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Models For Crop Diseases: Overview of Approaches & Scales

1) Models for crop diseases come in various forms with different objectives, such as modeling disease dynamics and epidemics or modeling crop losses and impacts on growth. 2) Epidemiological models simulate the spread of disease over time and space using approaches like monocyclic, polycyclic, and mixed models with explicit or implicit spatial components. 3) Crop loss models integrate disease mechanisms into crop growth models to simulate yield impacts from multiple pests and diseases.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
123 views29 pages

Models For Crop Diseases: Overview of Approaches & Scales

1) Models for crop diseases come in various forms with different objectives, such as modeling disease dynamics and epidemics or modeling crop losses and impacts on growth. 2) Epidemiological models simulate the spread of disease over time and space using approaches like monocyclic, polycyclic, and mixed models with explicit or implicit spatial components. 3) Crop loss models integrate disease mechanisms into crop growth models to simulate yield impacts from multiple pests and diseases.

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vizz evil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Models for crop diseases: 

Overview of approaches & scales
S Savary, P Esker, N McRoberts, 
L Willocquet, T Caffi, V Rossi, J Yuen, 
A Djurle, L Amorim, A Bergamin Filho, 
N Castilla, A Sparks, J Avelino, C Allinne, K Garrett
Background
• Modeling plant diseases: many different 
approaches used, with different objectives 
• Two main objectives in modeling plant disease: 
• Modeling the dynamics of plant disease epidemics
• Modeling crop losses – the effects of plant disease (pest) on 
crop growth and performance
• With the ultimate goal of improving disease 
management, and so:
• A very large number of pathosystem (Host + Pathogen) ‐
specific disease management models
Brief overview of 
epidemiological simulation modelling
– Types of epidemics and models 
(monocyclic; polycyclic; mixed monocyclic‐
polyclic)
– Spatialized models (explicit, implicit 
spatialization)
– Primary inoculum
– Polyetic processes
– Genetic diversity of the pathogen
epidemiological modeling
Epidemiological structural patterns
Polycycle – Fraction Host Tissue Monocycle 
Fruiting Body ‐ Panicle or Head
Seed‐ or soil‐borne diseases

Mixed – Shoot or Tiller Vector‐borne

epidemiological modeling
An epidemiological example: EPIRICE
'correction'
factor

total diseased
C
sites
D
Rate
of growth

RG
Rate
of infection

H healthy latent infectious 'removed'


sites sites sites sites

L I P
RS
RI
Vanderplank J.E., 1963. Plant Diseases.
Epidemics and Control. Academic Press, New
senesced York.
S Zadoks J.C. 1971., Systems analysis and the
sites
dynamics of epidemics. Phytopathology
basic relative 61:600-610
infection rate Savary, S., Nelson A., Willocquet L., Pangga
Rc I., Aunario J., 2012. Modelling and mapping
potential epidemics of rice diseases globally.
Crop Protection, In Press.
epidemiological modeling
spatial scales of plant disease epidemics in EPIRICE

- local infections on the foliage - rapidly expanding infections on the foliage


- 1 lesion = a small fraction of leaf area - 1 lesion = a leaf
- ex.: leaf blast; brown spot - ex.: bacterial blight

- infections affecting entire tillers - systemic infections


- 1 lesion = a tiller - 1 lesion = a plant
- ex.: sheath blight - ex.: tungro epidemiological modeling
Avg
1997-2008

Brown
spot

Std
1997-2008

epidemiological modeling
Avg
1997-2008

Leaf
blast

Std
1997-2008

epidemiological modeling
Another epidemiological example: Modelling 
grapevine powdery mildew  epidemics under 
different CC scenarios

Model simulations of powdery mildew severity (%) in a scenario of low‐intermediate 
conduciveness (black symbols) and high conduciveness (grey symbols) for
the disease according to scenarios A2 and B2 for Cembra (higher elevation). 10‐year moving 
average lines are superimposed on the series. 
Caffarra, A., Rinaldi, M., Eccel, E., Rossi, V., & Pertot, I. (2012). Modelling the impact of climate 
change on the interaction between grapevine and its pests and pathogens: European grapevine 
moth and powdery mildew. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 148, 89‐101.
Challenges (J. Yuen, pers. comm.)
time scale (epidemiological processes studied)

<<
time scale (processes in crop models)

<<
time scale (climate change scenarios)
epidemiological modeling
Brief overview of 
crop loss simulation modelling
–Crop (agrophysiological) growth 
models with damage mechanisms
–Damage mechanisms
–RI – RUE models
– multiple diseases (pests) models

