

fcdaka fkamsh¾f.a ,>q.Kl ixl,am Ndú; lrñka 1632 § muK tx.,ka;fha

§ i¾mK rE, (Slide Ruler) ks¾udKh úh ^rEmh 1'2&'

rEmh 1'3 - i¾mK rE,

j¾I 1642 § muK m% x Y

cd;sl .‚;{hl= jQ íf,aia meial,a
^Blaise Pascal& úiska .‚; lghq;=
;jÿrg;a myiqfjka lr .ekSug
yels jQ wdl,k hka;%h (Adding
Machine) ks ¾ udKh lrk ,È'
fuu WmlrKh Ndú;fhka tl;=
lsÍu iy wvq lsÍu myiqfjka isÿ
lsÍug yels úh' fuu WmlrKh
'Pascaline' f,iska o y÷kajkq ,eî
h ^rEmh 1'4&'

rEmh 1'4 - meial,af.a wdl,k hka;%h

12
 j¾I 1674 § muK c¾udkq .‚;{hl= jQ f.dâ*%â S ú,afy,aï ^Gottfried Wilhelm&
úiska íf,aia meial,af.a fuu hka;%h ;jÿrg;a jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,È' fuu jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍu fya;=fjka tl;= lsÍï iy wvq lsÍï o Bg wu;r j fn§ï iy .=K lsÍï i|yd
o wjia:dj WÞ úh' f.dâ*%Sâ ú,afy,aï úiska jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o hka;%h 'Step
Reckoner' f,iska y÷kajkq ,nhs'

j¾I 1822 § bx.%Sis cd;slhl= jQ pd,aia nefíÊ ^Charles Babbage& úiska m<uq
hdka;%sl mß.Klh i|yd wjYH lrk wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lrk ,È' th
'Difference Engine' f,iska kï lrk ,o w;r tys wdlD;sh 1'5 rEm igyk u.ska
olajd we;'

rEmh 1'5
pd,aia nefíÊf.a
'Difference Engine'

ld¾ñllrKh;a iu. úúO hka;% iQ;% ks¾udKh jQ w;r m%xY cd;sl fcdaIma
cel=jdâ ^Joseph Jacquard& úiska Tyqf.a frÈ úùfï ld¾hh myiq lr .ekSu i|yd
1801 § muK hdka;%sl frÈ úhk hka;%h (Mechanical Looms) ks¾udKh lrk ,È'
fuys § isÿre lrk ,o ldâm;a Ndú; lrñka frÈj, úúOdldrfha rgd ks¾udKh
lsÍug fcdaIma cel=jdâ iu;a úh'

rEmh 1'6 - mß.Kl i|yd Ndú; l<

isÿre m;l wdlD;shla (Punch Card)

13
 pd,aia nefíÊ úiska 1833 § muK ks¾udKh lrk ,o wek,sál,a hka;%h
^Analytical Engine& i|yd uQ,sl wä;d,u jegqfKa fuu isÿre m;a ixl,amhhs' flfia
jqj o tu wjêfha § mej;s ;dlaI‚l ±kqfuka pd,aia nefíÊg Tyq is;+ wdldrfhka
wek,sál,a hka;%h ksmoùug wjia:dj WÞ lr .ekSug fkdyels úh' my;ska
±lafjkafka pd,aia nefíÊ úiska ks¾udKh lrkakg W;aidy l< wek,sál,a
hka;%fhys rEm igykls'

rEmh 1'7
wek,sál,a hka;h
%

fuu wek,sál,a hka;%fhys l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § olakg

,efnk úfYAI ,laIKhla jkafka tys o;a; wdÞkh (Input)" ;ekam;a lsÍu (Storing)"
ilia lsÍu (Processing) iy m%;sÞkh (Output) hk ld¾hhka isÿ lsÍu i|yd wjYH
lrk Wmdx.hka tA ;=< ks¾udKh ù ;sîuhs' miqld,Sk j ks¾udKh lrk ,o mß.Kl
i|yd pd,aia nefíÊf.a fuu ixl,am fndfyda fihska bjy,a jQ w;r tA ksid u pd,aia
nefíÊ mß.Klfha mshd f,iska i,lkq ,nhs'

