Scilab Manual for

Optical Fiber Communication

by Prof Harsha Sanap
Others
Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil
Pratishthan’s College of Engineering/Mumbai
University1

Solutions provided by
Prof RAJIV S. TAWDE
Others
Mumbai University/PVPPCOE

December 9, 2018

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Scilab Manual and Scilab codes
written in it can be downloaded from the ”Migrated Labs” section at the website
http://scilab.in
1
Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 3

1 To compute the Thermal noise,Signal to noise ratio and

Shot noise power for a PIN photodiode 4

2 To compute the responsivity,received optical power & the

number of photons received by a pn photodiode 6

3 Compute the resulting output voltage of a photodetector 8

4 Compute the acceptance angle for the optical fiber in water 10

5 Compute the numerical aperture and the critical angle at

the core cladding interface for the step index fiber 12

6 Computation of maximum bit rate for RZ & NRZ encoding

for the pulse spreading constants certain cable lengths 14

7 Computing overall signal attenuation,signal attenuation/km,overall

signal attenuation for 20km link with splices at 2km inter-
val 16

8 To compute the maximum link span for 4,8,16 channel;

2.5Gb/s channel optical link. 18

9 Compute the numerical aperture & the acceptance angle

for the fiber in air 20

10 Compute the absorption loss taking place in an optical fiber 22

2
List of Experiments

Solution 1.1 Experiment Number 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Solution 2.1 Experiment Number 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Solution 3.1 Experiment Number 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Solution 4.1 Experiment Number 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Solution 5.1 Experiment Number 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Solution 6.1 Experiment Number 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Solution 7.1 Experiment Number 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Solution 8.1 Experiment Number 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Solution 9.1 Experiment Number 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Solution 10.1 Experiment Number 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3
 Experiment: 1

To compute the Thermal

noise,Signal to noise ratio and
Shot noise power for a PIN
photodiode

Scilab code Solution 1.1 Experiment Number 1

1 //AIM : To compute t h e Thermal n o i s e , S i g n a l t o n o i s e

r a t i o and S h o t n o i s e power
2 // f o r a PIN p h o t o d i o d e
3
4 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
5 //OS Windows 7
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // C o n s i d e r r e s p o n s i v i t y 0 . 5 A/W, l o a d
r e s i s t a n c e =2000
ohms , s y s t e m
9 // bandwidth =50MHz, t e m p e r a t u r e =40 d e g r e e s c e n t i g r a d e
10 // ( a ) Thermal n o i s e :
11 T =40+273; //T=T e m p e r a t u r e
12 disp ( ’K ’ ,T , ’T= ’ )
13 delF =50*(10^3) ; // d e l F=Bandwidth

4
14 k =1.38*(10^ -23) ; // k=Boltzmann c o n s t a n t
15 e =1.6*(10^ -19) ; //E=E l e c t r o n
16 RL =2000; //RL=Load r e s i s t a n c e
17 //PNT=4∗k ∗T∗ d e l F where PNT=Thermal n o i s e
18 // I f s h o t n o i s e i s e q u a l t o t h e r m a l n o i s e , t h e n PNT=
PNS
19 //PNS i s t h e s h o t n o i s e power
20 // So , 4∗ k ∗T∗ d e l F =2∗ e ∗ i S ∗ d e l F ∗RL
21 // Hence i S =(2∗ k ∗T) / ( e ∗RL)
22 iS =(2* k * T ) /( e * RL ) ; // i S= s i g n a l p h o t o c u r r e n t
23 disp ( ’Amp ’ ,iS , ’ i S= ’ )
24 R =0.5; //R= r e s p o n s i v i t y =0.5
25 PR = iS / R ;
26 disp ( ’ Watts ’ ,PR , ’ R e c e i v e d o p t i c power PR= ’ ) ;
27 PNT =4* k * T * delF ;
28 disp ( PNT , ’ Thermal n o i s e PNT= ’ )
29
30 // ( b ) S i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o :
31 // S i n c e PNS=PNT ;
32 // T o t a l n o i s e ; N=PNS+PNT
33 // So , N=2∗PNS
34 // But PNS=2∗ e ∗ i S ∗ d e l F ∗RL
35 S_by_N =( iS ) /(4* e * delF ) ;
36 disp ( S_by_N , ’ S i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o ( S /N)= ’ )
37
38 // ( c ) S h o t n o i s e power :
39 PNS =2* e * iS * delF * RL ;
40 disp ( ’ Watts ’ ,PNS , ’ S h o t n o i s e power PNS= ’ )

