Monotransitive verbs

Monotransitive verbs involve one object.

Semantic roles of the OD. Commented [1]: not included

Commented [2]: no se estudia esa clasificacion q hay
al principio de la copia?
Forms of the direct object.
Commented [3]: yo no la inclui pq me parecio al
1- NOUN PHRASE pedoo

1a- With the passive: typically the NP can become subject of a corresponding passive clause.
1b- Without the passive.
- Middle verbs: a small group of apparently transitive verbs which normally do not occur in the passive.
They normally do not occur in the progressive.
- Reciprocal verbs: agree with - equal - mean - marry - resemble - stand for
- Verbs of containing and their opposites: comprise - contain - hold - lack.
- Verbs of suiting: fit - suit - become (“look good in it” lucir bien en eso) EX. a color becomes you
- Verbs of having: have - own - possess.
- Verbs of measuring: measure - weigh - cost. (They require complementation, which is usually a NP) EX.
It costs ten dollars, He ran a mile, It weighs a ton.

2- FINITE CLAUSE

2.1 FINITE THAT-NOMINAL CLAUSE.

The verbs taking that-complement clauses tend to denote mental states or attitudes regarding the truth of the proposition
(idea) in the complement clause. The form of the verb in the sub cl as OD will depend on the “controlling” verb in the
matrix cl. It is necessary to subdivide these verbs semantically:

FACTUAL VERBS: These verbs are associated with the expression of speech acts concerned with statements. We may
subdivide factual verbs into: PUBLIC (those which introduce indirect statements, ex: “said”) and PRIVATE (those which
express intellectual states such as belief and intellectual acts such as discovery, ex: “think”). Public verbs are also used for
introducing direct speech.

SUASIVE VERBS: They imply intentions to bring about some change in the future, whether or not these are verbally
formulated as commands, suggestions, etc. They are associated with directives. The sub that-cl OD of a suasive verb most
typically takes PUTATIVE SHOULD (BR E) or the MANDATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE: bare infinitive. (AM. E)
EX: “We insisted that he (should) leave at once”.
“I didn’t agree that he should be compelled to do singing”.
“Interviewers propose that the present law be abolished”.
“I agree that he should be invited”.

An agent, expressed or implied, in the main cl attempts to exert some control over the occurrence of the event in the
embedded cl. The verbs may express:
Weak control: SUGGEST, RECOMMEND.
Strong control: INSIST, DEMAND, REQUIRE.
Control of an in-btw sort: ASK, REQUEST.

The most common verbs included in this type are:

ADVISE-AGREE-ASK-ARRANGE-COMMAND-DECIDE-DEMAND-INSIST-INTEND-MOVE-ORDER-PREFER-
PROPOSE-RECOMMEND-REQUEST-SUGGEST-URGE.

EMOTIVE VERBS: These can occurs with:

-the indicative
-the putative should construction.

EX: “I regret that she worries about it” “I regret that she should worry about it”.
“I regret that he should be so stubborn → neutral idea, questions his stubbornness.
“I regret that he is so stubborn” → fact, accepts it as true.

It’s a small group of verbs such as REGRET, MARVEL, REJOICE, WONDER.

HYPOTHESIS VERBS: The two verbs WISH and (in the imperative) SUPPOSE may be followed by a that-cl containing
the hypothetical past of the were- subjunctive.
EX: “I wish that se were here”.
“Suppose one of us died”.

The modal idiom WOULD RATHER is a third example of a hypothesis verb.

EX: “I’d rather that you did not mention the price”.
“Many residents would rather that the bus service were subsidized”.

2.2 INTERROGATIVE NOMINAL CLAUSES.

The use of the wh-interrogative cl is particularly common where the superordinate cl is interrogative or negative. There are
some verbs which themselves express uncertainty, such as ASK or WONDER: these occur with the wh-cl without the non-
assertive constraint.
2.2.1 WH-INTERROGATIVE NOMINAL CL.
EX: “He forgot why he had phoned”.
2.2.2 YES/NO INTERROGATIVE NOMINAL CL.
EX: “He asked if/whether they were coming”.

“DOUBT” being a verbs of negative meaning, is typically followed by a yes/no interrogative cl, but more especially when it
is in a non-assertive context, doubt occurs with a that-cl.
EX: “I doubt if they will ever want vanilla pudding again”.
“I don’t doubt that they will accept at once”.
“I hardly doubt that they will accept at once”.

DOUBT cannot be followed by an alternative wh-cl.

** I doubt whether or not they’ll accept.
I doubt if they will accept.

3. NON-FINITE CLAUSE.

hay un texto y dsp viene esto

An infinitive cannot stand by itself as a sentence; it is “more dependent” syntactically on its main clause. The main clause
and infinitive are also much more likely to share an NP referent in common.
They encode future unfulfilled projections rather than past or present accomplishments in the complement.