rEmh 1'8 - pd,aia nefíÊ

pd,aia nefíÊf.a ñ;=ßhl jQ wevd T.iagd ,õf,aia (Ada Augusta Lovelace),

Tyqf.a fuu hka;%h i|yd wjYH lrk jevigyka ilia lsÍu i|yd Wkkaÿ jQjd h'
fufia ilia lrkq ,enQ jev igyka miq j mß.Kl jev igyka ilia lsÍu
i|yd ork ,o m%:u W;aidyh f,i i,lk ,È' tksid u wevd T.iagd ,õf,aia
14
f,da l fha m% : u mß.Kl jevigyka Ys , a m s k s h ^First Computer Programmer&
^l%uf,aLk Ys,amsksh$mß.Kl l%uf,aÅldj& f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs'

miqld,Sk j yuqÞ lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk mß.Kl NdIdjla jk

'Ada' mß.Kl NdIdj wehg f.!rj lsÍula jYfhka wehf.a uq,a kñka kï lrk ,È'

rEmh 1'9
wevd T.iagd ,õf,aia

fcdaIma cel=jdâf.a isÿre m;a ixl,amh Ndú; lrñka 1890 § weußldkq ck

ix.Kkh b;d u id¾:l whqßka isÿ lsÍug y¾uka fydf,aß;a ^Herman Hollerith&
kue;a;d iu;a úh' b;d u wvq ld,hlska fuu ix.Kkfha m%;sM, ,nd §ug y¾uka
fydf,aß;ag yels jQfha" ksje/È wdldrfhka fuu isÿre m;a ;dlaIKh Tyq Ndú; l<
ksid h'

wo b;d u ckm%sh mß.Kl ksIamdok wdh;khla jk IBM (International

Business Machines) wdh;kh ìysjQfha o y¾uka fydf,aß;af.a uQ,sl;ajfhks'

rEmh 1'10
y¾uka fydf,aß;a

1937 § ydj¾â úYajúoHd,fha fydaj¾â thslka ^Howard Aiken& pd,aia nefíÊf.a

ixl,am jeä ÈhqKq lrkakg úYd, W;aidyhla ±refõ h' tys m%;sM,hla f,i 1944
§ muK fydaj¾â thslkag iy ydj¾â ys IBM wdh;kfha fiajh l< Tyqf.a ñ;=rkag

15
'Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator' kï jQ WmlrKh ks¾udKh lsÍug yels
úh' flfia kuq;a fuu 'Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator' kï jQ WmlrKh
miqj ud¾la I ^Mark I& f,iska kï lrkq ,eî h'

rEmh 1'11 - fydaj¾â thslka ud¾la I hka;%h iu.

ud¾la I hka;%h .ek i,ld ne,Sfï § thg b;du;a myiqfjka tl;= lsÍï"
wvq lsÍï" jeä lsÍï iy fn§ï bgq lsÍug yelshdj ;snq‚' o;a; we;=¿ lsÍu ^o;a;
wdÞkh& i|yd h;=re,shkhla iïnkaO lr ;snQ w;r o;a; m%;sÞkh i|yd isÿre m;a
Ndú; lrkq ,eîh' ud¾la I hka;%fha ;=kaoyilg wêl jQ úoHq;a hdka;%sl fldgia
^Electromechanical relays& wvx.= j ;snQ w;r th nßka fgdka myla muK úh' tfia u
fuu ud¾la I hka;%h jir 15lg jeä ld,hla mß.Kl f,dj ;=< Ndú; lrkq ,eîu
o fuys § i|yka l< hq;= h'
1937 iy 1942 w;r ld,fha § n,af.aßhdkq cd;sl uydpd¾h fcdaka úkaikaÜ
wgdkdfid*a (John Vincent Atanasoff) úiska la,s*¾â fnÍ (Clifford Berry) f.a o iydh
we;s j mß.Klhla w¾O jYfhka ksu lrk ,È' miq j fuu mß.Klh 'Atanasoff
Berry Computer' ^ABC mß.Klh& f,iska kï lrkq ,eî h'

rEmh 1'12 rEmh 1'13 - ABC mß.Klh

fcdaka úkaikaÜ wgdkdfid*a Atanasoff - Berry Computer

16
 flfia jqj o m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mß.Klh ms<sn| j fndfyda jdo újdo
mj;S' iuyreka mjikafka m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mß.Klh uydpd¾h fcdaka úkaikaÜ
wgdkdfid*a úiska ilia lrkq ,enQ ABC mß.Klh njhs' flfia jqj o fuu ABC
mß.Kl ks¾udKh w¾O f,iska ksu lr ;snQ neúka tA i|yd wjYH jk fmagkaÜ
n,m;%h ,nd .ekSug Tjqkg fkdyels úh' fuu fya;=j ksid u miqld,Sk j
ksIm
a dokh lrk ,o ENIAC ^Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer& mß.Klh
f,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mß.Klh f,iska i,lkq ,efí'