5
 Experiment: 2

To compute the
responsivity,received optical
power & the number of photons
received by a pn photodiode

Scilab code Solution 2.1 Experiment Number 2

1 //AIM : To compute t h e r e s p o n s i v i t y , r e c e i v e d o p t i c a l
power & t h e number o f
2 // p h o t o n s r e c e i v e d by a pn p h o t o d i o d e
3
4 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
5 //OS Windows 7
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // L e t u s c o n s i d e r quantum e f f i c i e n c y o f 50% a t a
wavelength of 0.9 micrometres
9 //& mean p h o t o c u r r e n t i s 10ˆ −6 Amp
10 n =50/100; // n=Quantum e f f i c i e n c y =50%( g i v e n )
11 lambda =0.9*(10^ -6) ;
12 // ( a ) : R e s p o n s i v i t y
13 // R e s p o n s i v i t y R i s r e l a t e d t o t h e quantum

6
 e f f i c i e n c y n a s R=(n∗ e ∗ lambda ) / ( h∗ e )
14 e =1.6*(10^ -19) ;
15 h =6.6*(10^ -34) ;
16 c =3*(10^8) ;
17 R =( n * e * lambda ) /( h * c ) ;
18 disp ( ’AWˆ−1 ’ ,R , ’R= ’ )
19
20 // ( b ) : R e c e i v e d o p t i c a l power :
21 //R=I p /P0
22 Ip =10^ -6;
23 P0 = Ip / R ;
24 disp ( ’ Watts ’ ,P0 , ’ R e c e i v e d o p t i c a l power ( P0 )= ’ )
25
26 //No . o f r e c e i v e d p h o t o n s :
27 E =( h * c ) /( lambda ) ;
28 disp ( ’ Watts ’ ,E , ’E= ’ )
29 // O p t i c a l power=No . o f p h o t o n s ∗ Energy o f a p h o t o n
30 NOP = P0 / E ;
31 disp ( ’ p h o t o n s / s e c ’ ,NOP , ’ Number o f p h o t o n s= ’ )

7
 Experiment: 3

Compute the resulting output

voltage of a photodetector

Scilab code Solution 3.1 Experiment Number 3

1 //AIM : Compute t h e r e s u l t i n g o u t p u t v o l t a g e o f a
photodetector
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
3 //OS Windows 7
4 clc ;
5 clear ;
6 // L e t quantum e f f i c i e n c y = 0 . 9 , w a v e l e n g t h =1.3
m i c r o m e t r e & i n c i d e n t power l e v e l
7 // o f −37dBm
8 // A l s o we c o n s i d e r l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i s 50 ohms and
1 0 0 0 ohms .
9 n =0.9; // n=Quantum e f f i c i e n c y
10 lambda =1.3*(10^( -6) ) ; // lambda=w a v e l e n g t h
11 // I n c i d e n t o p t i c a l power P i a=−37dBm
12 Pia = -37; // P i a=I n c i d e n t power l e v e l
13 Pi =(10^( -3) ) *(10^( Pia /10) ) ; // Computing t h e i n c i d e n t
o p t i c a l power i n Watts
14 disp ( ’ Watts ’ ,Pi , ’ I n c i d e n t o p t i c a l power ( Pi ) i n
Watts= ’ )

8
15 h =(6.625) *(10^( -34) ) ; // h=Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t
16 c =(3) *(10^(8) ) ; // c=Speed o f l i g h t
17 e =(1.6) *(10^( -19) ) ; // E l e c t r o n
18 I =( n * e * lambda * Pi ) /( h * c ) ; // Computing c u r r e n t I
19 disp ( ’Amp ’ ,I , ’ C u r r e n t ( I )= ’ )
20 // V o l t a g e a c r o s s r e s i s t o r o f 50 ohms
21 R1 =50;
22 V1 = I * R1 ; // B a s i c r e l a t i o n : V o l t a g e=C u r r e n t ∗ R e s i s t a n c e
23 disp ( ’ V o l t s ’ ,V1 , ’ V1= ’ )
24
25 // V o l t a g e a c r o s s r e s i s t o r o f ohms
26 R2 =1000;
27 V2 = I * R2 ; // B a s i c r e l a t i o n : V o l t a g e=C u r r e n t ∗ R e s i s t a n c e
28 disp ( ’ V o l t s ’ ,V2 , ’ V2= ’ )

9
 Experiment: 4

Compute the acceptance angle

for the optical fiber in water

Scilab code Solution 4.1 Experiment Number 4

1 //AIM : Compute t h e a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e f o r t h e o p t i c a l
f i b e r in water
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
3 //OS Windows 7
4 clc ;
5 clear ;
6 // L e t r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x be 1 . 3 3 , n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e be
0 . 2 0 and c l a d d i n g
7 // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x be 1 . 5 9 .
8 na =1.33;
9 n2 =1.59;
10 NA =0.20;
11 // The r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e c o r e n1 i s n o t g i v e n .
So i s h a s t o be c a l c u l a t e d .
12 //NA=s q r t ( ( n1 ˆ 2 ) −(n2 ˆ 2 ) )
13 n1 = sqrt (( NA ^2) +( n2 ^2) ) ;
14 disp ( n1 , ’ n1= ’ )
15 fiy_c = asin ( n2 / n1 ) ;
16 fiy_c_degrees =( fiy_c ) *(180/ %pi ) ;

10
17 disp ( ’ d e g r e e s ’ , fiy_c_degrees , ’ C r i t i c a l a n g l e a t t h e
c o r e −c l a d d i n g i n t e r f a c e : f i y c = ’ )
18 // Computing t h e a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e
19 theta_a = asin ( NA / na ) ;
20 theta_a_degrees =( theta_a ) *(180/ %pi ) ;
21 disp ( ’ d e g r e e s ’ , theta_a_degrees , ’ A c c e p t a n c e a n g l e :
t h e t a a= ’ )

11
 Experiment: 5

Compute the numerical

aperture and the critical angle
at the core cladding interface
for the step index fiber

Scilab code Solution 5.1 Experiment Number 5

1 //AIM : Compute t h e n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e and t h e

c r i t i c a l angle at the core
2 // c l a d d i n g i n t e r f a c e f o r t h e s t e p i n d e x f i b e r
3
4 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
5 //OS Windows 7
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // L e t t h e a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e i n a i r be 22 d e g r e e s and
a r e l a t i v e r e f r a c t i v e index
9 // d i f f e r e n c e o f 3%
10 theta_a_degrees =22;
11 theta_a_radians =( theta_a_degrees ) *( %pi /180) ;
12 del =0.03;
13 NA = sin ( theta_a_radians ) ;

12
14 disp ( NA , ’NA= ’ )
15 n1 =( NA ) /( sqrt (2* del ) ) ;
16 disp ( n1 , ’ n1= ’ )
17 // Computing n2 :
18 n2 = n1 -( del * n1 ) ;
19 disp ( n2 , ’ n2= ’ )
20 // Computing t h e c r i t i c a l a n g l e
21 fiy_c = asin ( n2 / n1 ) ;
22 fiy_c_degrees =( fiy_c ) *(180/ %pi ) ;
23 disp ( ’ d e g r e e s ’ , fiy_c_degrees , ’ C r i t i c a l a n g l e= ’ )

13
 Experiment: 6

Computation of maximum bit

rate for RZ & NRZ encoding
for the pulse spreading
constants certain cable lengths

Scilab code Solution 6.1 Experiment Number 6

1 //AIM : Computation o f maximum b i t r a t e f o r RZ & NRZ

encoding f o r the pulse
2 // s p r e a d i n g c o n s t a n t s & c e r t a i n c a b l e l e n g t h s
3
4 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
5 //OS Windows 7
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // C o n s i d e r p u l s e s p r e a d i n g c o n s t a n t s & c a b l e
lengths
as f o l l o w s :
9 // ( i ) : T =10 n s /mm, L=100m; ( i i ) : T =20 n s /m, L=1000m ; (
i i i ) : T =2000 n s /m, L=2km
10
11 //To f i n d maximum b i t r a t e f o r RZ & NRZ e n c o d i n g
12 // ( i ) : S i n c e d e l T 1 =10 n s /mm and 1mm=10ˆ−6 km

