2.1.

5 LCD DISPLAY
A liquid crystal is a material (normally organic for LCD’s) that will flow like a liquid but whose
molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids. The Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) is a low power device. The power requirement is typically in the order of
microwatts for the LCD. However, an LCD requires an external or internal light source. We are
making use of LCD in our project to display the PIR mode and room temperature

2.1.6 Smoke Sensor

A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial,
industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system
Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical process
(ionization), while others use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke.
In our project we have used D2FEb09 smoke sensor.

2.1.7 GSM Device

In this project we have used Mobile as GSM Device. Mobile is used
to send message of fire alert on specific number that is programmed

2.1.8 Relays:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal. In our system
we have used JQC-3FC (T73) relay.
It works on 12v DC voltage. Its switching voltage is 250v AC and 7 ampere. In our projects we
have used three relays on 21, 22, 23 pin of microcontroller.
POWER SUPPLY
Power supply block consists of following units:
 Step down transformer.
 Bridge rectifier circuit.
 Input filter.
 Voltage regulators.
 Output filter.
 Indicator unit.

Step down transformer

The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply voltage of 230v ac from mains to
lower values, as the various IC’s used in this project require reduced voltages. The transformer
consists of primary and secondary coils.
To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns
in its secondary core. The outputs from the secondary coil which is center tapped are the ac
values of 0v, 15v and 15v. The conversion of these ac values to dc values to dc values is done
using the full wave rectifier unit.
Rectifier Unit
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge circuit. That provides the
polarity of output voltage of any polarity of the input voltage. When used in its most common
application, for conversion of alternating current (A.C) input into direct current (D.C) output, it
is known as a bridge rectifier. The diagram describes a diode-bridge design known as a full wave
rectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase A.C. when no transformer center tap is
available. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full
wave rectification. This is a Widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as
shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

For both positive and negative swings of the transformer, there is a forward path through the
diode bridge. Both conduction paths cause current to flow in the same direction through the load
resister, accomplishing full-wave rectification. While one set of diodes is forward biased, the
other set is reverse biased and effectively eliminated from the circuit.

Input Filter
Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the dc voltages are removed and pure dc voltage
is obtained. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging.
It charges in positive half cycle of the ac voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. So
it allows only ac voltage and does not allow the dc voltage. This filter is fixed before the
regulator. Capacitors used here are of the value 1000uF

Regulator unit
Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value. The output voltage is maintained
irrespective of the fluctuations in the input dc voltage. Whenever there are any ac voltage
fluctuations, the dc voltage also changes, and to avoid this regulators are used.
Regulators can be classified as: -
1. Positive regulator, which regulates the positive voltage(7805,7812)
1. > input pin
2. > ground pin
3. > output pin
2. Negative regulator, which regulates the negative voltage (7912).
1. > ground pin
2. > input pin
3. > output pin
Regulators used in this application are: -
7805 which provides 5v dc
7812 which provides 12v dc
7912 which provides -121v dc

Output Filter
This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the
output received finally. Capacitors used here are of value 10F.

3.14 Power Supply Circuit Diagram

3.15 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

LCD is a type of display used in digital watches and many portable computers. LCD displays
utilize to sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric
current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so that light cannot pass through
them. LCD technology has advanced very rapidly since its initial inception over a decade ago for
use in lap top computers. Technical achievements has resulted in brighter displace, higher
resolutions, reduce response times and cheaper manufacturing process.

The liquid crystals can be manipulated through an applied electric voltage so that light is allowed
to pass or is blocked. By carefully controlling where and what wavelength (color) of light is
allowed to pass, the LCD monitor is able to display images. A backlight provides LCD monitor’s
brightness.
Over the years many improvements have been made to LCD to help enhance resolution, image,
sharpness and response times.

One of the latest such advancement is applied to glass during acts as switch allowing control of
light at the pixel level, greatly improving LCD’s ability to display small-sized fonts and image
clearly.

Other advances have allowed LCD’s to greatly reduce liquid crystal cell response times.
Response time is basically the amount of time it takes for a pixel to “change colors”, in reality
response time is the amount of time it takes a liquid crystal cell to go from being active to
inactive.

This is due to following reasons:

 The declining prices of LCDs.

 The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to
LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.

An intelligent LCD display of two lines, 20 characters per line that is interfaced to the pic16f72
microcontroller.

Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU to keep
displaying the data. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

Most of the LCD modules conform to a standard interface specification. A 14-pin access is
provided having eight data lines, three control lines and three power lines. The connections are
laid out in one of the two common configurations, either two rows of seven pins, or a single row
of 14 pins.

One of these pins is numbered on the LCD’s printed circuit board (PCB), but if not, it is quite
easy to locate pin1. Since this pin is connected to ground, it often has a thicker PCB track,
connected to it, and it is generally connected to metal work at same point.
3.15.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD

3.15.2 PIN DESCRIPTIONS

Vcc, Vss and Vee

While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground respectively, Vee is used for controlling LCD
contrast.

RS Register Select

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as
follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a
command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc

If RS=1, the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.

R/W, read/write: -

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it.

R/W = 1 for reading.

R/W= 0 for writing.

EN, enable
The LCD to latch information presented to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is
supplied to data pins, a high–to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to
latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide.

D0 – D7

The 8–bit data pins, DO – D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of
the LCD’s internal registers.

To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A–Z, a-z numbers 0-9 to
these pins while making RS=1.

There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or
force the cursor to home position or blink the instruction command codes.

We also use RS = 0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information.
The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0, as follows: if R/W = 1, RS = 0.
When D7= 1 (busy flag = 1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not
accept any information.

LM35
The LM35 series are temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the
Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range.
We can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor.