Models For Crop Diseases: Overview of Approaches & Scales
Models For Crop Diseases: Overview of Approaches & Scales
Overview of approaches & scales
S Savary, P Esker, N McRoberts,
L Willocquet, T Caffi, V Rossi, J Yuen,
A Djurle, L Amorim, A Bergamin Filho,
N Castilla, A Sparks, J Avelino, C Allinne, K Garrett
Background
• Modeling plant diseases: many different
approaches used, with different objectives
• Two main objectives in modeling plant disease:
• Modeling the dynamics of plant disease epidemics
• Modeling crop losses – the effects of plant disease (pest) on
crop growth and performance
• With the ultimate goal of improving disease
management, and so:
• A very large number of pathosystem (Host + Pathogen) ‐
specific disease management models
Brief overview of
epidemiological simulation modelling
– Types of epidemics and models
(monocyclic; polycyclic; mixed monocyclic‐
polyclic)
– Spatialized models (explicit, implicit
spatialization)
– Primary inoculum
– Polyetic processes
– Genetic diversity of the pathogen
epidemiological modeling
Epidemiological structural patterns
Polycycle – Fraction Host Tissue Monocycle
Fruiting Body ‐ Panicle or Head
Seed‐ or soil‐borne diseases
epidemiological modeling
An epidemiological example: EPIRICE
'correction'
factor
total diseased
C
sites
D
Rate
of growth
RG
Rate
of infection
L I P
RS
RI
Vanderplank J.E., 1963. Plant Diseases.
Epidemics and Control. Academic Press, New
senesced York.
S Zadoks J.C. 1971., Systems analysis and the
sites
dynamics of epidemics. Phytopathology
basic relative 61:600-610
infection rate Savary, S., Nelson A., Willocquet L., Pangga
Rc I., Aunario J., 2012. Modelling and mapping
potential epidemics of rice diseases globally.
Crop Protection, In Press.
epidemiological modeling
spatial scales of plant disease epidemics in EPIRICE
Brown
spot
Std
1997-2008
epidemiological modeling
Avg
1997-2008
Leaf
blast
Std
1997-2008
epidemiological modeling
Another epidemiological example: Modelling
grapevine powdery mildew epidemics under
different CC scenarios
Model simulations of powdery mildew severity (%) in a scenario of low‐intermediate
conduciveness (black symbols) and high conduciveness (grey symbols) for
the disease according to scenarios A2 and B2 for Cembra (higher elevation). 10‐year moving
average lines are superimposed on the series.
Caffarra, A., Rinaldi, M., Eccel, E., Rossi, V., & Pertot, I. (2012). Modelling the impact of climate
change on the interaction between grapevine and its pests and pathogens: European grapevine
moth and powdery mildew. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 148, 89‐101.
Challenges (J. Yuen, pers. comm.)
time scale (epidemiological processes studied)
<<
time scale (processes in crop models)
<<
time scale (climate change scenarios)
epidemiological modeling
Brief overview of
crop loss simulation modelling
–Crop (agrophysiological) growth
models with damage mechanisms
–Damage mechanisms
–RI – RUE models
– multiple diseases (pests) models
PartL PartR
PartS Pool PartSO
Savary S, Willocquet L.
2014. Simulation
Modeling in Botanical
Leaf B StemB RootBEpidemiology and Crop
StorB
RTransloc Loss analysis. APSnet
Education Center. The
Plant Health Instructor.
RremL
rrsenL DOI: 10.1094/PHI‐A‐2014‐
0314‐01.
Leaf senescence
accelerator
Leaf consumer
Savary S, Willocquet L. 2014. Simulation Modeling in Botanical
Epidemiology and Crop Loss analysis. APSnet Education Center. The
Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI‐A‐2014‐0314‐01. Yield and yield loss modeling
Pests included in WHEATPEST
• Diseases
– brown rust, yellow rust, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici
blotch, Stagonospora nodorum blotch
– eyespot, sharp eyespot
– Fusarium stem rot
– Fusarium head blight
– take‐all
– BYDV Willocquet L, Aubertot
JN, Lebard S, Robert C,
• Insects Lannou C, Savary S,
2008. Simulating
– aphids multiple pest damage in
• Weeds varying winter wheat
production situations.
Field Crops Research
107: 12‐28.
k
TBASE TM IN TM A X RA D
RUE
DTEMP SLA
LAI APH
RG
ST
SN
YR
BR
PM
RDIV RSA P
CP L CP ST CP E CP R
JN, Lebard S, Robert C,
Lannou C, Savary S,
2008. Simulating LEAFBM STEMBM EARBM ROOTBM
multiple pest damage in RRSENL RDIST
varying winter wheat RSENL
epidemiological &
yield and yield loss modeling
Example: simulated yield gains from host
plant resistance to rice bacterial blight
(Courtesy Adam Sparks et al., IRRI)
epidemiological &
yield and yield loss modeling
Assessment of achievements and needs
Progress: damage mechanisms & models
• Much progress has been made on the
modeling of the effects of harmful organims
on crops (damage mechanisms)
• As a result, it is possible to model crop losses
caused by one or multiple injuries (diseases,
pests) in a generic manner (i.e., any crop, any
disease/pest)
Assessment of achievements and needs
Progress: losses to multiple injuries
• Disease management often has to account for
the existence of multiple diseases and pests
in order to be relevant and efficient
• From a crop loss – crop performance –
perspective: addressing multiple diseases (and
pests) is desirable
• Yield loss models (e.g., RICEPEST, WHEATPEST)
incorporating multiple injuries (diseases,
insects, weeds) have been developed
Assessment of achievements and needs
Obstacle: actual field injury data
• But the availability of injury functions – the
time course of diseases/pests under actual
field conditions – is a major obstacle
Assessment of achievements and needs
Challenges
• Even for the main food crops worldwide (rice,
wheat, maize, soybean, potato), there is a
critical shortage of field data on observed
(multiple) injuries
• The shortage of field data – not the limitation
of process‐knowledge – is the main obstacle in
modeling crop pests and diseases and their
relations to crops
Assessment of achievements and needs
Steps forward
• A critical step forward would be to develop a
generic modeling framework for injury functions
(ideotypes of injury time courses)
• representing the dynamics of injury over time in
reference, key, conditions
• along with other dynamics (i.e., other
disease/pest)
• These collective dynamics of injury functions
representing multiple injury = Crop Health
scenarios
• which, in turn, could be used as drivers for crop
loss models
Concepts for a new AgMIP Group
Our emphasis within AgMiP is on generic
epidemiological and generic crop loss
modelling structures
Concepts for a new AgMIP Group
patho‐ Tropical X
systems humid
Tropical X X X
dry
Crops and Ecologies
Tropical X
Table to fill
mountain
Check « ecologies »
NOT too many crosses
To be discussed further:
‐ perennial crops: grapevine
‐ other or different annual crops