[Kalugotla*, 4.(12.

): December, 2015] ISSN: 2277-9655

(I2OR), Publication Impact Factor: 3.785

IJESRT
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH
TECHNOLOGY
OPTIMIZED MODELING AND DESIGN OF STEEL FRAMES IN DIFFERENT
SEISMIC ZONES USING ETABS SOFTWARE
Kalugotla Naga Bhushanam *, Dr. H. Sudarsana Rao
*
M.Tech Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, JNTUA Ananthapuramu, AP, India
Prof & Rector, JNTUA Ananthapuramu, AP, India

ABSTRACT
In the Present analysis, a steel framed building with 15 floors (each story is 4m height) is analyzed and designed in
all seismic zones by using software “ETABS” an engineering software product that caters to multi story building
analysis and design. The project consists of design based on a set of user specified load combinations. The design
involves calculating story drift, story shear, displacements in all seismic zones and comparing the results.
Optimization is an act, process, or methodology of making something as fully perfect, functional, or effective as
possible. In steel structures best way of modeling can be possible by effective placing of steel braces to counter the
lateral forces acting on the structure. Lateral forces always try to overturn the structure so effective placing of braces
is required. Diagonal braces can be placed in interior elevations of the building. The intent of the braced frame at
this location was to provide resistance to lateral loads in both shear and overturning. The horizontal truss elements at
the roof and mid-height of the building are transfer trusses to help distribute overturning forces from the interior
braces to the building exterior

KEYWORDS: Steel Frames, Braced Frames,Optimization, Seismic Zones.

INTRODUCTION
A) Steel as Construction Material B) Importance of Structural Steel
Structural steel is a material used for steel Structural steel sections are usually used for
construction, which is formed with a specific shape construction of buildings, buildings, and transmission
following certain standards of chemical composition line towers (TLT), industrial sheds and structures etc.
and strength. They can also be defined as hot rolled They also find in manufacturing of automotive
products, with a cross section of special form like
vehicles, ships etc.
angles, channels and beams/joints. There has been an
increasing demand for structural steel for Steel exhibits desirable physical
construction purposes in the United States and India. properties that make it one of the most versatile
Measures are been taken by the structural structural materials in use.
steel authority for ready availability of structural steel Its great strength, uniformity, light weight,
on time for the various projects. The people at every easy of use, and many other desirable properties
level are working hard to realize the purpose of makes it the material of choice for numerous
producing steel on time, like, service centers, structures such as steel bridges, high rise buildings,
producers, fabricators and erectors along with the towers, and other structure.
general contractors, engineers and architects are all
working hand in hand. Steel has always been more 1. Elasticity: steel follows hooks law very
preferred to concrete because steel offers better accurately.
tension and compression thus resulting in lighter
2. Ductility: A very desirable of property of
construction. Usually structural steel uses three
dimensional trusses hence making it larger than its steel, in which steel can withstand extensive
concrete counterpart. deformation without failure under high
The structural steel all over the world pre- tensile stresses, i:e., it gives warning before
dominates the construction scenario. This material failure takes place.
has been exhaustively used in various constructions 3. Toughness: Steel has both strength and
all over The world because of its various specific ductility.
Characteristics that is very much ideally suited for Additions to existing structures: Example: new bays
construction. or even entire new wings can be added to existing

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frame buildings, and steel bridges may easily be braced steel frames. Results were obtained for
widened. different cyclic loading and were used to characterize
the hysteretic response, including energy dissipation
C) Steel frames capabilities of the frame. The ductile behaviour of the
Steel frame is a building technique with a braces under different earthquake ground loading are
"skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and studied and used for design applying the codal
horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid procedures. Simplified models were obtained to
to support the floors, roof and walls of a building predict plastic hinge failure and local buckling failure
which are all attached to the frame. The development of bracing as a ductility failure mode. Finally,
of this technique made the construction of the inelastic deformation capabilities are obtained before
skyscraper possible. failure of moment resisting frame and bracing
The rolled steel "profile" or cross section of members.
steel columns takes the shape of the letter "I". The 2.3 H. Moghaddam, I. Hajirasouliha and A.
two wide flanges of a column are thicker and wider Doostan (2005) presented a methodology for
than the flanges on a beam, to better withstand optimization of dynamic response of concentrically
compressive stress in the structure. Square and round braced steel frames subjected to seismic excitation,
tubular sections of steel can also be used, often filled based on the concept of uniform distribution of
with concrete. Steel beams are connected to the deformation. In order to obtain the optimum
columns with bolts and threaded fasteners, and distribution of structural properties, they adopted an
historically connected by rivets. The central "web" of iterative optimization procedure. . It was concluded
the steel I-beams is often wider than a column web to that optimum structures suffer relatively less damage
resist the higher bending moments that occur in as compared with conventional structures.
beams. 2.4 Jose manuel cabrero, Eduardo basyo (2005)
The rolled steel "profile" or cross section of developed practical design methods for steel
steel columns takes the shape of the letter "I". The structures with semi rigid connections Two design
two wide flanges of a column are thicker and wider examples were proposed to demonstrate the
than the flanges on a beam, to better withstand application of the proposed semi-rigid design
compressive stress in the structure. Square and round methods, and their results compared to pinned and
tubular sections of steel can also be used, often filled rigid alternatives. The semi-rigid approach results in
with concrete. Steel beams are connected to the more economical solutions.
columns with bolts and threaded fasteners, and 2.5 K.jarmai, J.farkas, Y.kurobane (2006) studied
historically connected by rivets. The central "web" of about Optimum seismic design of a multi-storey steel
the steel I-beams is often wider than a column web to frame. An interior three-storey frame structure with a
resist the higher bending moments that occur in column and 4 beams in each floor was investigated.
beams. The welded box columns and rolled I-section beams
were designed for minimum weight and cost. The
LITERATURE REVIEW beam-to-column connections are selected from a
2.1 L. m .c simoes (1997) described a computer- number of structural versions improved for seismic
based method for the optimum design of steel resistance. They concluded that the fabrication cost
frameworks accounting for the behaviour of semi- has little effect on the optimum design, since it varies
rigid connections. The described optimization proportionally with the mass according to the present
procedure provides an effective means to account calculating method. Thus, the minimum weight
for the cost of both members and connections in design gives suitable results.
the design of steel building frameworks. it was 2.6 Seismic response assessment of concentrically
concluded that the semi- rigid behaviour of braced steel frame buildings (The 14th World
connections results in designs that are less costly conference on earthquake engineering October
than when, as is usually done, the connections 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China) Improvement of
are idealized as being fully rigid. performance based design and analysis procedure for
2.2 Tremblay et al., (ASCE) 0733-9445 (2003) better understanding of conventionally used
Tremblay et al. performs an experimental study on concentrically braced frame and buckling restrained
the seismic performance of concentrically braced braced frames is discussed.
steel frames with cold-formed rectangular tubular 2.7 Christopoulus et al. (2008) an advanced cross
bracing system. Analysis is performed on X bracing bracing system has been used in University of
and single diagonal bracing system. One of the Toronto called (SCEDs) Self centring energy
loading sequences used is a displacement history dissipating frames. Alike, Special moment resisting
obtained from nonlinear dynamic analysis of typical
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frames and Buckling reinforced braced frames, they BRACING SYSTEMS

also dissipate energy, but they have self-centring In a multi-storey building, the beams and columns
capabilities which reduce residual building are generally arranged in an orthogonal pattern in
deformation after major seismic events. both elevation and on plan. In a braced frame
2.8 Tremblay et al. (2008) an extensive analytical building, the resistance to horizontal forces is
study is performed to compare the Buckling provided by two orthogonal bracing systems.
restrained braced frames with self-cantering energy
dissipating frames. According to the results, the Vertical Bracings
residual deformation of SCED brace frame systems is Bracing in vertical planes (between lines of
negligible under low and moderate hazard levels and columns) provides load paths to transfer horizontal
is reduced significantly under MCE or maximum forces to ground level and provide lateral stability.
considered earthquake level. In a braced multi-storey building, the planes of
2.9 Nizal bel hadj ali (2009) studied about Multi- vertical bracing are usually provided by diagonal
stage production cost optimization of semi-rigid steel bracing between two lines of columns, as shown in
frames using genetic algorithms. He concluded that the figure below. Either single diagonals are
the multi-stage design optimization results in provided, as shown, in which case they must be
substantial cost benefits between 10% and 25% designed for either tension or compression, or
compared to traditional design of steel frames. the crossed diagonals are provided, in which case slender
developed methodology is shown to be capable of bracing members carrying only tension may be
measuring the possible impact of design choices in provided.
the early design stage thus assisting designers to
make better design decisions. Horizontal Bracings
Bracing in a horizontal plane, generally provided by
BRACED FRAMES floor plate action, provides a load path to transfer the
A Braced Frame is a structural system which horizontal forces (mainly from the perimeter
is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake columns, due to wind) to the planes of vertical
forces. Members in a braced frame are designed to bracing.
work in tension and compression, similar to a truss. A horizontal bracing system is needed at floor level,
Braced frames are almost always composed of steel to transfer horizontal forces (chiefly the forces
members. transferred from the perimeter columns) to the planes
Braced frames are a very common form of of vertical bracing that provide resistance to
construction, being economic to construct and simple horizontal forces.
to analyse. Economy comes from the inexpensive,
nominally pinned connections between beams and TYPES OF BRACINGS
columns. Bracing, which provides stability and There are two types of bracing systems.
resists lateral loads, may be from diagonal steel
members or, from a concrete 'core'. In braced Concentric Bracings
construction, beams and columns are designed under Concentric bracings increase the lateral stiffness of
vertical load only, assuming the bracing system the frame thus increases the natural frequency and
carries all lateral loads also usually decreases the lateral storey drift.
However, increase in the stiffness may attract a larger
inertia force due to earthquake. Further, while the
bracings decrease the bending moments and shear
forces in columns and they increase the axial
compression in the columns to which they are
connected.

