C.

Hardness of water
a) Lab tap water
Rough titration
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.004 L = 1.8788 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.8788 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.8805 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.88 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.8788 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.8788 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.88 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.8788 ×10−5mol = 75.2 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 7.5152 × 10-4 M
Titration 1
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.003 L = 1.4091 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.4091 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.4104 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.41 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.4091 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.4091 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.41 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.4091 ×10−5mol = 45.6 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 5.6364 × 10-4 M
Titration 2
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.003 L = 1.4091 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.4091 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.4104 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.41 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.4091 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.4091 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.41 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.4091 ×10−5mol = 45.6 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 5.6364 × 10-4 M
 b) Lab distilled water

Rough titration
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.005 L = 2.3485 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 2.3485 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 2.3506 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 2.35 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
2.3485 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 2.3485 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 2.35 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
2.3485 ×10−5 mol = 94 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 9.3940 × 10-4 M
Titration 1
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.0039 L = 1.8318 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.8318 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.8334 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.83 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.8318× 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.8318 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.83 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.8318 ×10−5mol = 73.2 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 7.3272 × 10-4 M
Titration 2
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.003 L = 1.4091 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.4091 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.4104 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.41 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.4091 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.4091 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.41 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.4091 ×10−5mol = 45.6 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 5.6364 × 10-4 M
 c) Home tap water

Rough titration
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.005 L = 2.3485 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 2.3485 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 2.3506 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 2.35 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
2.3485 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 2.3485 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 2.35 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
2.3485 ×10−5 mol = 94 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 9.3940 × 10-4 M
Titration 1
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.004 L = 1.8788 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.8788 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.8805 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.88 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.8788 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.8788 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.88 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.8788 ×10−5mol = 75.2 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 7.5152 × 10-4 M
Titration 2
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.0035 L = 1.6440 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.6440 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.6440 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.64 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.6440 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.6440 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.64 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.6440 ×10−5mol = 65.6 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 6.5760 × 10-4 M
 d) Deionized water

Rough titration
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.004 L = 1.8788 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.8788 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.8805 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.88 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.8788 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.8788 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.88 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.8788 ×10−5mol = 75.2 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 7.5152 × 10-4 M
Titration 1
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.0032 L = 1.5030 × 10-5 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 1.5030 × 10-5 mol 1000 mg
= 1.5044 × 10-3 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 1.50 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
1.5030 × 10-5 mol EDTA = 1.5030 × 10-5 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 1.50 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
1.5030 ×10−5 mol = 60 ppm
= 0.025 L
= 6.0120 × 10-4 M
Titration 2
Concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hardness (ppm)
No. of mole of EDTA Mass of CaCO3
= Molarity EDTA × Volume of EDTA = No. of mole of CaCO3 × RMM of CaCO3
= 0.004697 M × 0.0018 L = 8.4546 × 10-6 mol × 100.09 g/mol
= 8.4546 × 10-6 mol 1000 mg
= 8.4622 × 10-4 g ×
1g
2+ 2+ = 0.85 mg
1 mol of EDTA = 1 mol of Ca and Mg
8.4546 × 10-6 mol EDTA = 8.4546 × 10-6 mol Ca2+ and Mg2+ Weight of solute (mg)
Ppm (w/v) =
Volume of solution (L)
2+ 2+
Concentration of [Ca and Mg ]
No. of mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+ 0.85 mg
= =
Volume of the water sample 0.025 L
8.4546 × 10−6 mol = 34 ppm
= 0.025 L
=3.3818 × 10-4 M
Average hardness of water
45.6 ppm + 45.6 ppm
a) Lab tap water =
2
= 45.6 ppm

73.2 ppm + 45.6 ppm

75.2 ppm + 65.6 ppm

60.0 ppm + 34.0 ppm