1945 § muK .‚;{hl= jQ fcdaka fjdka kshQudka (Jhon Von Neumann) úiska
mß.Kl i|yd Ndú; l< yels kj ixl,amhla y÷kajd fok ,È' tys .eí jQ uQ,sl
woyi jQfha mß.Kl hka;%fha fN!;sl fjkialï isÿ fkdlr tys ;ekam;a lrkq
,nk jevigyka ^Stored-program& wdY%fhka tla mß.Klhla u.ska úúOdldrfha jQ
jev lghq;= lr .ekSug yels ùu hkakhs' wo wms Ndú; lrkq ,nk mß.Klj,
Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka fcdaka fjdka kshqudka úiska y÷kajd fokq ,enQ fuu
ixl,amhhs'

1946 § muK fmksis,afõkshd úYajúoHd,fha úoHq;a bxðfkare wxYh jQ uQ¾

mdif,a § ^Moor School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania& f,dj
m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mß.Klh ^Electronic Digital Computer& ìys úh' th ENIAC
kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ w;r th ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd ßla;l k< ^Vacuum Tubes&
18"000la muK fhdÞ .kakd ,È' ßla;l k<hl rEm igykla my;ska olajd we;'

rEmh 1'14 - ßla;l k<h

ENIAC mß.Klh tla ;;amrhla ;=< § .‚; l¾u 5"000la muK bgq lr§fï
yelshdjlska hqla; jQ kuq;a th m%udKfhka b;d u úYd, ùu fuys olakg ,enqKq

17
m%Odk;u ÿ¾j,;dj úh' tA w;r wêl WIaK;ajh ksid ks;r ks;r ±ù hk ßla;l
k< udre lsÍug isÿ ùu fuys olakg ,enqKq ;j;a ÿ¾j,;djls' úÿ,s n,h wêl f,i
wjYH ùu o fuys olakg ,enqKq ÿ¾j,;djls'
ßla;l k< fhdÞ .ksñka ks¾udKh lrk ,o mß.Kl m<uq mrïmrdfõ
mß.Kl ^First Generation Computers& f,i ye¢kafõ'

rEmh 1'15 - ENIAC mß.Klh

bka jir lsysmhlg miq tkï jir 1950 § frñx.agka /kaâ ^Remington Rand&
wdh;kh úiska ksIamdokh lrkq ,enQ UNIVAC - I (Universal Automatic Calculator - I)
mß.Klhg ;;amrhl ld,hla ;=< § .Kkh lsÍï 10"000la muK lsÍfï yelshdj
;sn‚
q '

rEmh 1'16 - UNIVAC - I mß.Klh

fï w;r j¾I 1957 § 'International Business Machine Corporation' ^IBM& wdh;kh

úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o IBM 704 mß.Klhg ;;amrhla ;=< § .Kkh lsÍu
100"000la muK bgq lr §fï yelshdj ;snq‚'
mß.Klfhys fojk mrïmrdj wdrïN jkafka g%dkaii s g
a rh ^Transistor& fidhd
.ekSu;a iu.sks' g%dkaisiagrh fidhd .ekSfï f.!rjh fn,a úoHd.drfha ú,shï
fIdlaf,a ^William Shockley&" fcdaka ndãka ^John Bardeen& iy fjda,ag¾ n%dfÜ%ka ^Walter
Brarttain& hk whg ysñ jk w;r fï i|yd Tjqkag j¾I 1956 § fN!;sl úoHdj i|yd
jQ fkdfn,a ;Hd.h o msßkukq ,eî h'