Yield and yield loss modeling


Production levels
Rabbinge, R. 1993. The 
Production ecological background of 
radiation
levels: temperature
food production. In: Crop 
Yield crop phenology
protection and 
sustainable agriculture. 
defining factors physiological properties
Ciba Foundation 77. 
crop architecture
Potential Chadwick DJ, Marsh J, 
Eds. John Wiley & Sons, 
water Chichester, UK.
Yield nitrogen
Van Ittersum, M. K., and 
limiting factors phosphorus
Attainable Rabbinge, R. 1997. 
Ecology for analysis and 
pests
quantification of 
diseases
Yield weeds
agricultural input‐output 
reducing factors pollutants combinations. Field Crops 
Actual calamities Res. 52:197‐208.

Yield and yield loss modeling


Simulation modelling of yield losses ‐
examples

Crop Pest Reference


Rice Leaf blast Bastiaans, 1993
Rice Multiple diseases Pinnschmidt et al, 1994
Rice Multiple pests Willocquet et al, 2000; 2002; 2004
Rice, wheat Multiple pests Aggarwal et al, 2006a; 2006b
Wheat Aphids Rossing, 1991
Wheat Leaf rust Roermund & Spitters, 1990
Wheat Multiple pests Willocquet et al, 2008
Potato Multiple pests Johnson, 1992

Yield and yield loss modeling


Damage mechanisms of crop pest injuries
Damage Physiological effect Effect in a crop growth model Examples of pests
mechanism

Light stealer Reduces the intercepted Reduces the green LAI Pathogens producing lesions on leaves


radiation

Leaf senescence Increases leaf senescence, Reduces leaf biomass by increasing  Foliar pathogens such as leaf spotting 


accelerator causes defoliation the rate  of leaf senescence pathogens, downy mildews

Tissue consumer Reduces the tissue biomass Outflows from biomasses  of the  Defoliating insects


injured organs

Stand reducer Reduces the number and Reduces biomass of all  organs Damping‐off fungi


biomass of plants

Photosynthetic  Reduces the rate of carbon Reduces the RUE Viruses, root‐infecting pests, stem 


Rate reducer uptake infecting pests, some foliar pathogens

Turgor reducer Disrupts xylem and phloem  Reduces the RUE, accelerates leaf  Vascular, wilt pathogens


transport senescence

Assimilate Removes soluble assimilates  Outflows assimilates from the pool  Sucking insects, e.g. aphids, some 


sapper from host of assimilates planthoppers, biotrophic fungi exporting 
assimilates from host cells

… and an eighth mechanism: reproductive tissue transformation (smuts and gall


midges) – A. Djurle, Pers. Comm.
Rabbinge, R., and Vereyken, P. H. 1980. The effects of diseases or pests upon host. Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzensch. 87:409‐422; 
Rabbinge, R., and Rijsdijk, P. H. 1981. Disease and crop physiology: a modeler’s point of view. Pages 201‐220 in: Effects of Disease 
on the Physiology of the Growing Plants. P. G. Ayres, ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK;  Yield and
Boote, K. J., Jones, J. W., Mishoe, J. W., and Berger, R. D. 1983. Coupling pests to crop growth simulators to predict yield 
reductions. Phytopathology 73:1581‐1587;  yield loss
Savary S, Willocquet L. 2014. Simulation Modeling in Botanical Epidemiology and Crop Loss  analysis. APSnet  Education Center. 
The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI‐A‐2014‐0314‐01.
modeling
Incorporating different damage mechanisms 
into a crop growth model: GENEPEST RAD Photosy nthetic
rate reducer
k
Turgor reducer
Light Stealer RUE

Rate of assimilate div ersion


RG
Assimilate sapper
LAI

PartL PartR
PartS Pool PartSO
Savary S, Willocquet L. 
2014. Simulation 
Modeling in Botanical 
Leaf B StemB RootBEpidemiology and Crop 
StorB
RTransloc Loss  analysis. APSnet  
Education Center. The 
Plant Health Instructor. 
RremL
rrsenL DOI: 10.1094/PHI‐A‐2014‐
0314‐01.
Leaf senescence
accelerator
Leaf consumer

Yield and yield loss modeling


Turgor reducer
RICEPEST structure

Savary S, Willocquet L. 2014. Simulation Modeling in Botanical 
Epidemiology and Crop Loss  analysis. APSnet  Education Center. The 
Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI‐A‐2014‐0314‐01. Yield and yield loss modeling
Pests included in WHEATPEST
• Diseases
– brown rust, yellow rust, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici 
blotch, Stagonospora nodorum blotch
– eyespot, sharp eyespot
– Fusarium stem rot
– Fusarium head blight
– take‐all
– BYDV Willocquet L, Aubertot 
JN, Lebard S, Robert C, 
• Insects Lannou C, Savary S, 
2008. Simulating 
– aphids multiple pest damage in 

• Weeds varying winter wheat 
production situations. 
Field Crops Research 
107: 12‐28.

