CESI A8033623

Report Draft Page 1/23

Client GECOL General Electric Company of Libya

Subject Inception Report

Order

Notes

Partial reproduction of this document is permitted only with the written permission from CESI.

N. of pages 23 N. of pages annexed

Issue date

Prepared Eng. C. Bruno, Eng. G. Callegari

Mod. RAPP v. 03

Verified

Approved

CESI Via R. Rubattino 54 Capitale sociale 8 550 000 Euro Registro Imprese di Milano
Centro Elettrotecnico 20134 Milano - Italia interamente versato Sezione Ordinaria
Sperimentale Italiano Telefono +39 022125.1 Codice fiscale e numero N. R.E.A. 429222
Giacinto Motta SpA Fax +39 0221255440 iscrizione CCIAA 00793580150 P.I. IT00793580150
www.cesi.it
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 2/23

Table of contents

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 3

2 NECESSARY DATA FOR THE STUDY ...................................................................................... 4

2.1 Characteristics of available data................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Doubtful or wrong data ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Missing data ....................................................................................................................... 9
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITIES...................................................................................... 11
3.1 Data acquisition and first power flow calculation.................................................................... 11
3.2 Short circuit analysis and check of the maximum interruption data of the circuit breakers..... 11
3.3 N – 1 security analyses and identification of possible power flow congestion ........................ 12
3.4 Voltage static stability analyses with evaluation of active/reactive load margins.................... 12
3.5 Investigation of a possible alternative bus coupler topology and generation units configuration
13
3.6 Dynamic analysis of the most critical contingencies and check of defence plan performances
13
4 SCHEDULE OF THE ACTIVITIES............................................................................................ 14

5 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................. 16
5.1 Doubtful or wrong data ............................................................................................................ 16
5.2 Missing data ............................................................................................................................. 16
6 CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT NEW DATA................................................................................ 18
6.1 Study grid ................................................................................................................................. 18
6.2 Equivalent networks ................................................................................................................. 18
6.3 New transmission components ................................................................................................. 18
6.3.1 Substations........................................................................................................................ 18
6.3.2 Transmission lines............................................................................................................ 19
6.3.3 Generators ........................................................................................................................ 20
6.3.4 Transformers .................................................................................................................... 21
6.3.5 Reactors ............................................................................................................................ 21
6.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 23
6.4.1 Missing data ..................................................................................................................... 23
6.4.2 Schedule of the activities.................................................................................................. 23

© Copyright 2009 by CESI. All rights reserved - Activity code AE08RET004

 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 3/23

REVISIONS HISTORY

Revision Date Protocol List of modifications and/or modified paragraphs

number
Rev. 00
Rev. 01 Added paragraph 6

1 INTRODUCTION

This inception report deals with the data specification and the schedule of the activities for the
consultancy service about optimal operation schemes for Libyan 400 kV and 220 kV transmission grid.

This consultancy service consists in the analysis of the Libyan network, with reference to the 2008 peak-
load scenario. GECOL has already provided the 2008 peak-load scenario in SPIRA format: this
inception report has the aim of specifying what are the missing or doubtful data for the purposes of the
activity.

The consultancy activity can be subdivided into two parts:

1. static analyses and data check;
2. dynamic analysis.

Static analyses and data check

This part of the activity is represented by the static analyses that will be performed with WinCRESO
software tool, which is a Windows-based platform that permits the static simulation and the analysis of a
power network, under steady state and fault conditions, as well as the optimisation of the active and
reactive power generation.
In particular, the purposes of the activity are:
• to perform security analyses and short circuit evaluations on the Libyan network, with reference
to a 2008 peak-load scenario;
• to assess the security levels which are today adopted on the common practise of the Libyan
network operation;
• to investigate more specifically a new possible topology for the bus coupler (and, if necessary, a
new generation units configuration), in order to improve the respect of the security constraints.

A check of available network data is necessary to execute this part in the best way, as described in the
following paragraphs.

Dynamic analysis
The dynamic security analysis about the most critical contingencies screened during the static security
study and the check of associated defence plan performances will be performed with SICRE dynamic
simulator (already in use at GECOL).

All the static and dynamic analyses that will be performed with CESI software tools in this activity are
described in detail in the following paragraphs.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 4/23

2 NECESSARY DATA FOR THE STUDY

GECOL has already provided a 2008 peak load scenario of the Libyan and abroad networks in a format
suitable for SPIRA software tool. The provided network will be used in WinCRESO tool, which is more
adequate for the purposes of this consultancy service.
Hereinafter there is a description of the qualitative check of the provided data, with the indication of the
data considered doubtful and the specification of the data which are necessary but yet missing.

In order to execute in the best way the simulations foreseen for this study, it is very important to have an
accurate representation not only for Libyan network, but also for the equivalent abroad networks.
Particularly accurate should be the active and reactive dispatching of the generators, the location and the
amount of load and the data of synchronous machines, such as the active, the reactive power limits and
the nominal power that must be coherent with the mentioned limits. It is important to underline this
aspect because during the study some simulations will be performed, such as those to evaluate the
distance from voltage collapse in N – 1 conditions, whose results are strongly bounded with reactive
reserve of the network and capability limits of generators. Moreover, these simulations will stress the
network in order to evaluate the stability margin that depends on the available active and reactive
reserve.
The accuracy of network representation must be guaranteed for all the networks described in the
scenario (Libyan and foreign networks), since the presence of some errors or some imprecision, for
example in the equivalent network, could worsen the accuracy of the achieved results. For instance, the
presence of an abroad country (even if small and far from Libya) badly represented could compromise
the convergence of power flow algorithm for the whole network.