Eccentric Bracings
Eccentric Bracings reduce the lateral stiffness of the
system and improve the energy dissipation capacity.
. The lateral stiffness of the system depends upon the
flexural stiffness property of the beams and columns,
thus reducing the lateral stiffness of the frame.
Braced frames

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SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA Zone 5:

The Indian subcontinent has a history of Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest
devastating earthquakes. The major reason for the risks zone that suffers earthquakes of intensity MSK
high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is IX or greater. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.36
that the Indian plate is driving into Asia at a rate of for Zone 5. Structural designers use this factor for
approximately 47 mm/year. Geographical statistics of earthquake resistant design of structures in Zone 5.
India show that almost 54% of the land is vulnerable The zone factor of 0.36 is indicative of effective
to earthquakes. A World Bank & United Nations (zero period) level earthquake in this zone. It is
report shows estimates that around 200 million city referred to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone. The
dwellers in India will be exposed to storms and region of Kashmir, the western and
earthquakes by 2050. The latest version of seismic central Himalayas, North and Middle Bihar, the
zoning map of India given in the earthquake resistant North-East Indian region and the Rann of Kutch fall
design code of India [IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002] assigns in this zone.
four levels of seismicity for India in terms of zone
factors. In other words, the earthquake zoning map of OPTIMIZATION
India divides India into 4 seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 Optimisation is an act, process, or methodology
and 5) unlike its previous version which consisted of of making something as fully perfect, functional, or
five or six zones for the country. According to the effective as possible.
present zoning map, Zone 5 expects the highest level
of seismicity whereas Zone 2 is associated with the Optimized Modelling
lowest level of seismicity. The way of modelling a steel structure plays
Zone 1: an important role in total cost of the structure it is
Since the current division of India into earthquake desirable to adopt the best way of modelling to
hazard zones does not use Zone 1, no area of India is reduce total cost of the structure. In steel structures
classed as Zone 1. Future changes in the best way of modelling can be possible by effective
classification system may or may not return this zone placing of steel braces to counter the lateral forces
to use. acting on the structure. Lateral forces always try to
Zone 2: overturn the structure. Normal Steel frames cannot
This region is liable to MSK VI or less and is resist lateral forces effective placing of braces is
classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. The IS required.
code assigns zone factor of 0.10 (maximum
horizontal acceleration that can be experienced by a
structure in this zone is 10% of gravitational
acceleration) for Zone 2.
Zone 3:
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands parts
of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this zone.
This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk
Zone which is liable to MSK VII. and also 7.8 The IS
code assigns zone factor of 0.16 for Zone 3.
Zone 4:
This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and
covers areas liable to MSK VIII. The IS code assigns
zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4. The Indo-Gangetic
basin and the capital of the country (Delhi), Jammu
and Kashmir fall in Zone 4. In Maharashtra the Patan
area (Koyananager) is also in zone no-4. In Bihar the
northern part of the state like- Raksaul, Near the
border of India and Nepal, is also in zone no-4 that
"almost 80 per cent of buildings in Delhi will yield to
a major quake and in case of an unfortunate disaster,
the political hub of India in Lutyens Delhi, the glitz Braced Frames at Interior Elevations
of Connaught Place and the magnificence of the
Walled City will all come crumbling down." The intent of the braced frame at this location was to
provide resistance to lateral loads in both shear and