14
13 delT1 =10*(10^( -9) ) *(10^(6) ) ;
14 disp ( ’ s e c /km ’ , delT1 , ’ d e l T 1= ’ )
15 tao1 =0.1* delT1 ; // Computing t o t a l d i s p e r s i o n f o r 100
m
16 disp ( ’ s e c ’ , tao1 , ’ T o t a l d i s p e r s i o n f o r 100 m= ’ )
17 //Maximum p o s s i b l e o p t i c a l bandwidth=maximum
p o s s i b l e b i t r a t e f o r RZ
18 Bopt1 =1/(2* tao1 )
19 disp ( ’ b i t s / s e c ’ , Bopt1 , ’ Maximum p o s s i b l e b i t r a t e f o r
RZ= ’ )
20 NRZ1 = Bopt1 /2;
21 disp ( ’ b i t s / s e c ’ , NRZ1 , ’ Maximum p o s s i b l e b i t r a t e f o r
NRZ= ’ )
22 // ( i i ) : S i n c e d e l T 2 =20 n s /m and 1m=10ˆ−3km
23 delT2 =20*(10^( -9) ) /(10^( -3) ) ;
24 disp ( ’ s e c ’ , delT2 , ’ T o t a l d i s p e r s i o n f o r 1 0 0 0 m o r 1
km = ’ )
25 tao2 = delT2 ;
26 Bopt2 =1/(2* tao2 )
27 disp ( ’ b i t s / s e c ’ , Bopt2 , ’ Maximum p o s s i b l e b i t r a t e f o r
RZ= ’ )
28 NRZ2 = Bopt2 /2;
29 disp ( ’ b i t s / s e c ’ , NRZ2 , ’ Maximum p o s s i b l e b i t r a t e f o r
NRZ= ’ )
30 // ( i i i ) : S i n c e d e l T 3 =2000 n s /m and 1m=10ˆ−3km
31 delT3 =2000*(10^( -9) ) /(10^( -3) ) ;
32 disp ( ’ s e c /km ’ , delT3 , ’ d e l T 3= ’ )
33 tao3 = delT3 *2;
34 disp ( ’ s e c ’ , tao3 , ’ T o t a l d i s p e r s i o n o v e r a l e n g t h o f 2
km = ’ )
35 Bopt3 =1/(2* tao3 )
36 disp ( ’ b i t s / s e c ’ , Bopt3 , ’ Maximum p o s s i b l e b i t r a t e f o r
RZ= ’ )
37 NRZ3 = Bopt3 /2;
38 disp ( ’ b i t s / s e c ’ , NRZ3 , ’ Maximum p o s s i b l e b i t r a t e f o r
NRZ= ’ )

15
 Experiment: 7

Computing overall signal

attenuation,signal
attenuation/km,overall signal
attenuation for 20km link with
splices at 2km interval

Scilab code Solution 7.1 Experiment Number 7

1 //AIM : Computing o v e r a l l s i g n a l a t t e n u a t i o n , s i g n a l
a t t e n u a t i o n /km , o v e r a l l
2 // s i g n a l a t t e n u a t i o n f o r 20km l i n k w i t h s p l i c e s a t 2
km i n t e r v a l
3
4 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
5 //OS Windows 7
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // L e t u s c o n s i d e r t h a t e a c h s p l i c e gives attenuation
o f 1 . 5 dB f o r 10km l o n g
9 // o p t i c a l f i b e r h a v i n g o u t p u t o p t i c a l power o f 4 W
10 // and i n p u t o p t i c a l power o f 100 W