Therefore, from the above considerations, it appears clear that it is not enough to have only a convergent
power flow calculation, but it is necessary to verify that:
• there are not significant network areas where many nodes have voltage level too low or too
high;
• all synchronous machines have active and reactive power limits coherent with nominal power.

2.1 Characteristics of available data

In 2008 peak load scenario provided by GECOL the following networks are described:
• Libya;
• Egypt (equivalent network);
• Lebanon (equivalent network);
• Jordan (equivalent network);
• Syria (equivalent network);
• one station of Turkish and Iraqi grid.

While the Libyan network is well represented, some doubtful data are present in the other equivalent
networks, especially in Syria and Jordan. These doubtful data involve the power flow voltage level, the
generators data and the presence of some busbars with particular nominal voltage, as described in par.
2.1.1.
Moreover, in this scenario not all the data necessary for the foreseen activities are available, as described
in par. 2.1.2.

2.1.1 Doubtful or wrong data

Voltage profile
Particularly in Syria and Jordan there are some busbars with voltage level too low with respect to the
nominal voltage. The busbars that have doubtful data about voltage are showed in table 1 (referred to
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 5/23

400 kV nodes) and table 2 (referred to 220-230 kV nodes), where the voltage level is that provided by a
power flow performed with SPIRA.
Busbar Busbar Country Voltage Nominal voltage
SPIRA CODE [kV] [kV]
KSAF111 KSARA LEB 355.09 400
DIMD111 DIMAS SYR 355.35 400
AMSC111 AMS400 JOR 356.92 400
AMMC111 AMM.NOR JOR 357.19 400
ZAMC111 AMMAN E JOR 357.39 400
ZQAC111 QATAN JOR 358.94 400
SAMC111 SAMRA JOR 361.78 400
DIRD111 DIR-ALI SYR 364.35 400
NASD111 NASSRIEH SYR 365.36 400
ADRD111 ADRA 2 SYR 366.22 400
AQ1C111 AQBACBL -DUM JOR 372.94 400
AQBC111 AQBACBL JOR 372.94 400
ATPC112 ATP400 -DUM JOR 373.09 400
ATPC113 ATP400 -DUM JOR 373.09 400
ATPC111 ATP400 JOR 373.10 400
S31B111 S3 -DUM EGY 378.71 400
S3ZB111 S3 EGY 378.71 400
TABB111 TABSW400 EGY 378.74 400
Table 1 – Voltage profile for 400 kV nodes in 2008 peak load scenario

Busbar BusbarCountry Voltage Nominal voltage

SPIRA CODE [kV] [kV]
SHAB211 SHARM SH EGY 188,78 220
NUWB211 NUWEBA EGY 196,83 220
KSAF211 KSARA LEB 197,16 220
DRAD211 DRAA SYR 174,32 230
SOWD211 SOWEDA SYR 175,06 230
SH-D211 SH-MESKN SYR 176,42 230
MAZD211 MAZRAA SYR 180,04 230
QABD211 QABOUN 1 SYR 180,33 230
QA2D211 QABOUN 3 SYR 180,49 230
MIDD211 MIDAN 2 SYR 180,67 230
BABD211 BABSHAKI SYR 181,20 230
ZAHD211 ZAHERA SYR 181,41 230
BRAD211 BRAMEKEH SYR 181,42 230
DOUD211 DOUMAR SYR 181,48 230
QA1D211 QABOUN 2 SYR 181,51 230
FOUD211 FOURSAN SYR 181,61 230
KISD211 KISWEH SYR 182,66 230
OTAD211 OTAYA SYR 182,98 230
DIMD211 DIMAS SYR 183,67 230
DIRD211 DIR-ALI SYR 184,29 230
ADRD211 ADRA 2 SYR 191,15 230
TISD211 TISHREEN SYR 191,27 230
TI1D211 TISHREEN SYR 191,59 230
TI2D211 TISHREEN SYR 191,59 230
SIND211 SIN-ADRA SYR 191,72 230
NASD211 NASSRIEH SYR 196,50 230
Table 2 – Voltage profile for 220 kV and 230 kV nodes in 2008 peak load scenario
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 6/23

The lowest voltage values considered satisfactory (and so not doubtful) are the following:
• 200 kV for busbars with nominal voltage equal to 220 kV and 230 kV;
• 380 kV for busbars with nominal voltage equal to 400 kV;
• 470 kV for busbars with nominal voltage equal to 500 kV.
From Table 1 and Table 2 it is clear that probably there are some errors in the active and reactive power
scheduled values in these networks. Probably the generators reference voltage are too low for this
scenario. A voltage level of 360 kV for a node with nominal voltage of 400 kV is too low to assure the
correct functioning of the electric system. In this case the voltage level should not be lower than 380 kV.
The same consideration can be done for nodes with nominal voltage equal to 230 kV that could operate
always with voltage not lower than 200 kV.
In this case a possible solution is to increase the generators voltage reference level to bring back the
voltage profile into acceptable values.

Generators data
Some generators have the active and reactive power limits and nominal power that are not coherent, in
other words they do not satisfy the following relation:

2
PMAX + QMAX
2
≤ Anom (2.1)

Where:

Anom is the nominal power of the machine [MVA]

PMAX is the active limit [MW]
QMAX is the reactive limit [Mvar]

In WinCRESO tool this situation is not permitted (as it happens in the reality): if the three mentioned
quantities are not coherent, the reactive capability limits are automatically changed (in particular they
are decreased) to satisfy the previous relation, in order to better represent the real behaviour of the
generators.
Table 3 shows all generators that do not satisfy the relation (2.1). In this table the quantities have the
following meaning:
• P is the active power of the generator;
• PMAX is the active limit;
• QMAX is the reactive limit;
• Anom is the nominal power of the machine;
• Acorr is the nominal power that the machine should have to satisfy the relation (2.1);
• εA is the difference between nominal power Acorr and Anom.

Busbar Busbar Country P PMAX QMAX Anom Acorr εA

SPIRA CODE [MW] [MW] [Mvar] [MVA] [MVA] [MVA]
AQBC111 AQBACBL JOR 100 110 999 140 1005.04 865.04
AQBC111 AQBACBL JOR 100 110 999 140 1005.04 865.04
DIRD711 DIRALIG1 SYR 250 250 280 320 375.37 55.37
DIRD712 DIRALIG2 SYR 250 250 280 320 375.37 55.37
ZAHF811 ZAH-GT1 LEB 170 170 148 185 225.40 40.40
ZAHF812 ZAH-GT2 LEB 100 170 148 185 225.40 40.40
DE1F811 DEIA-GT1 LEB 170 170 148 185 225.40 40.40
DE1F812 DEIA-GT2 LEB 170 170 148 185 225.40 40.40
KRIB711 GN.KURIM EGY 565 627 400 705 743.73 38.73
KRIB712 GN.KURIM EGY 565 627 400 705 743.73 38.73
SIDB712 GN.S.KR EGY 330 341 220 376.5 405.81 29.31
SIDB712 GN.S.KR EGY 330 341 220 376.5 405.81 29.31
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 7/23

Busbar Busbar Country P PMAX QMAX Anom Acorr εA

SPIRA CODE [MW] [MW] [Mvar] [MVA] [MVA] [MVA]
ZAHF813 ZAH-ST LEB 170 170 160 207 233.45 26.45
DE1F813 DEIA-ST LEB 100 165 160 207 229.84 22.84
DIRD713 DIRALIS1 SYR 191 191 260 300 322.62 22.62
ZOUF814 ZOUK-ST4 LEB 170 170 182 227 249.05 22.05
ZOUF811 ZOUK-ST1 LEB 145 145 154 192 211.52 19.52
ZOUF812 ZOUK-ST2 LEB 145 145 154 192 211.52 19.52
ZOUF813 ZOUK-ST3 LEB 145 145 154 192 211.52 19.52
ZAMC811 GT.1 JOR 100 100 60 100 116.62 16.62
H-DB811 GN.H.D.1 EGY 187 195 105 206 221.47 15.47
SAMC811 SAMRA JOR 100 110 60 111 125.30 14.30
SAMC812 SAMRA JOR 110 110 60 111 125.30 14.30
SAMC814 SAM GT4 JOR 110 110 60 111 125.30 14.30
SAMC815 SAM GT5 JOR 110 110 60 111 125.30 14.30
REHC811 REHGE99 JOR 110 110 60 111 125.30 14.30
SAMC813 SAMR.COM JOR 100 100 55 100 114.13 14.13
THAD811 THAWHT01 SYR 100 100 82,5 117.7 129.64 11.94
THAD812 THAWHT02 SYR 100 100 82,5 117.7 129.64 11.94
THAD813 THAWHT03 SYR 100 100 82,5 117.7 129.64 11.94
THAD814 THAWHT04 SYR 100 100 82,5 117.7 129.64 11.94
THAD815 THAWHT05 SYR 100 100 82,5 117.7 129.64 11.94
THAD816 THAWHT06 SYR 100 100 82,5 117.7 129.64 11.94
THAD817 THAWHT07 SYR 100 100 82,5 117.7 129.64 11.94
H-DB812 GN.H.D.2 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB811 GN.H.D.1 EGY 187 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB812 GN.H.D.2 EGY 187 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB812 GN.H.D.2 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB813 GN.H.D.3 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB813 GN.H.D.3 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB813 GN.H.D.3 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB814 GN.H.D.4 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB814 GN.H.D.4 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB814 GN.H.D.4 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
H-DB811 GN.H.D.1 EGY 185 190 105 206 217.08 11.08
TBK6412 TOBRUK S G2 LYB 20 33 40 41 51.86 10.86
TBK6411 TOBRUK S G1 LYB 30 30 40 41 50.00 9.00
TBK6413 TOBRUK S G3 LYB 30 30 40 41 50.00 9.00
REHC822 NEWREH JOR 25 30 35 37.5 46.10 8.60
AMSC812 AMSGEN JOR 25 30 35 37.8 46.10 8.30
NASD814 NASRST04 SYR 150 150 120 185 192.09 7.09
DA1B811 GN2DAM.G EGY 25 25 27 30 36.80 6.80
TISD811 TISHST01 SYR 200 200 160 250 256.12 6.12
TISD812 TISHST02 SYR 200 200 160 250 256.12 6.12
SOUF812 SOUR-GT2 LEB 20 40 36 48 53.81 5.81
SOUF811 SOUR-GT1 LEB 20 40 36 48 53.81 5.81
BAAF811 BALBKGT1 LEB 40 40 36 48 53.81 5.81
BAAF812 BALBKGT2 LEB 40 40 36 48 53.81 5.81
REHC813 REHABGT2 JOR 90 100 60 111 116.62 5.62
DA1B814 GN4DAM.S EGY 50 58 35 62.6 67.74 5.14
MA2B821 GNMAHOD EGY 55 57,5 35 62.5 67.31 4.81
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 8/23