BARE INFINITIVE CL WITH EXPRESSED SUBJECT

The infinitive marks an event seen as punctual, limited, bounded or perfective. Active: bare inf. Passive: to-inf. Commented [4]: nunca entendi con que se relaciona
esto
Commented [5]: Yo tampoco y tampoco tengo ningun
3.1 TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSES ejemplo para tener una idea

3.1.1 WH-INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE

EX: “He learned how to sail a boat as a small boy”.
“You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut”.
“I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy”.

3.1.2 SUBJECTLESS INFINITIVE CLAUSE

The understood subject of the infinitive cl is always the same as the subject of the superordinate clause.
EX:” She decided to leave”.
“He hoped to change her mind” → he hoped that he could change her mind.

3.1.3 TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE WITH EXPRESSED SUBJECT

Introduced directly in the objective case of with FOR.
EX: “Mary wanted to see the play” it does not imply Mary saw the play.
“Jack prefers (for) Mary to come at once.”

When a meaning similar to V+TO.INF is expressed in a finite cl, the complement verb is usually marked by a modal,
indicating some kind of non-factual status.

“She wanted him to forget her”. →meaning: that he should forget her (ahi esta el modal del q habla arriba) D.O WITH
EXPRESSED SUBJECT.

KNOW: BARE INF OR TO-INF. (only in past and perfect tenses).

meaning: see, hear, experience.
“I’ve never known her (to) lose her temper”
“This has been known to happen before” Commented [6]: por qué metiste eso ahi? en la copia
esta antes. igual este donde este no lo entiendo
Commented [7]: en realidad está despues, en la
Verbs of intention: INTEND-MEAN. pagina 7 se repite!
“I didn’t intend you to see it so soon”.
“I never meant him to read what I wrote about him”.

Comment on: la oracion q estaba aca en la copia la puse arriba porq tenia un FOR: “Jack prefers (for) Mary to come at
once.”

Commitment verbs: ARRANGE-LONG-YEARN

Other-directed: They express a desire of the main verb subject that the action in the infinite will take place.
“They arranged for Mary to come at once.”
“She longed for him to return.”
Self-directed: Used with verbal: “They threatened to shoot us.”; or non-verbal commitment: “We decided to surrender.”
(you thought it but didn't verbalize it.

3.2 -ING PARTICIPLE CLAUSES

3.2.1 SUBJECTLESS -ING PARTICIPLE CL

AVOID- APPRECIATE-DEFEND-QUIT-STOP.
These verbs encode actions that are vivid , real (ongoing in the present or completed in the past). They represent the
success of the main verb in accomplishing some outcome, which may be positive or negative.
EX: “She avoided talking to Barry”. (she succeeded in not talking to Barry).
The meaning of the -ing is that the situations described are to be treated as already established.
The understood subject of the participle cl is always the same as the subject of the superordinate clause.
Emotive verbs are included: DISLIKE, DETEST, DREAD, ENJOY, (NOT) FANCY, HATE, LIKE, LOVE, (NOT) MIND,
MISS, PREFER, REGRET, RELISH, RESENT, CAN’T STAND, CAN’T HELP, etc.
EX:”We dislike dancing in public”.
I couldn’t avoid meeting him.

3.2.2 .ING PARTICIPLE CL WITH EXPRESSED SUBJECT.

Introduced directly in the objective or genitive case.
The genitive option is rare when the subject of the participle:
-is not a pronoun
-does not have personal reference
-the style is not formal.

EX:”He enjoyed watching her all the time”

“She detested him spying on her” Commented [8]: donde esta el genitive?

The genitive is avoided when the NP is lengthy and requires the group genitive.

In this group we find emotive verbs.

DISLIKE, DETEST, DREAD, ENJOY, (NOT) FANCY, HATE, LIKE, LOVE, (NOT) MIND, MISS, PREFER, REGRET,
RELISH, RESENT, CAN’T STAND, etc.

SPECIAL CASES OF MONOTRANSITIVES.

CASE 1:
The garden needs watering. / The garden needs to be watered.
My shoes want mending.
It is not the understood subject of the participle but its understood object that is identified with the subject of the
superordinate verb. In such cases the participle construction matches in meaning the passive.

CASE 2:

“He recommended introducing a wealth tax”

In this case it is clear that the person recommending the tax is likely to be different from the persons who would be
responsible for introducing it.
Verbs in this group:
DISCOURAGE-ENVISAGE-INVOLVE-JUSTIFY-PERMIT-RECOMMEND-RISK-SAVE.
With these verbs the participle has “independent” interpretation; i.e. the subject of the participle cl is not necessarily
coreferential with the subject of the preceding verb, and may have indefinite meaning.
CASE 3:

“I admit having seen it = I admit seeing it”

With these verbs the participle may occur with a perfective construction, but the non-perfective construction can also be
used with past meaning.
Verbs in this group:
ADMIT-CONFESS-DENY-FORGET-RECALL-REGRET-REMEMBER

CASE 4:
“They tried to prevent (mono) the plane landing on the runway”
“They tried to prevent (ditransitive) the plane from landing on the runway”
The verbs of negative meaning STOP-PREVENT-PROHIBIT-DISCOURAGE have a related ditransitive construction in
which the preposition FROM precedes the -ing cl as second object.

CASE 5: (to-inf cl with expressed subject)

KNOW→ bare inf // to-inf (only in past and perfect tenses).

meaning: see, hear , experience.
EX: I’ve never known (her (to) lose her temper.) DO
This has been known to happen before. PASSIVE VOICE.

CHOICE BTW THE INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS.

As a rule the infinitive gives a sense of mere “potentiality” for action, while the participle gives a sense of the actual
“performance” of the action itself.

TRY
The difference in meaning:
EX: Sheila tried to bribe the jailer (Sheila attempted an act of bribery, but did not manage it) POTENTIALITY.
Sheila tried bribing the jailer (Implies that she actually did bribe the jailer, but without necessarily achieving what she
wanted) PERFORMANCE.

TRY+to-inf → ATTEMPT to do sth difficult. It involves EFFORT. It usually presents a specific action that a person
attempts to do.
TRY+-ing → ATTEMPT and DO sth as a possible way of gaining a desired result. EXPERIMENT to see if it is suitable,
useful, if it works, in order to find out how useful, helpful, effective or enjoyable it is. It generally proposes a general
solution to a problem.
EX: I tried to call you, but there was no phone anywhere.
I tried calling you, but your line was busy.

THREE CLASSES OF VERBS WHICH TAKE BOTH CONSTRUCTIONS.

EMOTIVE VERBS → dread-hate-like-loathe-love-prefer.

With the verbs which take both constructions the bias of the infinitive towards “POTENTIALITY” tends to favour its use
in HYPOTHETICAL and NON-FACTUAL contexts.
It tends to refer to particular occasions.
EX: Would you like to see my stamp collection?
I hate to seem rude, but you’re blocking the view.

The participial construction is favoured where the speaker is referring to sth which definitely HAPPENS or has
HAPPENED.
It tends to refer to general activities.
EX: Brian loathed living in the country.
I hate getting up early.

LIKE
EX: I like going to the cinema (general activity)
I like to go to the cinema once a week. (particular occasions)

LIKE+ -ING → enjoy. This form is used to talk about hobbies.

LIKE + TO-ING → choose to, be in the habit of.
DON’T LIKE + TO-INF → sth is wrong. EX: I don’t like walking into a classroom when there is another teacher.

DISLIKE
It is associated more exclusively with the idea of repugnance, i.e. the opposite of enjoyment, so the -ing participle is used.
EX: I dislike smoking in the bedroom.

ASPECTUAL VERBS
Verbs of beginning, continuing and ending. They characterise the stage of progress of some other event or activity.
BEGIN-CEASE-COMMENCE-CONTINUE-END-START-FINISH.

These verbs also in many occasions take both constructions.

EX: Lucy started/continued/ceased to write/ writing while in hospital.

The inf is preferred when a point in time (not duration) is being referred to as a beginning or an end when that point in
time is the start of a possible series. That is to say, indicating possible repeating action, the inf is also used.
EX: He begins to sneeze if a cat comes near him. vs He begins sneezing if a cat even comes into the same room.

In other cases a contrast btw potentiality and performance may influence the choice.
He started to speak, but stopped bc she objected.
He started speaking, and kept on for more than an hour.

RETROSPECTIVE VERBS.→ forget, remember, regret, recall

The infinitive indicates that the action or event takes place after the mental process denoted by the verb has begun and as a
result of it.
The -ing participle refers to a preceding event or occasion coming to mind at the time indicated by the main verb.

I remembered to fill out the form. (I remembered that i was to fill out the form and then did so)
I remembered filling out the form. (I remembered that I had filled out the form).

The inf is also preferred when the complement verb indicates a state. EX: The old leader continued to be in charge. He
ceased to be a member of the association.

3.3.3 VERB + NP + -ING PARTICIPLE CLAUSE.

The gerund marks an event seen without focus on its beginning or end, as durative, ongoing, iterative or imperfective.

PERCEPTUAL VERBS.
Of hearing and seeing when only part of the action is perceived. It expresses interest in the doing of the action rather than
it completion. The event is seen without focus on its beginning or end, as durative, ongoing, iterative or imperfective.

HEAR-FEEL-NOTICE-OBSERVE-OVERHEAR-PERCEIVE-SEE-SMELL-SPY-WATCH.
EX: I observed her coming to my house.

When SEE and FEEL are used of mental, not physical perception, so that SEE=NOTICE and THINK=THINK, this pattern
is not used. The pattern with a finite clause is used instead. EX: I feel that you don’t understand this exercise.

Infinitive to-complements Gerund -ing complements.

Subject control
Choose Manage Admit Enjoy
Dare Proceed Appreciate Finish
Expect Promise Avoid Dislike
Fail Refuse Defend Quit
Hope Want Deny Recall
Intend Vow Intend Risk Resume

The bare infinitive vs The S participle complement

Perceptual verbs
Accomplishment → I saw the men digging a hole.
-ING → I saw him leaning on the wall (state).
Bare infinitive → I saw him lean (assumption).

DITRANSITIVE VERBS

This type of complementation in its basic form involves two object NPs that are not in a copular relationship.
In general, monosyllabic verbs take OI in immediate post verbal position more readily than do multisyllabic verbs, which
tend not to allow OI in postverbal position.

OI is normally animate and position first (recipient)

OD is normally inanimate (affected) Ex: They sent a telegram. I kicked the door.

1st passive: OI becomes S.

2nd passive: OD becomes S.

The indirect Object:

Forms: bare and prepositional.
Semantic roles: intended or actual recipient /affected (with eventive OD.)
Ex: I brought this present to you (actual). I brought this present for you (intended).
Paraphrases:
→ to-oi: - for the sake of emphasis, contrast or introducing new info. -when both objects are pronouns.
→ When OI is long or need end-weight: with verbs related to the act of communication. With implied OD, i.e., omitted but
recoverable from the context Ex: “Talk (words OD) to me” IO.

Omission of either object:

-of OD: when a specific OD is recoverable from the preceding linguistic context. Ex: I’ll show you later (what? the wedding
dress).
of OI: with ASK, COST, SAVE, TEACH, TELL.

FORMS OF THE OBJECTS.

1) Both objects are NPs
1a. OI+OD → BRING-FETCH-GET-LEAVE-SPARE

1b. OD+ prepositional OI.

→ TO oi (dative verbs): “TO” is not obligatory.
BRING-DENY-FETCH-GET-GIVE-GRANT-HAND-LEAVE-LEND-OFFER-OWE-PASS-PAY-POST-PROMISE-READ-
SELL-SEND-SHOW-TAKE-TEACH-TELL-THROW-WRITE.
EX: The closure of the company brought poverty to the town. Can you fetch me a glass of water (to me)?

“TO” is obligatory with: (only one passive in which OD becomes S)

ADDRESS-ANNOUNCE-COMMUNICATE-CONFESS-DENY-DESCRIBE-DICTATE-DONATE-EXPLAIN-
INTRODUCE-NARRATE-RECOMMEND-REFUSE-REVEAL-SAY-TRANSMIT

→ FOR oi (benefactive verbs) after: it involves one person doing sth which will benefit someone or another person.
BOOK-BRING-BUILD-BUY-CALL-CASH-CHOOSE-COOK-DO-FETCH-FIND-GET-KEEP-LEAVE-MAKE-ORDER-
POUR-RESERVE-SAVE-SPARE.
Ex: Can you make a reservation for me? Can you call a taxi for me?

→ OF oi (eliciting verbs) after:

ASK-REQUEST-ENQUIRE.
EX: I request a favour of you. Can I ask a favour of you? A challenge that will ask much of us.

A small number of verbs take only immediate post verbal position and allow OI in postpositional position:
BILL-BET-FINE-COST-OVERCHARGE-SPARE
Ex: The book cost me $10. Wrong: The book cost $10 to me.

There are some verbs that optionally allow but do not require prepositional OI in order to complete their argument
structure:
EX: Mary revealed the truth to Ken.

1c. OI+ prepositional OD

Accuse N of N

ADVISE ABOUT/ON - ASSURE OF - BLAME FOR - CHANGE INTO - COMPARE WITH/TO - CONVICT OF -
CONGRATULATE ON - INFORM OF/ABOUT - INTEREST IN - INTRODUCE TO - PERSUADE OF - PREVENT FROM
- PROTECT FROM/AGAINST - PUNISH FOR - RELIEVE OF - REMIND OF(bring to mind)/ABOUT(hacer acordar de) -
REPLACE WITH - SENTENCE TO - SUSPECT OF - THANK FOR - TREAT TO - WARN OF.

EX: Nothing compares to you.

They blame him(od) for stealing the car(prep OD).

1d. O + prepositional object.

a. Rob N of N (O becomes S of the passive)

CONFINE TO - CHANGER WITH - CHEAT OF - CONVICT OF - CONVINCE OF - DEPRIVE OF - PLY WITH
EX: They deprived the city of its water supplies.

b. Make a (terrible) mess of (O becomes S of the passive).

MAKE (ANY) ALLOWANCE FOR - MAKE A FUSS OVER/ABOUT - MAKE STH OF - MAKE USE OF - PAY
ATTENTION TO - REDUCE SOMEBODY TO - TAKE (GOOD) CARE OF - TAKE ACCOUNT OF - TAKE
ADVANTAGE OF - TAKE NOTE OF - TAKE NOTICE OF.
EX: Commented [9]: faltaria poner un ejemplo

c. Catch sight of (prepositional O becomes S of the passive with stranded preposition).

