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06 Cell Reproduction

This document discusses the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the process of nuclear division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. Meiosis involves two rounds of nuclear division and produces four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that is important for sexual reproduction and evolution.

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Clarisse Apresurado Sapida
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36 views

06 Cell Reproduction

This document discusses the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the process of nuclear division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. Meiosis involves two rounds of nuclear division and produces four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that is important for sexual reproduction and evolution.

Uploaded by

Clarisse Apresurado Sapida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mitosis and Meiosis

Cell Division
Why Do Cells Divide?

For growth, repair, and reproduction


Mitosis
• Organisms grow by the addition
of cells
• In multicellular organism some of
these cells perform functions
different from other cells.
• The process of a cell becoming
different is differentiation.
• Under normal conditions once
an animal cell becomes
specialized it can no longer
form an entire organism,
however plant cells are
totipotent and any cell can
form an entire plant.
When do cells divide?
• Most limiting factor in size is
the size of the cell membrane.
–Cells must obtain nutrients
–as volume increases, cell surface
area does not increase as greatly
–larger cells require a larger
surface area for survival
Cell Division vs. Nuclear Division

• Cytokinesis: The actual division of the cell into


two new cells.

• Mitosis: The division of the nucleus of the cell


into two new nuclei.

• Note: Sometimes cells go through mitosis


without going through cytokinesis. Describe a
cell that did this.
Terminology
• Chromatin - thin fibrous form
of DNA and proteins
• Sister chromatids- identical
structures that result from
chromosome replication,
formed during S phase
Anatomy of a Chromosome
p -arm
• Centromere - point
where sister
chromatids are joined
together
centromere
• P=short arm; upward
• Q=long arm;
q-arm downward
• Telomere-tips of
chromosome

chromatids telomere
How Do Cells Divide?

• Cell cycle - sequence of phases


in the life cycle of the cell
Getting ready to split

• Cell cycle has two parts:


–growth and preparation
(interphase)
–cell division
• mitosis (nuclear division)
• cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
Interphase
• Occurs between divisions
• Longest part of cycle
• 3 stages
Interphase

• G1 or Gap 1
–The cell just finished
dividing so in Gap 1 the
cell is recovering from
mitosis
Interphase

• S or Synthesis stage
–DNA replicates
Interphase
• G 2 or Gap 2
–This is preparation
for mitosis
–Organelles are
replicated.
–More growth occurs.
MITOSIS
Mitosis begins after G 2 and ends
before G 1
Prophase
• Chromosome
condense
• Microtubles form
• The nuclear
envelope breaks
down
Metaphase

• Chromosomes are
pulled to center of
cell
• Line up along
“metaphase plate”
Anaphase
• Centromeres divide
• Spindle fibers pull
one set of
chromosomes to each
pole
• Precise alignment is
critical to division
Telophase
• Nuclear envelope form around
chromosomes
• Chromosomes uncoil
• Cytokinesis
– animals - pinching of plasma membrane
– plants- elongates and the cell plate forms(
future cellwall and cell membrane)
Meiosis
What is Meiosis?
A division of the nucleus that reduces
chromosome number by half.
•Important in sexual reproduction
•Involves combining the genetic
information of one parent with that of
the the other parent to produce a
genetically distinct individual
Terminology
• Diploid - two sets of
chromosomes (2n), in humans 23
pairs or 46 total
• Haploid - one set of
chromosomes (n) - gametes or sex
cells, in humans 23 chromosomes
Chromosome Pairing
• Homologous pair
–each chromosome in pair are
identical to the other ( carry genes
for same trait)
–only one pair differs - sex
chromosomes X or Y
Phases of Meiosis
• A diploid cell replicates its
chromosomes
• Two stages of meiosis
–Meiosis I and Meiosis II
–Only 1 replication
–Synapsis - pairing of homologous
chromosomes forming a tetrad.
–Crossing over - chromatids of
tetrad exchange parts.
Meiosis I
Prophase I
• Chromosomes condense
• Homologous chromosomes pair w/
each other
• Each pair contains four sister
chromatids - tetrad
Prophase I
• Prophase is subdivided into
five sub stages:

– Leptonema
• Replicated chromosomes
(leptotene) appear as long
slender threads
Prophase I
• Prophase is subdivided into
five sub stages:

– Zygonema
• Pairing of homologous
chromosomes (synapsis)
• The pair is referred to as bivalent
or tetrad (zygotene)
Prophase I
• Prophase is subdivided into
five sub stages:

– Pachynema
• Chromosomes continue to
become shorter and thicker
(pachytene)
• A series of exchange genetic
material can occur (crossing-over)
between specific regions of the
homologous chromosomes
Prophase I
• Prophase is subdivided into
five sub stages:

– Diplonema
• The tetrad tend to repel each
other (diplotene)
• Crossing-over have taken place
• Chiasma – the area of contact
between two chromatids,
becoming distinct
Prophase I
• Prophase is subdivided into
five sub stages:

– Diakinesis
• Coiling and contraction of the
chromosomes continue
• The bivalents migrate close to the
nuclear membrane
• The nucleolus disappear and the
nuclear membrane begins to
break down
• Spindle apparatus begins to form
Metaphase I
• Tetrads or
homologous
chromosomes
move to
center of cell
Anaphase I
• Homologous
chromosomes
pulled to
opposite
poles
Telophase I
• Daughter
nuclei formed
• These are
haploid (1n)
Meiosis II
• Daughter cells undergo a
second division; much like
mitosis
• NO ADDITIONAL REPLICATION
OCCURS
Prophase II
• Spindle fibers
form again
Metaphase II

• Sister
chromatids
move to the
center
Anaphase II
• Centromeres
split
• Individual
chromosomes
are pulled to
poles
Telophase II & Cytokinesis
• Four haploid
daughter cells
results from
one original
diploid cell
Review Mitosis & Meiosis
• Both are forms of nuclear division
• Both involve replication
• Both involve disappearance of the
nucleus, and nucleolus, nuclear
membrane
• Both involve formation of spindle
fibers
DIFFERENCES
• Meiosis produces daughter cells that
have 1/2 the number of chromosomes
as the parent. Go from 2n to 1n.
• Daughter cells produced by meiosis
are not genetically identical to one
another.
• In meiosis cell division takes place
twice but replication occurs only once.
Value of Variation
• Variation - differences between
members of a population.
• Meiosis results in random
separation of chromosomes in
gametes.
• Causes diverse populations that
over time can be stronger for
survival.

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