Busbar Busbar Country P PMAX QMAX Anom Acorr εA

SPIRA CODE [MW] [MW] [Mvar] [MVA] [MVA] [MVA]
MA2B821 GNMAHOD EGY 55 57,5 35 62.5 67.31 4.81
SWED924 SWDPT01 SYR 20 20 23 26 30.48 4.48
SWED925 SWDPTG02 SYR 20 20 22 26 29.73 3.73
REHC812 REHABNEW JOR 90 100 55 111 114.13 3.13
AMSC811 AMMSGT1 JOR 25 30 20 33.1 36.06 2.96
KARC811 GT KAR JOR 20 20 15 22.8 25.00 2.20
MARC811 GAST3 JOR 19 19 15 22.8 24.21 1.41
MARC812 GAST4 JOR 19 19 15 22.8 24.21 1.41
MARC813 GAST5 JOR 19 19 15 22.8 24.21 1.41
MARC814 GAST6 JOR 19 19 15 22.8 24.21 1.41
EL-B211 EL-ARISH EGY 25 33 25 40 41.40 1.40
EL-B211 EL-ARISH EGY 25 33 25 40 41.40 1.40
HTPC814 HTPSGN4 JOR 56 66 43 77.7 78.77 1.07
HTPC815 HTPSGN5 JOR 56 66 43 77.7 78.77 1.07
HTPC816 HTPSGN6 JOR 56 66 43 77.7 78.77 1.07
HTPC817 HTPSGN7 JOR 56 66 43 77.7 78.77 1.07
SIDB711 GN.S.KR EGY 320 320 200 376.5 377.36 0.86
SIDB711 GN.S.KR EGY 320 320 200 376.5 377.36 0.86
ASWB812 GN.ASW.2 EGY 45 47 18 49.5 50.33 0.83
ASWB813 GN.ASW.3 EGY 45 47 18 49.5 50.33 0.83
ASWB811 GN.ASW.1 EGY 45 47 18 49.5 50.33 0.83
ASWB814 GN.ASW.4 EGY 45 47 18 49.5 50.33 0.83
ASWB815 GN.ASW.5 EGY 45 47 18 49.5 50.33 0.83
ASWB816 GN.ASW.6 EGY 45 47 18 49.5 50.33 0.83
ASWB817 GN.ASW.7 EGY 45 47 18 49.5 50.33 0.83
ASWB821 GN.ASW.8 EGY 65 67 35 75 75.59 0.59
ASWB822 GN.ASW.9 EGY 60 67 35 75 75.59 0.59
ASWB818 GN.ASW.8 EGY 60 67 35 75 75.59 0.59
ASWB819 GN.ASW.9 EGY 65 67 35 75 75.59 0.59
RESC814 RESHAH 1 JOR 30 30 15 33.1 33.54 0.44
HTPC812 HTPSG2 JOR 33 33 21 38.8 39.12 0.32
HTPC813 HTPSGN3 JOR 33 33 21 38.8 39.12 0.32
MSE3811 MSE-GEN-1 LYB 15 15 15 21 21.21 0.21
SRW7811 SRW-GEN-1 LYB 15 15 15 21 21.21 0.21
SRW7812 SRW-GEN-2 LYB 15 15 15 21 21.21 0.21
SRW7813 SRW-GEN-3 LYB 11 15 15 21 21.21 0.21
TALC911 TALADAM JOR 2 2,5 2 3 3.20 0.20
SBH4211 SEBHA-A SVC LYB 0 1 60 60 60.01 0.01
Table 3 – Incoherence in generators data

With reference to Table 3, for example for the generators SAMC812, SAMC814, SAMC815, REHC811
(located in Jordan) in WinCRESO the maximum reactive power (QMAX) is put to zero. This could
decrease more the voltage level, especially in the equivalent network, the area where the voltage is
already low.
In this case a possible solution to satisfy the relation (2.1) is to increase the nominal power of the
machine, in order to allow an increase in the reactive power production, without changing the active
dispatching and the reactive power limits.
Moreover, the generators AQBC111 and AQBC111 located in Jordan (the first two machines in the
previous table) have the maximum reactive power equal to 999 Mvar: this is probably a wrong data. A
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 9/23

possible solution is to change the maximum reactive power limits at about 70% of maximum active
power (QMAX = 0.7 PMAX).

Busbars with particular nominal voltage

In 2008 peak load scenario there are some nodes with nominal voltage equal to 1 kV that are directly
connected to busbars with nominal voltage equal to 400 kV, through transformers 400/1 kV ratio. This
configuration probably does not represent the real structure of the network and should be checked and
confirmed. The busbars are the following (Table 4):

Busbar Busbar Country

SPIRA CODE
AMMC911 AMN 400 JOR
AMMC912 AMN 400 JOR
AMSC911 AMSFUC JOR
AMSC912 AMSFUC JOR
ATPC911 ATPFUC JOR
ATPC912 ATPFUC JOR
ZQAC911 QAT F.B JOR
ZQAC912 QAT F.B JOR
Table 4 – List of busbars with 1 kV nominal voltage

This situation is not critical for the analyses; however this model probably is not a real situation and
could cause some alterations in the results obtained.

Another possible non-correct representation is constituted by the presence in Jordan equivalent network
of the busbars QL1C911 called AIRPATH with nominal voltage equal to 0.4 kV. This value is too low
to belong to transmission network, belongs to distribution network.
Also this situation is not critical, but probably it is not real and it could cause some alterations in the
results obtained, especially when it will be necessary to investigate a possible alternative bus coupler
topology.

2.1.2 Missing data

Interruption data of the circuit breakers and busbars

In order to assess if the breakers are adequate for the 2008 peak load scenario, the short circuit currents
will be compared with the maximum interruption data of the circuit breakers and busbars.
At the moment, all interruption data of the circuit breakers and busbars are not available. These data, for
Libyan network, are necessary, and there is no way to make a default assumption.

Zero-sequence transformer reactance

The zero-sequence reactance of transformers are necessary to calculate single phase r.m.s. values of the
symmetrical a.c. component of the short circuit currents.
All these values are not present in the 2008 peak load scenario. If these values are not available, all
single phase r.m.s short circuit current will be calculated supposing that zero-sequence reactance is equal
to direct sequence reactance.