18
 m%udKfhka jvd l=vd jQ g%dkaisiag¾ Ndú; lrñka fojk mrïmrdfõ
mß.Klhka ìys jQ w;r ;;amrhla ;=< § .‚; l¾u 200"000;a 250"000;a w;r
m%udKhla bgq lsÍug fuu mß.Kl iu;a úh'

rEmh 1'17 - g%dkaisiagrhla

wvq úÿ,s n,hla Ndú; ùu;a" m%udKfhka l=vd ùu;a fuu fojk mrïmrdfõ
mß.Klj, ^Second Generation Computers& olakg ,enqKq ,laIK h'

;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl ^Third Generation of Computers& ks¾udKh lsÍu

i|yd ifudaOdks;$wkql,s; mßm: ^Integrated Circuits fláfhka IC f,i ye¢kafõ'&
Ndú; lrk ,È'

IC Ndú; lsÍu ksid mß.Klh m%udKfhka ;j;a l=vd jQ w;r jeä

ld¾hlaIu;djla o w;am;a lr .ekSug yels úh' uq,a ld,fha § Ndú; lrk ,o
ifudaOdks;$wkql,s; mßm:j, wvq g%dkaisiagr m%udKhla we;=<;a jQ w;r tAjdfha
;dlaIKh SSI ^Small Scale Integration& f,iska ye¢kaú‚' fuu mßm: jvd;a ÈhqKq
lrñka tkï tla mßm:hla ;=< jeä g%dkaisiagr m%udKhla we;=<;a lrñka B<Õ
mrïmrdj, ifudaOdks;$wkql,s; mßm: ks¾udKh lrk ,o w;r tAjd ms<sfj<ska
MSI (Medium Scale Integration), LSI (Large Scale Integration), VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration) iy ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí'

;dlaI‚l ÈhqKj q ;a iu. ìys jQ laIøq mßm: ^Microchips& mß.Klfha y;rjk

mrïmrdj ^Fourth Generation Computers& ksfhdackh lrhs' fuu laIqø mßm:
uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾ ^Microprocessor& f,iska o y÷kajkq ,efí' ^rEmh 1'18&

19
 rEmh 1'18 - mß.Klj, Ndú; lrk laIqø mßm:$uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾ lsysmhla

mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh ^Computer Classification&

mß.Kl ms<sn| j l;d ny lsÍfï § wmg tAjd fkdfhl=;a wdldrfhka j¾.

lsÍug yels h' wms fuys § uQ,sl wdldrhka lsysmhla ms<sn| j muKla i,ld n,uq'

(i) mrïmrdj wkqj mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh lsÍu ^Classification of Computers

according to the Generation&

ks¾udKh lrk ,o ld,h iy Ndú; lrk ,o ;dlaI‚l Wmdx. wkqj

mß.Kl m%Odk mrïmrd ^Generations& myla ^5& hgf;a j¾. l< yels h'

1' m<uq jk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (First Generation Computers) :-

fuu mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd ßla;l k< (Vacuum tubes)
Ndú; lrk ,È'

2' fojk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Second Generation Computers) :-

fuu mß.Kl ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd g%dkaisiag¾ (Transistors) Ndú; lrk ,È'

3' ;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Third Generation Computers) :-

fuu mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd ifudaOdks;$wkql,s; mßm:
^Integerated Circuits - IC& Ndú; lrk ,È'

4' y;rjk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Fourth Generation Computers) :-

fuu mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd jvd;a ixlS¾K jQ laIqø
mßm: ^uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾ - Microprocessors& Ndú; lrk ,È'

20
 5' miajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl (Fifth Generation Computers) :-
is;kakg yels mß.Kl miajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl f,iska i,lkq ,efí'
lD;%u
s nqoê
a h (Artificial Intelligence) Ndú; lrñka miajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl
ks¾udKh i|yd úoHd{fhda W;aidy orñka isá;s'

(ii) m%udKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh lsÍu (Classification of