ATTACH IMPORTANCE TO - GIVE PLACE TO - GIVE WAY TO - KEEP PACE WITH - LOSE SIGHT OF - LOSE
TOUCH WITH - LOSE TRACK OF - MAKE FUN OF /AT - MAKE ROOM FOR - PUT A STOP TO - PUT AN END TO -
SET FIRE TO.
EX: They made room for the lady. The protestors set fire to the vehicle.

1e. Care object + prepositional object.

SERVE/PRESENT
→ with OD
→ to OI

TELL
→ about OD
→ to OI

ENVY/EXCUSE/FORGIVE
→ OI (for) OD→ I envy you (for) your gorgeous red hair.

BLAME bare OD + on OI bare OI + for OD

SUPPLY bare OD + for/to OI bare OI+with OD
PROVIDE bare OD+ for OI bare OI+ with OD
BEG bare OD + for OI bare OI + for OD

EX: They provided blankets for the homeless

They provided the homeless with blankets.
When my father retired they presented a goldwatch to him.
When my father retired they presented him with a goldwatch.

ALLOW - CHARGE - FINE - REFUSE - WISH→ allow neither object to be prepositional .

I wish you merry christmas. They refused me satisfaction.

2) OI + FINITE THAT NOMINAL CL AS OD.

2.a When the verb in the superordinate cl introduces AN INDIRECT STATEMENT, the subordinate cl has an indicative
verb as happens with the verbs:
ADVISE(=inform)-BET-CONVINCE-INFORM-PERSUADE-PROMISE-REMIND-SHOW-TEACH-TELL-WARN-WRITE.
EX: His mother convinced him that I was part of the problem. We warned them that there was a bull in the field.

→ With obligatory OI
ASSURE-CONVINCE-INFORM-NOTIFY-PERSUADE (=convince)-REMIND-SATISFY-TELL.
→ With optional OI.
ADVICE-BET FOREWARN-PROMISE-SHOW-SIGNAL-TEACH-WAGER-WIRE-WRITE.
→ With To-OI (OPTIONAL)
ACKNOWLEDGE-ADMIT-ANNOUNCE-COMPLAIN-CONFESS-DECLARE-DEMONSTRATE-EXPLAIN-
MAINTAIN-MENTION-POINT OUT-PREDICT-PROVE-RELATE-REMARK-REPORT-SAY-SIGNAL-STATE-
TO is optional (especially in Am. E.) with: CABLE-NOTIFY-PROMISE-SHOW-TEACH-WRITE-WIRE.
The verbs in this pattern allow a THAT cl to become the S of a corresponding passive cl, more acceptably with
extraposition.

2b. When the verb in the superordinate cl introduces AN INDIRECT DIRECTIVE, the subordinate cl has:
the subjunctive
putative should
another modal
the indicative , as can be seen in the following sentence:
EX: She petitioned the king that her father be/should be/might be/was pardoned.

Although the finite cl is rare and formal in comparison with the equivalent TO-inf construction as for example: he
petitioned the king to pardon her father. (more common).
The that-nominal cl which introduces the indirect directive cannot become the S of the passive. EX. The regulations
request all members of the club to attend all meetings.

These are all suasive verbs.

→ With optional OI
AGREE-BEG-CHARGE-PETITION-REQUEST
EX: The teachers have requested of the head teacher that he should reconsider his decisions.
→ With prepositional OI (OI must be included if there is a preposition)
AGREE WITH-ASK (of)-DEMAND OF-PROPOSE (to)-RECOMMEND (to)-SUGGEST (to)
EX: The head mistress suggested (to the teachers) that bright children take their exam earlier.
→ With obligatory OI:
TELL
→ The OR is unusual with:
ASK-BEG-COMMAND-INSTRUCT-ORDER
EX: They had instructed me to take it home. They ordered me to buy it.

3) OI + INTERROGATIVE CL
3a. FINITE INTERROGATIVE CL.

ASK-TELL
A preposition, usually optional, may precede the wh-cl acting as OD:
ADVISE (AS TO) - ASK (ABOUT) - ENQUIRE (OF) - INFORM (OF) - REMIND (ABOUT) - TELL (ABOUT)
EX: I advised him as to what places he should visit.

3b. WH-INFINITIVE CL.

After ADVISE-ASK-INSTRUCT-RECOMMEND-REMIND-SHOW-SUGGEST-TEACH-TELL-WARN
EX: They recommended me what to buy. They reminded me when to pay the bills.

4) OI+ TO INFINITIVE CL.

This pattern is used with verbs that introduce indirect directives.
Only the OI can be made the subject of a passive cl.
EX: I persuaded Mark to see a doctor.
The subject of the superordinate cl refers to the speaker of the speech act.

The implied subject of the infinitive cl is generally identified with the OI.
I persuaded Mark that he should see a doctor.
but notice: I promised Howard to take two shirts for his father.

The verb PROMISE is exceptional in that the implied S of the infinitive cl is the subject of the superordinate verb.

Notice also:
4a. They begged her to stay another week.
that she (would/should) stay another week. Commented [10]: NO ENTENDI
The following verbs have an equivalent construction with a finite that-cl (containing a modal or subjunctive verb):
ADIVESE-ASK-BEG-BESEECH-CAUTION-CHARGE(=instruct,command) -COMMAND-COUNSEL-ENTREAT-
EXHORT-FORBID-IMPLORE-INSTRUCT-ORDER-PERSUADE-PETITION-RECOMMEND-REMIND-REQUEST-
TEACH-TELL-URGE-WARN.

4b. They invited her to stay another week.

Wrong: They invited her that she (would/should) stay another week.

The following verbs do not have the equivalent construction with a finite that-cl.:
CHALLENGE-DETAIL-ENJOIN-INCITE-INVITE-PRAY.
EX: Scotland Yard detailed an office. They enjoined the organization to end all restrictions. He incited loyal subjects to
rebel against the party. We pray to God to have rain soon.

COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERBS.

Characteristics:
→ The two elements following the verb have a S-P relationship (1)
→ The two NPs are in a copular relationship. (2)
→ The OD can be made a passive subject (3)

EX:
1) I heard him open the door. =he opened the door.
2) She considered her mother a sensible woman = Her mother was a sensible woman.
3) Her mother was considered a sensible woman.

Analyse: They found her a very efficient secretary. (CT or DT). Commented [11]: analizar

Patterns:
1) V CT +OD+ PO (Identifying)

-PO=NP

Attribute role:
-Current (you are): APPOINT- CALL - CONFESS- CONSIDER- CHOOSE-DEEM-ESTEEM-FIND-HOLD-JUDGE-KEEP-
LEAVE-PRESUME-PROFESS-PRONOUNCE-THINK-WISH.
EX: They considered her a great artist. They esteem her the perfect novelist.

-Resulting: (occurred as a result) BAPTISE-CERTIFY-CROWN-CHRISTEN-DECLARE-ELECT-MAKE-NAME-

PROCLAIM-PROVE-SHOW-VOTE.
-PO= to be+NP

ANTICIPATE-ASSUME-BELIEVE-ESTIMATE-EXPECT-GUESS-IMAGINE-KNOW-PRESUME-SUPPOSE-TAKE
EX: They anticipated the movie to be a blockbuster.

-PO= adj phrase (characterising)

Attribute role:
-Current:
Current verbs of general meaning: HOLD-KEEP-LEAVE. EX: Keep the benches warm. When the weather is hot I leave the
windows open.
Factual speech act verbs: CALL-CONFESS-PROFESS-PRONOUNCE-REPORT.
Volitional verbs: LIKE-PREFER-WANT-WISH. EX: Tell me how you like your coffee.
Verbs of intellectual states: BELIEVE-CONSIDER-DEEN-FIND-HOLD-IMAGINE-JUDGE-PRESUME-RATE-RECKON-
SUPPOSE-THINK. EX: The council has deemed these buildings architecturally important.

-Resulting:
General resulting verbs: DRIGE-GET-MAKE-PROVE-RENDER-SEND-TURN. EX: All the complexity nearly sent him
crazy.
Resulting verbs referring to speech acts which have the performative force of declarations: CERTIFY-DECLARE-
PROCLAIM.

-PO= to be+ adj phrase:

FEEL-UNDERSTAND
EX: She had felt herself to be unwanted there. I understood you to be abroad.

POSTPONEMENT OF THE O:
When the OD is lengthy or requires special emphasis, the PO precedes the OD. This does not involve an IT substitution.

EX They will elect chairman PO anyone willing to serve. DO

He thought desirable PO most of the women in the room.

CLICHÉS: (v+adj collocations)

Bang (a door) shut-drain sth dry-drip sth dry-eat oneself sick-laugh oneself sick-pack sth tight-push (a door) open -roar
oneself hoarse-shout oneself hoarse-sleep oneself sober-wipe sth clean.

Reversed order in some fixed combinations: i.e. V+ PO + OD.

EX. He cut short all interruption. (terminate before the natural time)
By now they must have made good their retreat.
This amounts to setting loose a tige on a crowd.

-PO =prep ph.

EX: They described her as a genius. described: V CT - Her: DO - As a genius: PO

ACCEPT-ACKNOWLEDGE-APPOINT-BILL-CERTIFY-CLASS-CONSIDER-COUNT-CROWN-CHARACTERISE-
CHOOSE-DEEM-DEFINE-DESCRIBE-ELECT-ESTEEN-HOLD-IMAGINE-INTEND-JUDGE-KEEP-LEAVE-MAKE
(INTO)- MISTAKE AS-NAME-PROCLAIM-RATE-RECKON-REGARD-REPORT-SEE-TAKE-TREAT-USE.