Generators electrical parameters

In order to calculate short circuit current in Libyan network the electrical parameters of generators (in
particular the subtransient reactance) are necessary.
In 2008 peak load scenario these parameters are available only for Libyan generators. For all generators
in equivalent networks that do not have specified electrical data the following hypotheses can be done:
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 10/23

• subtransient reactance: 0.25 [p.u.] for thermoelectric generators and 0.33 [p.u.] for hydroelectric
generators;
• transient reactance: 0.30 [p.u.] for thermoelectric generators and 0.35 [p.u.] for hydroelectric
generators;
• synchronous reactance: 1.90 [p.u.] for thermoelectric generators and 1.10 [p.u.] for hydroelectric
generators.

It is important to underline that the generators in equivalents networks do not have a significant
influence on short circuit currents in Libyan network, so the already available data, together with the
above hypotheses, could be considered enough for the purposes of this study.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 11/23

3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITIES

In this chapter a brief description of the activities foreseen for this scenario is reported. For each activity
it is indicated also the main data necessary for the study and the critical aspects (such as missing data
and default hypotheses) that must be faced to obtain the best results.

3.1 Data acquisition and first power flow calculation

Data
For this phase, the network provided by GECOL in SPIRA format will be used for the various
simulations.

Description
The first phase of the activity consists in the acquisition in WinCRESO tool of the data provided by
GECOL in SPIRA format, and then a first power flow and short circuit calculation will be performed. In
order to check the validity of the data importation in WinCRESO and, if necessary, to tune some
parameters of the network description, the outputs of this power flow and short circuit calculation will
be compared with the data of the scenario provided by GECOL. This tuning is necessary to check the
correct transfer from the SPIRA format to the WinCRESO format that are different: if the results are very
similar in both cases the check is fulfilled.
In this phase also a check about voltage levels and reactive power limits of generators is necessary to
verify the data quality.
A first analysis of the scenario in SPIRA format has shown that:
• there are significant areas of the network where many nodes have voltage levels outside allowed
limits (minimum or maximum);
• there are areas (or countries) where an important number of generators does not have reactive
reserve.
Since the quality of all the analyses depends on the validity of the input data, it is important to check the
previous bullets on the provided scenario: this check can be done by GECOL experts, because of their
experience and knowledge of the considered grid description.
It is important to underline that these controls should be done not only for the Libyan network, but also
for the foreign equivalent network.
When all these controls will be fulfilled, it will be possible to execute network analyses.

3.2 Short circuit analysis and check of the maximum interruption data of the circuit
breakers
Data
For this phase, the following missing data are needed:
• zero-sequence reactance of transformers;
• maximum interruption data of the circuit breakers and busbars to compare them to the values of
short circuit currents.

If the zero-sequence reactance of transformers is not available, it will be supposed to be equal to the
direct sequence reactance. The maximum interruption data of the circuit breakers and busbars can not be
supposed because they are typical values of devices used in the network.

Description
The short circuit calculation will be performed with reference to the international standard defined by
the IEC 60909 rule. In particular, the method used for the calculation is based on the introduction of an
equivalent voltage source at the short circuit location. This equivalent voltage source is the only active
voltage of the system. The value of the equivalent source is equal to nominal voltage multiplied for a
voltage factor equal to 1.1. All the equipments of the network are replaced by their internal impedances.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 12/23

In this way, operational data and the load of consumers, tap changer position of transformers, excitation
of generators are not necessary.
Three phase and single phase r.m.s. values of the symmetrical a.c. component of the short circuit
currents will be calculated at every bus of the network.

3.3 N – 1 security analyses and identification of possible power flow congestion

Data
For this phase, the network provided by GECOL in SPIRA format will be used for the various
simulations. It is particularly important to have a suitable network working point. Therefore, it is
important to have a correct voltage profile in all network areas and a coherent data set for generators.

Description
An evaluation of the N-1 criterion will be performed on the given 2008 peak load scenario; the tripping
of single lines and single power generators will be used as contingencies for this evaluation. The output
of this analysis is the indication of the voltage and current violations (with reference to a suitable
percentage-threshold of the rated values) which may occur after each contingency; the violations are
evaluated in the steady-state condition that the system reaches after each contingency.
According to the common practise adopted by most Transmission System Operators (TSO), the "N-1"
criterion establishes that any probable single event leading to a loss of a network element (transmission
line or generator) should not endanger the security of interconnected operation, that is, trigger a cascade
of tripping or the loss of a significant amount of power consumption. The remaining network elements,
which are still in operation, should therefore be able to accommodate for the additional load or change
of generation, without significant voltage deviations or power flow congestion.
The contingencies that will be considered in this phase will involve the most important transformers,
lines and generators in Libyan network. The devices abroad will not be considered.

3.4 Voltage static stability analyses with evaluation of active/reactive load margins
Data
For this phase, the network provided by GECOL in SPIRA format will be used as the starting point of
the various simulations. It is particularly important to have a correct voltage profile in all network areas
and a coherent data set for generators. The available reactive margins of the generators are very
important because in this phase the network will be stressed as more as possible.

Description
The voltage static stability analyses will be performed on the 2008 peak load scenario and on a reduced
but significant set of the most critical conditions found (the ranking criteria is based on the quantity and
the severity of the violations after each contingency) with the N-1 security analysis. For each analysis,
the voltage collapse distance will be evaluated under different hypotheses for the successive increases of
the active power and reactive power of the loads, till the attainment of the voltage collapse limit. The
voltage collapse limit is evaluated both with a homogeneous increase for all the loads of the network and
with different increases of the various loads according to the geographical distribution of the loads.
The voltage collapse is a dynamic phenomenon, but steady state assessment adopts the hypothesis that
the involved dynamics are very slow. This assumption permits to describe the behaviour of the system
by the power-flow equations, which are used to estimate the MW distance of the actual system operating
condition from the voltage collapse situation. This distance will be quantified also with some indexes,
such as Carpentier index and linear index. The estimation is performed through an iterative procedure
based on successive load and generation active and reactive power increases and power flow
calculations, along suitable patterns, till the attainment of the voltage collapse limit, which is
conventionally reached when there is no mathematical solution for the power flow calculation.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 13/23

3.5 Investigation of a possible alternative bus coupler topology and generation units
configuration
Data
For this phase, the network provided by GECOL in SPIRA format will be used as the starting point of
the various simulations. It is particularly important to have a correct topology and generation units
dispatching in the base scenario.