Yield and yield loss modeling


WHEATPEST structure SHY
B YDV EYS FST TA K WD

k
TBASE TM IN TM A X RA D
RUE

DTEMP SLA
LAI APH

RG
ST

SN

YR

BR

PM

RDIV RSA P

STEMP DVS POOL

Willocquet L, Aubertot  RLEA F RSTEM REA R RROOT

CP L CP ST CP E CP R
JN, Lebard S, Robert C, 
Lannou C, Savary S, 
2008. Simulating  LEAFBM STEMBM EARBM ROOTBM
multiple pest damage in  RRSENL RDIST

varying winter wheat  RSENL

production situations.  Yield and


Field Crops Research  FHB
yield loss
107: 12‐28. modeling
Linking epidemiological and yield loss
modeling:
Example: combining EPIRICE and RICEPEST 
(Courtesy Adam Sparks, IRRI)

epidemiological &
yield and yield loss modeling
Example: simulated yield gains from host 
plant resistance to rice bacterial blight
(Courtesy Adam Sparks et al., IRRI)

epidemiological &
yield and yield loss modeling
Assessment of achievements and needs
Progress: damage mechanisms & models
• Much progress has been made on the 
modeling of the effects of harmful organims 
on crops (damage mechanisms)
• As a result, it is possible to model crop losses 
caused by one or multiple injuries (diseases, 
pests) in a generic manner (i.e., any crop, any 
disease/pest)
Assessment of achievements and needs
Progress: losses to multiple injuries
• Disease management often has to account for 
the existence of multiple diseases and pests
in order to be relevant and efficient
• From a crop loss – crop performance –
perspective: addressing multiple diseases (and 
pests) is desirable
• Yield loss models (e.g., RICEPEST, WHEATPEST) 
incorporating multiple injuries (diseases, 
insects, weeds) have been developed
Assessment of achievements and needs
Obstacle: actual field injury data

• But the availability of injury functions – the 
time course of diseases/pests under actual 
field conditions – is a major obstacle
Assessment of achievements and needs
Challenges
• Even for the main food crops worldwide (rice, 
wheat, maize, soybean, potato), there is a 
critical shortage of field data on observed 
(multiple) injuries
• The shortage of field data – not the limitation 
of process‐knowledge – is the main obstacle in 
modeling crop pests and diseases and their 
relations to crops
Assessment of achievements and needs
Steps forward
• A critical step forward would be to develop a 
generic modeling framework for injury functions
(ideotypes of injury time courses)
• representing the dynamics of injury over time in 
reference, key, conditions
• along with other dynamics (i.e., other
disease/pest)
• These collective dynamics of injury functions
representing multiple injury = Crop Health
scenarios
• which, in turn, could be used as drivers for crop
loss models
Concepts for a new AgMIP Group 

Our emphasis within AgMiP is on generic 
epidemiological and generic crop loss 
modelling structures
Concepts for a new AgMIP Group 

• Crop growth models: exist


 potential yield (T, rad, plant genotype)
 attainable yield (same, + yield limiting factors)
• New step: add yield‐reducing factors to 
existing models: implies
 driving functions for diseases (pests)
 couplers = damage mechanisms
• Missing: driving functions for diseases
 develop a framework to model potential (if 
necessary, multiple) epidemics
Framework of activities for a proposed
AgMiP Research Group
• Focusing on crop health (multiple diseases, pests)
• Generic simulation models for disease epidemics
• Enabling to develop crop health scenarios
• A crop health scenario = a set of injury levels 
caused by different diseases, pests
• Crop health scenario: used as driver to model 
crop growth and crop loss
• Allows addressing (1) potential and actual crop 
health risks and (2) crop losses and (3) yield gains
(from management) in a generic manner 
Wheat Rice Potato Soybean Coffee
Target  Temperate X X Etc. Etc.

patho‐ Tropical  X

systems humid

Tropical  X X X
dry

Crops and Ecologies
Tropical  X
Table to fill
mountain
Check « ecologies »
NOT too many crosses

To be discussed further:
‐ perennial crops: grapevine
‐ other or different annual crops

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