With the ones in bold the preposition is optional.

EX The critics esteemed her as the perfect novelist.
I mistook her offer as a threat.

-PO= Nominal Cl.

He has made the company what it is today.
Call it what you will.

2) V CT +OD+AO (a prepositional phrase or an adverb of space -position or direction - more particularly with causative
verbs of motion)
He put his hand on the child’s shoulder. They kept the child indoors.
You can put the books on the shelves. She held him close.

POSTPONEMENT OF THE O:
When the OD is lengthy or requires special emphasis, the AO precedes the OD. This does not involve an IT substitution.

Please put in these packing cases all the books from the shelves in my study, and in those large packing cases all the books
from the shelves in the living room.

3) V CT+OD+TO-INF cl.

3.1
HELP: bare inf. / to-inf.

The police reported that the traffic was heavy.

The police reported the traffic to be heavy. (this provides a better passive)
John believed that the stranger was a policeman.
John believed the stranger to be a policeman.
The stranger was believed to be a policeman (?) Commented [12]: no estoy segura si está bien
copiado

3.2. Verbs of coercive meaning: HAVE (at a certain moment) -LET- MAKE.
3.3 Verbs of causation (the infinitive cl identifies a resultant state)
APPOINT-ELECT-NAME-VOTE-CAUSE-FORCE-GET-LEAD-LOBBY-PROMPT.
EX. This optimistic forecast led the administration to promise tax-cuts.
The president of the company appointed a commission to investigate fraud claims.

GET tends to convey the sense that some difficulty was involved; perhaps the S of the main cl used persuasion or coercion
on the S of the embedded cl.

3.4. Verbs of modality expressing such concepts as enablement, permission and capacity.
AUTHORISE-COMPEL-CONSTRAIN-EMPOWER-ENABLE-ENTITLE-FIT-OBLIGE-PERMIT-REQUIRE-ALLOW
(CT/DT)
CT: My contract allows me to take one month’s leave.
DT: How much money do your parents allow you on the weekend?
What fits me to make so momentous a decision?

3.5. Verbs of influencing btw which a common factor appears to be that of the non-finite cl has a purposive meaning.
(expresses purpose)
ASSIST-BOTHER-BRIBE-CONDEMN-DARE-DEFY-DIRECT-ENCOURAGE-HELP-INCITE-INDUCE-IMPEL-
INSPIRE-INSTRUCT-PRESS-SUMMON-TEMPT-TRUST.
EX. Our teacher encouraged us to think for ourselves.

Verbs that occur only in the passive: RUMOUR-SAY-SEE

Verbs that occur chiefly in the passive: REPUTE - THINK.

MULTI-WORD VERBS.
COUNT ON - DEPEND ON - KEEP ON AT/ONTO - MAKE OUT (CLAIM;DESCRIBE) - RELY ON.

Don’t count on your relatives to help you out of trouble.

I depend on you to do it.
She kept on at/onto me(DO) for a year (adverbial pred adj) to buy her a new coat, until in the end I agreed, if only to get
some peace from her.

4) V CT+OD+-ing participle cl.

4.1. Verbs of encounter and leaving: CATCH - COME ACROSS - DISCOVER - FIND - LEAVE - SPOT
EX. Don’t let me catch you doing that again.
4.2. Causative verbs: GET (meaning cl) - HAVE (meaning permit, tolerate, experience)

Note: unlike the monotransitive pattern, the NP following the superordinate verb cannot take the genitive case. Commented [13]: no lo entiendo

4.3. LEAVE-KEEP-SEND-SET meaning cause to stay in a particular state, condition or position that is mentioned.

5) V CT+OD+ -ed participle cl (which is passive in meaning)

5.1. Perceptual verbs: SEE-HEAR-FEEL-WATCH

5.2. Volitional verbs: LIKE-NEED-PREFER-WANT
5.3. Experiential verbs: GET-HAVE (when somebody else, not the S of the sentence performs the action) (Get seems to be
used for routine activities which may have involved some unexpected difficulties. Commented [14]: sigue pero se ve que no llegue a
copiarlo.
5.4. Verbs for which the -ed participle describes a resultant state: KEEP - DISCOVER - FIND - LEAVE
Commented [15]: ahi lo complete pero dsp le
EX. DOn’t worry we’ll leave the work finished by 5. They kept the treasure hidden under the ground. podemos preg a meli por las dudas