Description
Starting from the 2008 peak load scenario, a reduced but significant set of different situations will be
generated: each situation will differ from the 2008 peak load base scenario for a different topology of
one or more bus couplers. The selection of the different situations will be made on the basis of the
general experience of the power consultants, and specifically on the basis of the previous activities
carried out with regard to the Libyan network.
The objective of this investigation is to find if there is an alternative topology for the bus coupler
topology which could enhance the security levels during the operation of the network. The security level
of each possible alternative will be evaluated with respect to short circuit currents, busbar voltage
violations, power flow congestion and active power distance from the voltage collapse point.
Moreover, in this phase, a strong customer involvement will be highly desirable for a joint examination
and a focused selection of the possible alternatives.
For each different scenario, it will be performed a N-1 analysis, a short circuit calculation and a
computation of the active load margin with respect to voltage collapse. The results of all these analyses
for every different scenario will be ranked and compared with those of the 2008 peak-load scenario,
with the objective to find, wherever possible, a better configuration for the topology of bus couplers.

3.6 Dynamic analysis of the most critical contingencies and check of defence plan
performances
Data
For this phase it is particularly important to have a credible network working point and to have a correct
voltage profile in all network areas and a coherent generator data. Otherwise, during simulations, not
real oscillations may rise and the dynamic behaviour could be compromised.

Description
The final stage of the project, which basically reflects the same study procedures adopted for the study
carried out by CESI in 2005 and on-going in 2008, consists in the verification of defence plan schemes,
based on the dynamic simulation of credible/extreme contingencies (according to the outcome of static
N-1 security analysis) with and without the presence of emergency control actions. Such transient
simulations activity will be supported by the use of the dynamic simulation and modelling tool SICRE.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 14/23

4 SCHEDULE OF THE ACTIVITIES

In this paragraph a schematic list of the activities is reported. In Figure 1 a schematic sequence of the
activities is showed: it is important to underline that, since the output of some activities is the input of
others, a priority sequence must be followed.

Peak load scenario

Data check
Data Acquisition in WinCRESO

Power Flow Computation

No
Power flow ok? Acquisition tuning

Yes

Dynamic
Short circuit N-1analysis
analysis
analysis
Voltage static security
assessment

Possible alternative bus

coupler topology
Static analyses

Figure 1 – Coordination of the activities

The first phase of the activity is called “data check”: it consists of the acquisition in WinCRESO tool of
the network provided by GECOL in SPIRA format and the check of available data as described in the
previous paragraphs.
Only when the first phase has been performed without any problem in the available data (good voltage
profile, good convergence of load flow algorithm, …), it is possible to execute the “static analyses”
phase. As showed above, the first activity that will be done is N-1 security analysis, whose results are
used for the voltage static security assessment. In fact, the voltage collapse distance will be performed
on some (i.e. five) of the most critical conditions found (the ranking criteria is based on the quantity and
the severity of the violations after each contingency) with the N-1 security analysis.
Short circuit analysis is independent from the other two mentioned studies, so this phase can be done in
parallel, soon after the data check phase.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 15/23

All results obtained from the previous three phases will be used to evaluate possible alternative coupler
topology which could enhance the security levels during the operation of the network. The security level
of each possible alternative will be evaluated with respect to short circuit currents, busbar voltage
violations, power flow congestion and active power distance from the voltage collapse point.
Dynamic analysis will be executed after N-1 static analyses, since the starting point of the dynamic
analysis is the set of the most critical contingencies found with the N-1 static analysis.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 16/23

5 CONCLUSIONS

This inception report has described the necessary data and the schedule of the activities for the
consultancy service about optimal operation schemes for Libyan 400 kV and 220 kV transmission grid.
The missing and the doubtful data for the purpose of the activity are listed. This analysis has been done
on the 2008 peak-load scenario, already provided by GECOL in SPIRA format.

The most important aspects to be underlined are that:

• some data are doubtful or wrong;
• some necessary data are missing.

These aspects must be considered before the beginning of the activity, in order to obtain the best
possible results.

5.1 Doubtful or wrong data

For what regards doubtful data, it must be underlined that:

• there are significant areas of the network where many nodes have voltage levels outside allowed
limits (particularly the minimum limit, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2): this means that the
voltage levels in some parts of equivalent networks, particularly in Syria and Jordan, are too low
to represent a normal situation. The reasons for this very low voltage profile is due to the fact
that there are areas (or countries) where an important number of generators does not have
reactive reserve;
• the description of the equivalent grid also comprehends some busbars with a very low voltage
level (see Table 4), which properly should belong to a distribution system and not to a
transmission system.

It is important to have an accurate description not only of the Libyan network, but also of the foreign
equivalent networks. The doubtful data could influence the results obtained from the study because they
probably do not represent a real situation (specially for abroad countries such as Jordan and Syria) and
for this reason should be checked and, if the case, corrected. Before CESI starts the various activities
foreseen by the consultancy, GECOL should confirm the validity of these doubtful data.

For what regards wrong data, it must be underlined that the incoherence in some generators (all listed in
Table 3) involving active and reactive limits and nominal power indicates that probably some errors are
present in this type of data about generators. Before CESI starts the various activities foreseen by the
consultancy, GECOL should correct these data, otherwise CESI will arbitrary correct the reactive power,
as indicated in par. 2.1.1.

