INTRODUCTION

 What is theory?
 observation => theory => model => prediction, control
 What is model?
 a representation of theory, an object feature
 model: realistic  simple
 What should a model do for research?
 Simulation:
 observing the physical system (model accuracy check)
 formulating a hypothesis or math model to explain
observation
 predicting the behavior
 testing the validity of the developed technique or model
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 SIMULATION MODEL
 Category of the simulation model
 linear and nonlinear
 linear model: obey the superposition
 nonlinear model: other feature than linear
 lumped and distributed parameter
 lumped system: described by ODE with one independent
variable
 distributed system: described by PDE with multiple independent
variables
 static and dynamic
 dynamic model take time-varying interaction into account
 continuous and discrete
 continuous model variables are acting continuous with time
 deterministic and staochastic
 no chance factor on deterministic model
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 DEVELOPING A MODEL
 Procedure for developing a model
 identifying the purpose of model and its constraints
 making simplifying assumptions and omissions
 defining the available computational platform
 checking model performance with base case (base case:
phenomena from the observation we can obtain, not
from prediction)
 re-checking the omissions or simplification and refine
model if accuracy of base case is not satisfied
 considering more simplification on model if computation
time is too long
 A good model should reflect the scope of the
purpose in appropriate computational time
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 MODELING AND SIMULATION
 Reason to run simulation when testing on actual
system are
 too expensive to operate
 time consuming to execute
 hazardous to build
 evitable to unacceptable disruptions
 Simulation’s validity
 focus on the feature of testing to determine the model
scale (accuracy vs. time saving)
 base case evaluation
 Modeling power system components
 components should be designed to be
 close to its function
 specification: tolerance to over-voltage, surges, and faults
 extreme conditions are common on power component analysis
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 MATLAB/SIMULINK
 Steps to use SIMULINK
 define or use a math model you will use
 pick a suitable integration method and blocks
 assign parameters for blocks
 setup the run condition (run-time, initial
condition: assign directly on .mdl or use .m file)
 print or sketch out results you want to see
 Simulink templates/block library
 some often used simulink blocks

Energy Conversion Lab

 MATLAB/SIMULINK
 Some often used blocks
 continuous: integrator, transfer fcn, zero-pole
 discontinuous: dead zone, rate limiter,
saturation
 math operation: abs, dot product, gain, sum
 signal routing: mux, demux, switch
 sink (output): scope, to workspace, out1
 source (input): clock, from workspace, constant,
repeating sequence, step, sine wave.
 user defined function: s-function
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 MATLAB/SIMULINK Example 1
 Variable-frequency oscillator, consider y1 as output
 the equation of the oscillator
d 2 y1
2
= −ω 2
y1
dt
 introduce a new state y2, convert 2nd-order equation to 2
1st-order equation:
1 dy1 dy2
y2 = , = −ωy1
ω dt dt
 from (s=jω), we can see that differentiator is more
susceptible to high-frequency noise than an integrator,
thus integral is preferred
 rewrite the above equations into integral forms:
y2 = −ω ∫ y1 dt , y1 = ω ∫ y2dt
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 SIMULINK DIAGRAM of Example 1
 Contains source, math operation, signal routing,
sink blocks
. 1 y1
s
Inner Integrator1
step2
yout
377 Product1
Clock
To Workspace
w Mux

. y2
1
-1
s
Inner Scope
Plot yout Gain Integrator Mux
Product step1
m1

step1 y2 = −ω ∫ y1 dt , In this simulation, the system parameters and initial conditions have been
entered as constants. After running the simulation, double click on masked

y1 = ω ∫ y2 dt
block "m1" to plot simulated results on MATLAB figure window.
step2
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 SIMULINK RESULT of Example 1
 plot result: y1 and y2 (from ‘yout’)

y1
y1 and y2

y2
0

-5
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
time in sec
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 MATLAB/SIMULINK EXAMPLE2
 Parallel RLC circuit

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 MATLAB/SIMULINK EXAMPLE2
 Parallel RLC circuit
 KVL of mesh 1: − vS + iS RS + vC = 0
 KCL at node 2: − iS + iL + iC = 0
 inductor branch: diL
vC = L
dt
 capacitor branch:
1  vS − vC 
vC = ∫  − iL  dt
 inductor current:
C  RS 
1
iL = ∫ vC dt
L
 choose iL, vc as states
 output: is, iL, vc, input: vs

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 EXAMPLE2 -- continue
 Simulink diagram for RLC circuit

step2
step3

1
step1: iL =
L ∫ vC dt
step1
step2: vC =
1
∫ (iS − iL ) dt
C
vS − vC
step3: iS =
RS Energy Conversion Lab
 MATLAB/SIMULINK EXAMPLE2
 Set model parameters
 Rs=50Ω

 L=0.1H
 C=1000μF
 Set initial system states
 integrator of the capacitor voltage: 0
1  vS − vC 
vC = ∫ 

C  RS
− i L


dt
 integrator of the inductor current: 0
1
iL =
L ∫ vC dt
 set integration method: Adams/Gear, start time: 0, stop
time: 0.5 s, minimum step size: 0.1 ms, max step size:
1m s, error tolerance: 1e-5
 set input voltage: step voltage of 100V applied at 0.05 s.
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 EXAMPLE2 -- continue
 Simulation results for RLC circuit
triggering point
sourc e c urrent
3

2
iS in A

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
c apac itor voltage
20
no Vc after
transient
10
vC in V

-10

-20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
induc tor c urrent
4
constant
3
steady current
iL in A

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
time in sec.
90o lagging
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 Project 1.
 The “AC excitation of an RL circuit”

L
Vac(t) R i(t)

 The parameters used in the simulation are,

 frequency ωs = 377 rad/sec
 R = 0.5 Ω
 L = 0.06 H
 source vac = Vpk cos (ωst), where Vpk = 110V
 initial inductor current iL(0)=0

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 Project 1.
1. Operating condition
a. switch close when vac=0 volt
b. switch close when vac=110 volt
c. switch close when vac=-110 volt
2. For the above condition, simulate model and plot
the output of the following
 source voltage vac
 inductor voltage and current vL , iL
3. Note: the voltage and current waveforms should
contain the transient and steady state parts
4. Compare the difference on the inductor current and
inductor voltage regarding to the different switching
time. Report on your observation
5. Due on Jul. 8, 2011

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