16
11
12 Pin =100*(10^( -6) ) ; // Pin=I n p u t o p t i c a l power
13 Pout =4*(10^( -6) ) ; // Pout=Output o p t i c a l power
14 alphaT =10* log10 ( Pin / Pout ) ; // alphaT=O v e r a l l
attenuation
15 disp ( ’ dB ’ , alphaT , ’ O v e r a l l a t t e n u a t i o n ( alphaT )= ’ )
16 // The l e n g t h o f t h e o p t i c a l f i b e r i s 10km
17 L1 =10*(10^(3) ) ;
18 // Computing S i g n a l a t t e n u a i o n p e r km
19 alpha = alphaT /10;
20 disp ( ’ dB/km ’ , alpha , ’ The s i g n a l a t t e n u a t i o n p e r
kilometer ( alpha ) =’ )
21 // Computation f o r 20 kms l e n g t h :
22 L2 =20*(10^(3) ) ;
23 TSA = alpha /(10^(3) ) * L2 ; //TSA=T o t a l s i g n a l a t t e n u a t i o n
24 disp ( ’ dB ’ ,TSA , ’ T o t a l s i g n a l a t t e n u a t i o n= ’ )
25 //A s p l i c e i s c o n n e c t e d a t e a c h 2km d i s t a n c e . Thus
t o t a l 9 s p l i c e s are used .
26 //Now e a c h s p l i c e g i v e s 1 . 5 dB a t t e n u a t i o n .
27 S =9; // S=T o t a l No . o f s p l i c e s u s e d
28 A =1.5; //A=A t t e n u a t i o n by e a c h s p l i c e
29 TAFS = S * A ; //TAFS=T o t a l a t t e n u a t i o n from s p l i c e s
30 disp ( ’ dB ’ , TAFS , ’ T o t a l a t t e n u a t i o n from s p l i c e s = ’ )
31 // Computing o v e r a l l s i g n a l a t t e n u a t i o n i n c l u d i n g
a t t e n u a t i o n due t o s p l i c e s
32 a = TAFS + TSA ;
33 disp ( ’ dB ’ ,a , ’ O v e r a l l s i g n a l a t t e n u a t i o n i n c l u d i n g
a t t e n u a t i o n due t o s p l i c e s = ’ )

17
 Experiment: 8

To compute the maximum link

span for 4,8,16 channel;
2.5Gb/s channel optical link.

Scilab code Solution 8.1 Experiment Number 8

1 //AIM : To compute t h e maximum l i n k s p a n f o r 4 , 8 , 1 6

c h a n n e l ; 2 . 5 Gb/ s c h a n n e l
2 // o p t i c a l l i n k .
3
4 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
5 //OS Windows 7
6 clc ;
7 clear ;
8 // ( i ) : Computing maximum l i n k s p a n f o r 4− c h a n n e l , 2 . 5
Gb/ s p e r c h a n n e l
9 // o p t i c a l l i n k
10
11 fb1 =4*2.5;
12 Lmax1 =(6.1*(10^3) ) /(( fb1 ) ^2) ;
13 disp ( ’km ’ , Lmax1 , ’ Maximum l i n k s p a n f o r 4− c h a n n e l , 2 . 5
Gb/ s p e r c h a n n e l o p t i c a l l i n k ( i . e . Lmax1 ) = ’ )
14

18
15 // ( i i ) : Computing maximum l i n k s p a n f o r 8− c h a n n e l , 2 . 5
Gb/ s p e r c h a n n e l
16 // o p t i c a l l i n k
17
18 fb2 =8*2.5;
19 Lmax2 =(6.1*(10^3) ) /(( fb2 ) ^2) ;
20 disp ( ’km ’ , Lmax2 , ’ Maximum l i n k s p a n f o r 8− c h a n n e l , 2 . 5
Gb/ s p e r c h a n n e l o p t i c a l l i n k ( i . e . Lmax2 ) = ’ )
21
22 // ( i i i ) : Computing maximum l i n k s p a n f o r 16− c h a n n e l
, 2 . 5 Gb/ s p e r c h a n n e l
23 // o p t i c a l l i n k
24
25 fb3 =16*2.5;
26 Lmax3 =(6.1*(10^3) ) /(( fb3 ) ^2) ;
27 disp ( ’km ’ , Lmax3 , ’ Maximum l i n k s p a n f o r 16− c h a n n e l
, 2 . 5 Gb/ s p e r c h a n n e l o p t i c a l l i n k ( i . e . Lmax3 ) = ’
)