Computers According to the Size)

m%udKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl fkdfhl=;a wdldrhg j¾.SlrKh l<

yels h' fuys § mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr y;rlg fnÞ fjka l< yels h'
1' iqmsß mß.Kl (Super Computers)
m%n, ld¾hlaIu;djlska yd yelshdjkaf.ka hq;a hï úfYaIs; ld¾hhla i|yd
ksu jk ,o mß.Kl fï kñka ye¢kafõ'
2' uyd mß.Kl (Mainframe Computers) :
m%udKfhka b;d u úYd, mß.Kl fï kñka ye¢kafõ'
3' uOH mß.Kl (Mini Computers) :
uOHu m%udKfha mß.Kl fufia y÷kajd Èh yels h'
4' laIqø mß.Kl (Micro Computers) :
fuu mß.Kl m%udKfhka b;d u l=vd h'

flfia jqj o b;d u fõ.fhka isÿjk ;dlaI‚l ÈhqKqj ksid wo jk úg

mß.Kl fufia iqmsß" uyd" uOH iy laIqø f,i j¾. lsÍu wmyiq ù we;' fï ksid wo
Ndú;fha mj;sk mß.Kl my; wdldrfhka j¾. lsÍu iy y÷kajd §u isÿ l< yels h'

— mqoa., mß.Kl (Personal Computers) :

;ks;ks mqo.
a ,hskg
a Ndú; lsÍug yels whqßka ilia jQ l=vd mß.Kl fm!oa.,sl
mß.Kl f,iska y÷kajd Èh yels w;r wo jk úg fuu j¾.fha mß.Kl
b;d u ÈhqKq ;;a;ajfhys we;' iuyr wjia:dj, § fïi mß.Kl (Desktop
Computers) f,i o fïjd y÷kajkq ,nhs'

— Wl=¿ mß.Kl (Laptop Computers) :

tyd fuyd f.k hdug yels wdldrfhka ilia jQ mß.Kl fï kñka y÷kajd
fokq ,nhs' fujeks mß.Kl úúO kïj,ska y÷kajd fok w;r jvd;a
m%p,s; kï jkqfha isÕ; s s mß.Kl (Notebook Computers) fyda iqjykSh mß.Kl
(Portable Computers) f,isks'

21
— w;a, mß.Kl (Palmtop Computers) :
w,af,a ;ndf.k jev lghq;= l< yels wdldrfha l=vd mß.Kl fï kñka
y÷kajkq ,nhs' fndfyda wjia:dj, § Palmtop mß.Kl mqo. a , iydhl mß.Kl
(PDAs - Personal Digital Assistants) f,iska o y÷kajkq ,nhs'

— jev ksfla;k mß.Kl (Workstation Computers) :

jvd jeä yelshdjka f.ka hqla; j ks¾udKh lrk ,o 'Desktop PC' ye¢kaùu
i|yd 'Workstations' hk ku Ndú; lrhs' fujeks mß.Kl jvd;a ixlS¾K jQ
;%sudK Ñ;% ks¾udK ^3D Graphic Designing& lghq;= i|yd fiajdÞhl mß.Kl
f,i o Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'

(iii) ld¾hh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh

(Classification of Computers According to the Purpose)

ld¾hh wkqj mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr follg fnÞ fjka l< yels h'
1' idudkH lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl ^General Purpose Computers&&
tÈfkÞ lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk mß.Kl fï hg;g .efka'
2' úfYaI ld¾h i|yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl ^ Special Purpose Computers&&
úfYaIs; jQ úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK" hqo fufyhqï" f;,a ksê .fõIKh jeks
iqúfYaIS ld¾hhka i|yd ks¾udKh lrk ,o mß.Kl fï hg;g .efka'

(iv) ks¾udK ;dlaIKh ie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh lsÍu

^Classification of Computers According to the Design Technology&

mß.Kl ks¾udKh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk ks¾udK ;dlaIKh ie,ls,a,g

f.k mß.Kl m%Odk wdldr ;=klg fnÞ fjka l< yels h'
— ixLHdxl$wxlsl mß.Kl (Digital Computers) :
oaúuh ixLHd ixl,amh Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ mß.Kl fï
.Khg .efka'
— m%;siu mß.Kl (Analog Computers) :
m%;i
s u mß.Kl l%hs d;aul ùu i|yd WIaK;ajh" f;rmqu" mSvkh jeks fN!;sl
o;a; Wmfhda.s lr .efka'
— ñY% fyda fouqyqï mß.Kl (Hybrid Computers) :
by; olajk ,o mß.Kl j¾. foflys u iïñY%Khla f,iska ñY% fyda
fouqyqï mß.Kl y÷kajd Èh yelshs'
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