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Boiling - Condensation

This document provides an overview of tutorial #6 and assigned reading from WWWR chapters 21-22 and ID chapters 10-11 to be discussed on March 1, 2011. It includes summaries of various boiling regimes, correlations for boiling heat transfer data, film and dropwise condensation, log mean temperature difference calculations, and examples of shell and tube and cross flow heat exchangers.

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Atif Ahmed
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25 views

Boiling - Condensation

This document provides an overview of tutorial #6 and assigned reading from WWWR chapters 21-22 and ID chapters 10-11 to be discussed on March 1, 2011. It includes summaries of various boiling regimes, correlations for boiling heat transfer data, film and dropwise condensation, log mean temperature difference calculations, and examples of shell and tube and cross flow heat exchangers.

Uploaded by

Atif Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HW # 6 /Tutorial # 6

WWWR Chapters 21 & 22


ID Chapters 10 & 11
• Tutorial # 6
• WWWR #21.12, 21.14,
21.16, 21.19, 22.3, 22.15.
• To be discussed March 1,
2011.
• By either volunteer or
class list.
Boiling and Condensation
Boiling
Two basic types of boiling:
• Pool boiling
– Occurs on heated surface submerged in a liquid pool
which is not agitated
• Flow boiling
– Occurs in flowing stream
– Boiling surface may be a portion of flow passage
– Flow of liquid and vapor important type of 2 phase
flow
Regimes of Boiling
Regime 1:
• Wire surface temperature is only a few degrees
higher than the surrounding saturated liquid
• Natural convection currents circulate the
superheated liquid
• Evaporation occurs at the free liquid surface as the
superheated liquid reaches that position
Regime 2:
• Increase in wire temperature is accompanied by
the formation of vapor bubbles on the wire surface
• These bubbles form at certain surface sites, where
vapor bubble nuclei are present, break off and
condense before reaching the free liquid surface

At a higher surface temperature, as in regime III, larger and more


numerous bubbles form, break away from the wire surface, rise,
and reach the free surface. Regimes II & II are associated with
nucleate boiling.
Regime IV:
• Beyond the peak of the curve the transition boiling
regime is entered.
• A vapor film forms around the wire, and portions
of this film break off and rise, briefly exposing a
portion of the wire surface
• This film collapse and reformation and this
unstable nature of the film is characteristic of the
transition regime.
• When present, the vapor film provides a
considerable resistance to heat transfer, thus the
heat flux decreases.
Correlations of Boiling Heat-
Transfer Data
g ( ρ L − ρV ) surface tension
Db ∝
σ

Nub = Cfc Rebm PrLn  Refer to Appendix 6 for Detailed Derivation.


As confirmed by Cengel 2007
Condensation

• Occurs when a vapor contacts a surface


which is at a temperature below the
saturation temperature of the vapor.
• When the liquid condensate forms on the
surface, it will flow under the influence of
gravity.
• Film Condensation
•Normally the liquid wets the surface, spreads out and forms a
film.
• Dropwise Condensation
•If the surface is not wetted by the liquid, then droplets form and
run down the surface, coalescing as they contact other
condensate droplets.
Example 1
Film Condensation:
Turbulent-Flow Analysis
• It is logical to expect the flow of the condensate
film to become turbulent for relatively long
surfaces or for high condensation rates.
• The criterion for turbulent flow is a Reynolds
number for the condensate film.
• In terms of an equivalent diameter, the
applicable Reynolds number is
4A
A= 1• δ ; P = 4δ
=
4A ρLυ 1;
P
Re = 4 A ρ L vavg 4δρ L vavg
P µf Re = •
P µf
=
µf
4Γ c 4 ρ LVavg δ
=
Re =
µf µf
4Γ c 4 ρ LVavg δ
=
Re =
µf µf
Dropwise Condensation

Dropwise Condensation
• Associated with higher heat-transfer
coefficients than filmwise condensation
phenomenon.
• Attractive phenomenon for applications
where extremely large heat-transfer rates
are desired.
Heat Transfer Equipment
• Single-pass heat exchanger – fluid flows through
only once.
• Parallel or Co-current flow – fluids flow in the
same direction.
• Countercurrent flow or Counterflow - fluids flow
in opposite directions.
• Crossflow – two fluids flow at right angles to one
another.
Double pipe heat exchanger (A) and
crossflow heat exchanger (B)

A B
Shell-and-tube Arrangement
• E.g. Tube-side fluid makes two passes, shell-side fluid
makes one pass.
• Good mixing of the shell-side fluid makes one pass.
Log-Mean Temperature Difference

• Temperature profiles for single-pass double-pipe heat


exchanger
Counterflow analysis
• Temperature vs. contact area
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)

• First-law-of-thermodynamics
 .   . 
=
∆q  mC p = ∆Tc  mC p  ∆TH
 c  H
 .   . 
=
dq  mC p = dTc C=
c dTc  mC p  =dTH CH dTH
 c  H
• Energy transfer between the two fluids

=dq UdA(TH − TC )
TH − TC =∆T ⇒ d (∆T ) =dTH − dTC
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
Example #1
Example #1 (continued)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (1)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (2)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (3)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (4)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (1)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (2)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (3)
Example # 2

375

350
S, H, Water 280 -> 311.1
280 375
T, C, Oil 375-> 350
280 311.1

350 375

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