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overturning. The horizontal truss elements at the roof Wind Load Calculation
and mid-height of the building are transfer trusses to
help distribute overturning forces from the interior Exposure Parameters
braces to the building exterior. If the top and bottom Exposure From = Shell Objects
chord elements of the horizontal trusses are to be Structure Class = Class C
modelled properly, the joints must be disconnected Terrain Category = Category 4
from the rigid floor diaphragms to allow shortening Top Story = Story15
or elongation of the horizontal truss chord elements. Bottom Story = Base
Horizontal bracings can also be placed at top and Include Parapet = No
middle stories to reduce lateral load on beam Windward Coefficient Cp,wind = 0.8
sections.
Leeward Coefficient Cp,lee = 0.5
Optimized Design
In general there are so many methods to
optimise steel sections but designing a steel structure Factors and Coefficients
by using ETABS does not require manual Risk Coefficient, k1 [IS 5.3.1] k1 = 1
calculations the program itself optimises the steel Topography Factor, k3 [IS 5.3.3] k3 = 1
frames. User has to define auto selection list. During
design process the program optimises the sections Lateral Loading
from auto select list. Program compares and matches Vz = Vb k1 k 2 k 3
Design Wind Speed, Vz [IS 5.3]
the analysed sections and designed sections by = 29.568
iterative process to select the most effective sections. Design Wind Pressure, pz [IS 5.4] pz = 0.6Vz 2

Seismic Load Calculation

Direction and Eccentricity

Direction = Multiple
EccentricitRatio = 5% for all diaphragms
Structural Period
Period Calculation Method = Program Calculated
Factors and Coefficients
Z = 0.1 for zone 2
Seismic Zone Factor, Z 0.16 for zone 3
[IS Table 2] 0.24 for zone 4
0.36 for zone 5
Response Reduction Factor,
R=4
R [IS Table 7]
Importance Factor, I
I=1
[IS Table 6]
Site Type [IS Table 1] = II

Seismic Response
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, Sa
= 2.5
Sa /g [IS 6.4.5] g

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Sa
3d model Of The Building ZI
Seismic Coefficient, Ah [IS 6.4.2] g
Ah =
2R
LOAD CALCULATIONS

Super imposed dead load = 1.65 kn/m2

Live load = 4 kn/m2

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INITIAL DESIGN LOADS

story shear in y direction
zone2
4000
Self-Weight zone 3
Name Type Auto Load
Multiplier 3500
zone 4

3000 zone 5
Dead Dead 1

story shear (KN)

2500

Live Live 0
2000

Superimposed
sdead 0 1500
Dead
1000
Indian
windy Wind 0
IS875:1987
500

eqy Seismic 0 IS1893 2002 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

eqx Seismic 0 IS1893 2002 story

Indian Story Shear in Y Direction

windx Wind 0
IS875:1987

Story Drift in X Direction

zone 2
Story Shear in X Direction
zone 2 0.0004 zone 3
6000 zone 3 zone 4
0.00035

zone 4 zone 5
5000 0.0003
zone 5
0.00025
Story Drift

4000
Story Shear

0.0002

3000
0.00015

2000 0.0001

0.00005
1000

0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Story Story

Story Shear in X Direction Story Drift in X Dirction

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Story Drift in Y Direction Story Displacements in X Direction

zone2
0.0012 zone 2
zone 3 18 zone 3
zone 4
zone 4
0.001 16
zone 5
zone 5
14
0.0008

Story Displacement
12
Story Drift

0.0006 10

8
0.0004
6

0.0002 4

2
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Story
Story

Story Drift in Y Direction Story Displacements in X Dirction

zone 2
Story Displacements in Y Direction Over Turning Moments in X Direction
zone 3 zone2

zone 4 500000
45 zone 3
zone 5 450000
Story Over Turning Movements

40 zone 4
400000
35 zone 5
Story Displacement

350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000

5
50000

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Story Story

Overturning Moments in X Direction Overturning Moments in X Direction

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9. the minimum value of story drift in y

Overturning Moments in Y Direction direction is 0.000122 for zone 2,
zone 2 0.000177 for zone 3, 0.000251 for zone 4
900000 and it is 0.000362 for zone 5.
zone 3

800000
10. Story Displacement in x and y directions
zone 4 is increased from 1st story to 15th story
for all seismic zones.
Story Overturning moment