19
 Experiment: 9

Compute the numerical

aperture & the acceptance
angle for the fiber in air

Scilab code Solution 9.1 Experiment Number 9

1 //AIM : Compute t h e n u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e & t h e

acceptance angle f o r the f i b e r in a i r
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
3 //OS Windows 7
4 clc ;
5 clear ;
6 // L e t t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n vacuum be 2 . 9 9 8 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 8
m/ s e c , c r i t i c a l a n g l e a t t h e
7 // c o r e −c l a d d i n g i n t e r f a c e be 80 d e g r e e s & v e l o c i t y
of l i g h t in the core
8 // o f a s t e p i n d e x f i b e r be 2 . 0 1 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 8 m/ s e c
9
10 c =2.998*10^8; // c= v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n vacuum
11 v1 =2.01*10^8; // v1= v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n t h e c o r e
12 theta_c =80*( %pi /180) ; // E x p r e s s i n g t h e t a c i n r a d i a n s
13 n1 = c / v1 ;
14 disp ( n1 , ’ n1= ’ )

20
15 // S i n c e s i n ( t h e t a c )=n2 / n1
16 n2 = sin ( theta_c ) * n1 ;
17 disp ( n2 , ’ n2= ’ )
18 NA = sqrt (( n1 ^2) -( n2 ^2) )
19 disp ( NA , ’ N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e (NA)= ’ )
20 // Computing t h e a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e
21 theta_a = asin ( NA )
22 theta_a_degrees =( theta_a ) *(180/ %pi ) ;
23 disp ( ’ d e g r e e s ’ , theta_a_degrees , ’ A c c e p t a n c e a n g l e (
t h e t a a )= ’ )

21
 Experiment: 10

Compute the absorption loss

taking place in an optical fiber

Scilab code Solution 10.1 Experiment Number 10

1 //AIM : Compute t h e a b s o r p t i o n l o s s t a k i n g p l a c e i n an
optical fiber
2 // S o f t w a r e v e r s i o n S c i l a b 5 . 5 . 2
3 //OS Windows 7
4 clc ;
5 clear ;
6 // L e t t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o p t i c a l f i b e r be 3 . 5 cm i n an
i n t e r f e r e n c e sphere , while
7 // t h e t o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e f i b e r be 1km .
8 // A l s o c o n s i d e r t h a t i t g i v e s 5 . 1 nV & 165 m i c r o
Volts corresponding to
9 // s c a t t e r e d & u n s c a t t e r e d l i g h t r e s p e c t i v e l y w h i l e
f o r t h e c u t b a c k method ,
10 // i t g i v e s 5 . 2 0V & 22V f o r o r i g i n a l & c u t b a c k
optical fibers respectively .
11
12 l =3.5*(10^( -5) ) ; // l =Length o f optical in integrating
sphere
13 Vsc =5.1*(10^( -9) ) ; // Vsc=V o l t a g e l e v e l c o r r e s p o n d i n g

22
 to s c a t t e r e d l i g h t
14 Vop =165*(10^( -6) ) ; // Vop=V o l t a g e l e v e l c o r r e s p o n d i n g
to unscattered l i g h t
15 // Computing t h e s c a t t e r i n g l o s s :
16 alpha_sc =(4.343/ l ) *( Vsc / Vop ) ;
17 disp ( ’ dB/km ’ , alpha_sc , ’ S c a t t e r i n g l o s s ( a l p h a s c )= ’ )
18 // Computation o f t o t a l a t t e n u a t i o n :
19 L1 =1; // L1=Length o f t h e o r i g i n a l f i b e r
20 L2 =0.002; // L2=Length o f c u t b a c k o p t i c a l f i b e r
21 V2 =22; //V2=V o l t a g e l e v e l f o r c u t b a c k o p t i c a l f i b e r
22 V1 =5.20; //V1=V o l t a g e l e v e l f o r o r i g i n a l o p t i c a l
fiber
23 alpha_T =(1/( L1 - L2 ) ) *(10* log10 ( V2 / V1 ) ) ; // a l p h a T=
total attenuation
24 disp ( ’ dB/km ’ , alpha_T , ’ T o t a l a t t e n u a t i o n ( a l p h a T ) = ’
)
25 // Computing t h e a b s o r p t i o n l o s s :
26 AL = alpha_T - alpha_sc ; //AL=A b s o r p t i o n l o s s
27 disp ( ’ dB/km ’ ,AL , ’ A b s o r p t i o n l o s s = ’ )

23