6) Bare infinitive

6.1. Verbs of coercive meaning.

6.2. Perceptual verbs.

COPULAR COMPLEMENTATION
Copular verbs are used to associate some attribute, expressed by the Ps following the V, with the S or the cl. This Ps either
characterizes or identifies the S.
A verb is said to have copular complementation when it is followed by a Ps or a predication adjunct, and when this element
cannot be dropped without changing the meaning of the verb. The verb is called copular (or linking) and it is equivalent in
function to the principal copular, BE.
Copular verbs fall into two main classes according to whether the Ps has the role of current attribute or resulting attribute.
This distinction corresponds to that btw CURRENT COPULAS and RESULTING COPULAS.
Normally, current copulas are STATETIVE and cannot co-occur with the progressive aspect. They identify attributes that
are in a continuing state of existence, whereas result320ing copulas verbs identify an attribute that happens as a result of
some process of change.
Each copular verb is associated with a different set of adjectival complement, reflecting subtle differences in meaning.
In addition there are verbs which have this function with severe restrictions on the adjectives occurring in the complement.
This restriction may be a lexical restriction to certain idiomatic verb-adj sequences such as REST ASSURED or it may be a
semantic restriction as for example BLUSH RED

Discuss:

1) He died poor.
died: verb intransitive
poor: quasi predicative, refers to HE, there’s a relationship btw subject and verb.

They married young.

married: intransitive.
young: refers to THEY.
2) Her turned traitor/conservative. This is formulaic. The complement of turn is exceptional in having zero article even
there’s any implication of uniqueness.

He has gone socialist. Both TURN and GO are used disparagingly. Complementation by an adj is restricted to a few lexical
items.

3) They parted the best of friends. The complement is a NP and an ADJ Ph in another, the same happens with the verb
MAKE.

*They parted happy

They make a charming couple.

Jane started out as a music student before she turned (0/) linguist.
Jane started out as a music student before became a linguist.

FORMS OF THE Ps.

1) Noun phrase or Nominal cl.

a- NP
b-Pronoun
c-Nominal cl finite non-finite (-ing or to-ing.)

2) Adjective phrase after FEEL

-Adj with Perceiver at S, meaning have a sensation, and five a sensation. If I feel tired, that “tired” refers to me.
-Adj with Percept at S.

THE PREDICATION ADJUNCT.

They are mainly: space adjuncts that designate the position of the referent of the S or express metaphorical extension of
space relations. EX. The children are outside (position).
They are in love (space relations?)
and time adjuncts (with eventive subjects) EX: the concert is tomorrow
Common obligatory predication adjuncts (As) are adverbial cl of comparison. EX. It looks as if it were going to rain.

MULTI-WORD VERBS

PHRASAL VERBS → V+PARTICLE (adverb of place)

a) INTRANSITIVE
The particle cannot be separated from its verb, except that particles used as intensifiers or perfectives or referring to
direction can be modified by intensifiers particle. (prepositional adverb/first element of a compound preposition).a
preposition that has lost its complement
ex. “GO ON”.

Intensifiers have an intensifying force and denote persistent action, EX: “AWAY” or aimless behaviour: “ABOUT” or
“AROUND”; walk around, move about.
Perfectives have an aspectual force. Denote completion or endurance; break up or wear out.
Referring direction: on - ahead. EX. “I walked past your house yesterday”.

B) TRANSITIVE
With most transitive phrasal verbs the particle can either precede or follow the OD, except with personal pronouns, which
are placed btw the V and the particle.
In relative cl and questions the particle must be end-placed.
Phrasal verb: “The actor took off the president beautifully”.

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS→ V+preposition= lexical unit, “look at me”

ALWAYS TRANSITIVE.
The OD must always follow the preposition. EX. Look into the matter carefully.

TRANSITIVE
They allow an inserted adverb after the verb, i.e. btw the verb and the preposition.

In relative cl they allow a relative pronoun after the preposition, or the particle may be end-placed.
EX. The matter that we have to look into was serious. The matter into which we have to look was serious.
Passive voice, the object may become S of the passive sentence and then the particle is end-placed.
EX. The matter had to be looked into carefully.
In questions they require a pronominal question( it requires a pronoun) and not an adverbial question as when we have the
structure V+prep phrase.
EX. They called on the man → Who did they call on?
They called on Monday → When did they call?

PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS → V+particle (adverb of place) + preposition = lexical unit.

ALWAYS TRANSITIVE
Because the preposition needs a complement. EX. We had to put up patiently with the crisis.
TRANSITIVE
An adverb cannot be placed immediately before the object, though we can do so btw the particle and the preposition.

In relative cl the particles are positioned after the verb or (less commonly) the final particle can be brought to initial
position.
EX. The crisis that we had to put up with was serious. The crisis with which he had to put up was serious.
Passive voice; the OD can occur as S of the passive and both particles are then end-placed.
EX. The crisis had to be put up with patiently.
In questions they require a pronominal question and not an adverbial question as then we have the structure V+prep
phrase.
EX. He can’t put up with so much trouble. → What can’t he put up with?
He can put up with friends. → Where can he put up?