5.2 Missing data

There are some data necessary for short circuit calculation, but yet missing. They are those referred to:

• the interruption data of circuit breakers and busbars;

• the zero-sequence transformer reactance;
• the electrical parameters of the generators for equivalent networks.

These missing data should be provided by GECOL. If these data are not available, CESI may assume the
following default values:
• the zero-sequence transformer reactances are supposed to be equal to direct sequence
reactances;
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 17/23

• the electrical parameters of the generators for equivalent networks are assumed to be as
described in par. 2.1.2.

Instead, for what regards the interruption data of circuit breakers and busbars, CESI can not suppose
default values because they are typical for the Libyan network, and for this reason, only GECOL can
provide them.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 18/23

6 CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT NEW DATA

In this paragraph some considerations are reported about the new data necessary for this activity
requested by CESI and provided by GECOL during the meeting carried out in Tripoli from 7th to 9th
May 2009.

The data provided are the following:

1. PSS/E (RAW, DYR files) data for the countries Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, Syria;
2. new 400 kV network SLD;
3. new 220 kV network SLD;
4. 400 kV substations;
5. 220 kV substations;
6. new generation data;
7. substation rating.

The data still not available are the following:

8. new transmission lines and new cable data;
9. new 400/220 kV transformers data and new generator transformer data;
10. working point of the new generation units;
11. list of modifiable loads;
12. loads fed by the new 220 kV antenna lines.

6.1 Study grid

According to the agreement reached during the meeting carried out in Tripoli from 7th to 9th May 2009,
for this study the last version of the grid, already used by CESI for the activity defence plan update
2008, will be used. At this grid will be added all the modifications listed in the following paragraphs.

6.2 Equivalent networks

CESI will modify the available network considering the information present in PSS/E files. Other
modifications that should be necessary to improve the quality of the study will be executed and reported
to GECOL.
Analysing the PSS/E data files (RAW and DYR files), some busbars with particular nominal voltage (1
kV or less) are still present: these elements will be ignored in the analysis.

6.3 New transmission components

With reference to the new data, CESI will insert in the available study grid all the following
components.

6.3.1 Substations
The following stations with nominal voltage equal to 400 kV or 220 kV will be added to study grid.

Station
Nominal voltage
[kV]
TRIPW-4 400
ATABA-4 400
BAMLD-4A 400
RWAYS-4A 400
GDAMS-4 400
MUSRT-4A 400
SERIT-4 400
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 19/23

Station Nominal voltage

[kV]
RLANOF-4 400
AGEDB-4B 400
BNGZS-4A 400
BENGN4A 400
ALALG-2 220
TRFAS-2 220
SRMAN-2 220
HSHAN-2 220
AJALA-2 220
RYDIA-2 220
HWESA-2 220
ZERAA-2 220
NALUT-2 220
WGAHN-2 220
HBEBA-2 220
ATABA-2 220
BEARA-2 220
SUKSB-2 220
ZENTAN-2 220
BLATH-2 220
SBHAN-2 220
MORZG-2 220
CMNTZ-2 220
MSRTC-2 220
OGELA-2 220
BFKRA-2 220
SALAM-2 220
GOUBA-2 220
FTAYH-2 220
Table 5 – new 400 kV and 220 kV stations

The insertion of the new stations will be done splitting the existing lines into the parts reported in the
data provided by GECOL with the lengths indicated. The data available for these elements are enough to
execute the modification in the available network.

6.3.2 Transmission lines

The following transmission lines with nominal voltage equal to 400 kV or 220 kV will be added to study
grid.

From station To station

Nominal voltage Length Notes
[kV] [km]
ZAWIA-4A TRIPW-4 400 130
ZAWIA-4A TRIPW-4 400 130
TRIPW-4 ATABA-4 400 130
ATABA-4 BAMLD-4A 400 45
BAMLD-4A HOMSW-4A 400 111
BAMLD-4A HOMSW-4A 400 111
RWAYS-4A GDAMS-4 400 290
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 20/23

From station To station Nominal voltage Length Notes

[kV] [km]
HOMSW-4A MUSRT-4A 400 105
MUSRT-4A SERIT-4 400 215
SERIT-4 RLANOF-4 400 271
SERIT-4 RLANOF-4 400 271
RLANOF-4 AGEDB-4B 400 238
RLANOF-4 AGEDB-4B 400 238
AGEDB-4B BNGZS-4A 400 145
BNGZS-4A BENGN4A 400 23
BNGZS-4A BENGN4A 400 23
NATIO-2 AJALA-2 220 2.7 Antenna line
TRIPW-2 SARAJ-2 220 12.1 Cable
SARAJ-2 RYDIA-2 220 6.3 Antenna line
ANZRA-2 ZERAA-2 220 10.4 Antenna line
MSRTE-2 MSRTC-2 220 5.5 Antenna line
RWAYS-2 NALUT-2 220 35 Antenna line
LHIRA-2 WGAHN-2 220 30 Antenna line
GRIAN-2 ZENTAN-2 220 56 Antenna line
TRAGN-2 MORZG-2 220 55 Antenna line
Table 6 – new 400 kV and 220 kV transmission lines

The electrical parameters of all these lines are not available. These data are necessary to change in
a correct way the available network and for this reason, only GECOL can provide them. If these
information are not available, CESI can not proceed with the study.

The information about the loads fed by the new 220 kV antenna lines are not available. CESI can not
suppose default values because they are typical for the Libyan network, and for this reason, only
GECOL can provide them. If these information are not available, CESI will assume all of these lines
as opened lines.