700000 zone 5
11. Story Displacement in x direction is
600000 increased from 0.96 mm to 5.67 mm for
zone 2, from 1.33mm to 8.31mm for zone
500000
3, from 1.83mm to 11.82mm for zone 4
400000 and from 2.57mm to 17.07mm for zone
5.
300000 12. Story displacement in y direction is
increased from 2.03 mm to 12.08 mm for
200000
zone 2, from 2.35 mm to 18.39 mm for
100000
zone 3, from 3.31 mm to 26.8 mm for
zone 4 and from 4.9 mm to 39.4 mm for
0 zone 5.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13. Overturning moments in x and y
Story directions are decreased from 1st story to
15th story for all seismic zones.
Overturning Moments in Y Direction 14. Overturning moments in x direction are
decreased from 339237 KN-m to 16622
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS KN-m for zone 2, from 366295 KN-m to
1. Story shear in x and y directions is 16622 KN-m for zone 3, from 402380
decreased from 1st story to 15th story. KN-m to 16622 KN-m for zone 4, from
2. Story shear in x direction is decreased 456689 KN-m to 16622 KN-m for zone 5.
from 1375 KN to 234 KN for zone 2,
from 2200 KN to 374 for zone 3, from CONCLUSIONS
3300 to 771 for zone 4 and for zone 5 it 1. . Story shear in X and Y Direction is
decreased from 4950 KN to 842 KN. maximum at bottom stories than top
3. Story shear in y direction is decreased stories for all seismic zones. The curve of
from 976 KN to 155 KN for zone 2, from the graph is steeper at top stories so it can
1561 KN to 265 KN for zone 3, from be concluded that the rate of decreasing in
2342 KN to 398 KN for zone 4, from story shear varies from story to story and
3518 KN to 597 KN for zone 5. it is maximum at the top stories.
4. Story drift in x direction is maximum at 2. Story drift in x direction is maximum at
8th story and minimum at 1st story for all 8th story and story drift in y direction is
seismic zones. maximum at 9th story. There is a sudden
5. The maximum value of story drift in x fall in story drift from 7th to 8th story in y
direction is 0.000146 for zone 2, direction.
0.000193 for zone 3, 0.000257 for zone 4 3. Story displacement in x and y directions
and 0.000352 for zone 5. is maximum at 15th story and it is
6. The minimum value of story drift in x minimum at bottom story. Story
direction is 0.0000586 for zone 2, displacement in y direction is far greater
0.0000808 for zone 3, 0.00011 for zone 4, than story displacement in x direction for
0.000155 for zone 5. all seismic zones.
7. Story drift in y direction is maximum at 4. The curves of overturning moments for
9th story and it is minimum at 1st story. zone 2,3,4,5 are very closer when
8. the maximum value of story drift in y compared to other.
direction is 0.000356 for zone 2, 5. During the design process all analyzed
0.000499 for zone 3, 0.00069 for zone 4, sections match to the design section so
0.000975 for zone 5. complete optimization of steel sections
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has been carried. All sections passed for BOOKS / CODES

strength and capacity check. 1. Design Of Steel Structures (By Limit
6. All properties Story shear, story drift, State Metd As Per Is: 800 2007) By
story displacements, overturning S.S. Bhavikatti.
moments are increased by increasing zone 2. Fundamentals of Structural Steel
factor. All curves have same slopes with Design 1st Edition by M. L. Gambhir
increasing values. 3. IS: 875 (part-1) – 1987 Code of
Practice for design loads (other than
It is obvious that the most reliable structure with Earthquake) for buildings and
less story shear, less story drift, less overturning structures - Dead Loads.
moments and less displacements can be formed in 4. IS: 875 (part-2) – 1987 Code of
“ zone 1” and Current designed model is capable Practice for design loads (other than
of resisting earth quake forces in all seismic zones Earthquake) for buildings and
by keeping all properties within the limits. structures - Imposed Loads.
5. IS 800:2007, “General construction in
REFERENCES steel – Code of practice Bureau of
JOURNALS/ MANUALS indian standards new delhi
1. Optimised modelling and design of steel 6. IS: 875 (part-1) – 1987 Code of
structures – ETABS manual. Practice for design loads (other than
2. Study On Effective Bracing Systems for High Earthquake) for buildings and
Rise Steel Structures. structures - Wind Loads.
By adithya.M, Swathi Rani K.S, shruthi H.K, Dr. 7. IS 1893 (part 1) – 2002: Criteria for
Rmesh B.R. Earthquake resistant Design of
Structures.
.

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