6.3.3 Generators
The following generation units will be added to study grid.

Generation unit station Size HV level

[kV]
RWAYS-4A 2 x 180 MVA 400
MUSRT-4A 2 x 337 MVA 400
BENGN4A 2 x 337 MVA 400
AGEDB-2A 2 x 337 MVA 220
SRIRW-2A 1 x 337 MVA 220
Table 7 – new generation units

The electrical parameters available for these elements are enough to execute the modification in the
available network.
The working point of these new generators is necessary to consider a real scenario during the
study. The list of loads to modify and their modification entities after the variation of generation
are also necessary. If these data are not available, CESI will assume a standard working point according
to the size of the machines and the most important loads present in the area will be modify.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 21/23

6.3.4 Transformers
The following transformers will be added to study grid to connect the new 400 kV stations and the new
generation units.

From station From station To station or To station

Nominal voltage [kV] generator Nominal voltage [kV]
MUSRT-4A 400 1st new 337 MVA gen
MUSRT-4A 400 2nd new 337 MVA gen
MUSRT-4A 400 MSRTE-2A 220
MUSRT-4A 400 MSRTE-2A 220
SERIT-4 400 SERIT-2A 220
SERIT-4 400 SERIT-2A 220
RLANOF-4 400 RLNOF-2A 220
RLANOF-4 400 RLNOF-2A 220
AGEDB-4B 400 AGEDB-2A 220
AGEDB-4B 400 AGEDB-2A 220
AGEDB-2A 220 1st new 337 MVA gen
AGEDB-2A 220 2nd new 337 MVA gen
BNGZS-4A 400 BNGZS-2A 220
BNGZS-4A 400 BNGZS-2A 220
BENGN-4A 400 BENGN-2A 220
BENGN-4A 400 BENGN-2A 220
BENGN-4A 400 1st new 337 MVA gen
BENGN-4A 400 2nd new 337 MVA gen
SRIRW-2A 220 new 337 MVA gen
TRIPW-4 400 TRIPW-2A 220
TRIPW-4 400 TRIPW-2A 220
BAMLD-4A 400 BAMLD-2A 220
BAMLD-4A 400 BAMLD-2A 220
HOMSW-4A 400 HOMSW-2A 220
HOMSW-4A 400 HOMSW-2A 220
st
RWAYS-4A 400 1 new 180 MVA gen
RWAYS-4A 400 2nd new 180 MVA gen
RWAYS-4A 400 RWAYS-2A 220
RWAYS-4A 400 RWAYS-2A 220
Table 8 – new transformers

The electrical parameters of all these transformers are not available. These data are necessary to
change in a correct way the available network and for this reason, only GECOL can provide them.
If these information are not available, CESI can not proceed with the study.

6.3.5 Reactors
The following reactors will be added to study grid.

Reactor location Size Description

[Mvar]
HOMSW-4A 50 Busbar reactor
GMMR1-4A 50 Busbar reactor
RWAYS-4A 100 Busbar reactor
RWAYS-4A 50 Line rways-gdams reactor
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 22/23

Reactor location Size Description

[Mvar]
GDAMS-4 50 Line rways-gdams reactor
MUSRT-4A 75 Line musrt-serit reactor
SERIT-4 100 Line musrt-serit reactor
SERIT-4 100 Busbar reactor
RLANOF-4 100 Line rlanof-serit reactor
RLANOF-4 100 Line rlanof-serit reactor
RLANOF-4 75 Busbar reactor
AGEDB-4B 100 Line agedb-rlanof reactor
AGEDB-4B 100 Line agedb-rlanof reactor
Table 9 – new reactors

With reference to HOMSW-4A and GMMR1-4A stations, in CESI study grid the line reactors do not
reported in the previous table are already present.
The data available for these elements are enough to execute the modification in the available network.
 CESI A8033623
Report Draft Page 23/23

6.4 Conclusions
These paragraphs have described the new data provided by GECOL to CESI during the meeting carried
out in Tripoli from 7th to 9th May 2009 for the consultancy service about optimal operation schemes for
Libyan 400 kV and 220 kV transmission grid.
The following data are enough to execute the modification to the study grid:

1. the location of the new 400 kV and 220 kV stations and the data regarding the splitting of
existing lines;
2. the data regarding equivalent networks in PSS/E files;
3. the location and the electrical parameters of the new generating units;
4. the location and the size of the new line/busbar reactors.

Unfortunately there are still some missing data for the purpose of the activity that are listed below.

6.4.1 Missing data

The data not still available can be resumed as follow:

1. The electrical parameters of all new transmission lines (both 400 kV lines and 220 kV lines):
these data are fundamental to change in a correct way the study network and CESI can not
suppose default values. If these information are not available, CESI can not proceed with
the study.

2. The load data fed by the new 220 kV antenna lines: CESI can not suppose default values
because they are typical for the Libyan network, and for this reason, only GECOL can provide
them. If these information are not available, CESI will assume all of these lines as opened lines.

3. The working point of the new generators is necessary to consider a real scenario during the
study. The list of loads to modify and their modification entities after the variation of generation
are also necessary. If these data are not available, CESI will assume a standard working point
considering the size of the machines and it will modify the most important loads present in the
area.

4. The electrical parameters of all new transformers are not available. These data are necessary to
change in a correct way the available network and CESI can not suppose default values. If these
information are not available, CESI can not proceed with the study.

For all other data not available and described in the first part of this report, will be done the hypotheses
described in this document.

6.4.2 Schedule of the activities

The activity can start only after the availability of the data described on point 1 and 4 of the list reported
in paragraph 6.4.1 and after the data or the confirm of the hypotheses regarding the point 2 and 3 of the
same list.

The activity will follow the agenda described in CESI contract A8006467 starting approximately from
three weeks after the sending of all missing data listed in the previous paragraph.