H A E S T A D M E T H O D S

WATER DISTRIBUTION
MODELING EXAM
WORKBOOK
F i r s t E d i t i o n
 H A E S T A D M E T H O D S

WATER DISTRIBUTION
MODELING EXAM
WORKBOOK
F i r s t E d i t i o n

HAESTAD PRESS
Waterbury, CT, U.S.A.
WATER DISTRIBUTION MODELING EXAM WORKBOOK
First Edition

© 2001 by Haestad Methods, Inc. All rights reserved. This Exam Workbook is a companion piece for
Water Distribution Modeling, First Edition.

Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 98-87815

ISBN: 0-9657580-4-4

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Table of Contents

Continuing Education Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Water

Distribution Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2 Modeling Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 3 Assembling a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 4 Water Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Chapter 5 Testing Water Distribution Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 6 Calibrating Hydraulic

Network Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Chapter 7 Using Models for Water

Distribution System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Chapter 8 Modeling Customer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Chapter 9 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
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iv Continuing Education Units

1. Read and study the material contained in the chapters covered by the Unit(s) you
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1RWHVRQ&RPSOHWLQJWKH([HUFLVHV
• Some of the problems have both an English units version and an SI version.
You need only complete one of these versions.
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• Many of the problems can be done manually with a calculator, while others
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• You are not required to use WaterCAD to work the problems.

'LVFODLPHU
Grading is at the sole discretion of Haestad Methods. You are expected to answer all
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 v

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 C H A P T E R

1
Introduction to Water Distribution
Modeling

Read and study Chapter 1 of the book. There are no problems associated with Chap-
ter 1; however, the material covered is necessary for the successful completion of the
Chapter 2 problems.
 C H A P T E R

2
Modeling Theory

2.1 Find the viscosity of the fluid contained between the two square plates shown in
Figure 2.1. The top plate is moving at a velocity of 3 ft/s.

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F = 50 lb

t = 0.5 in.

6 ft

2.2 Find the force P required to pull the 150 mm circular shaft in Figure 2.2 through
the sleeve at a velocity of 1.5 m/s. The fluid between the shaft and the sleeve is
water at a temperature of 15oC.

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75 mm

P
150 mm

2 mm
4 Modeling Theory Chapter 2

2.3 Find the pressure at the base of a container of water having a depth of 15 m.

2.4 How high is the water level from the base of an elevated storage tank if the pres-
sure at the base of the tank is 45 psi?

2.5 Water having a temperature of 65oF is flowing through a 6-in. ductile iron main
at a rate of 300 gpm. Is the flow laminar, turbulent, or transitional?

2.6 What type of flow do you think normally exists in water distribution systems:
laminar, turbulent, or transitional? Justify your selection with sound reasoning.

2.7 What is the total head at point A in the system shown in Figure 2.3 if the flow
through the pipeline is 1,000 gpm? What is the head loss in feet between point A
and point B?

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A B
PA= 62 psi PB= 48 psi

8 in. Q

550 ft 550 ft

Datum

2.8 For the piping system shown in Figure 2.3, what would the elevation at point B
have to be in order for the reading on the two pressure gages to be the same?
Problem 2.9 5

2.9 Assuming that there are no head losses through the Venturi meter shown in Fig-
ure 2.4, what is the pressure reading in the throat section of the Venturi? Assume
that the discharge through the meter is 158 l/s.

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P = 497 kPa

P = ? kPa

400 mm 150 mm

2.10 What is the head loss through a 10-in. diameter concrete water main 2,500 ft in
length if water at 60oF is flowing through the line at a rate of 1,250 gpm? Solve
using the Darcy-Weisbach formula.

2.11 For Problem 2.10, what is the flow through the line if the head loss is 32 ft?
Solve using the Darcy-Weisbach formula.

2.12 Find the length of a pipeline that has the following characteristics: Q=41 l/s,
D=150 mm, Hazen Williams C=110, HL=7.6 m.

2.13 For the pipeline shown in Figure 2.3, what is the Hazen-Williams C-factor if the
distance between the two pressure gages is 725 ft and the flow is 1,000 gpm?
6 Modeling Theory Chapter 2

2.14 English Units - Compute the pipe resistance coefficient, KP, for the following
pipelines.

Pipe
Hazen-
Length Diameter Resistance
Williams C-
(ft) (in.) Coefficient
factor
(Kp)
1,200 12 120
500 4 90
75 3 75
3,500 10 110
1,750 8 105

SI Units - Compute the pipe resistance coefficient, KP, for the following pipe-
lines.
Pipe
Hazen-
Length Diameter Resistance
Williams C-
(m) (mm) Coefficient
factor
(Kp)
366 305 120
152 102 90
23 76 75
1067 254 110
533 203 105

2.15 English Units - Compute the minor loss term, KM, for the fittings shown in the
table below.

Minor Loss
Type of Fitting/Flow Minor Loss Pipe Size
Term
Condition Coefficient (in.)
(KM)
Gate Valve - 50% Open 4.8 8
Tee - Line Flow 0.4 12
90o Mitered Bend 0.8 10
Fire Hydrant 4.5 6
Problem 2.16 7

SI Units - Compute the minor loss term, KM, for the fittings shown in the table
below.
Minor Loss
Type of Fitting/Flow Minor Loss Pipe Size
Term
Condition Coefficient (mm)
(KM)
Gate Valve - 50% Open 4.8 200
Tee - Line Flow 0.4 300
90o Mitered Bend 0.8 250
Fire Hydrant 4.5 150

2.16 English Units - Determine the pressures at the following locations in a water dis-
tribution system, assuming that the HGL and ground elevations at the locations
are known.

HGL Elevation Pressure

Node Label
(ft) (ft) (psi)
J-1 550.6 423.5
J-6 485.3 300.5
J-23 532.6 500.0
J-5 521.5 423.3
J-12 515.0 284.0

SI Units - Determine the pressures at the following locations in a water distribu-

tion system, assuming that the HGL and ground elevations at the locations are
known.
HGL Elevation Pressure
Node Label
(m) (m) (kPa)
J-1 167.8 129.1
J-6 147.9 91.6
J-23 162.3 152.4
J-5 159.0 129.0
J-12 157.0 86.6
8 Modeling Theory Chapter 2

2.17 Using the concept of Conservation of Mass, is continuity maintained at the junc-
tion node shown in Figure 2.5?

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QP-10 = 38 gpm P -10

P -8 J -10 P -9

QP-8 = 55 gpm QP-9 = 72 gpm

DJ-10 = 45 gpm

QP-12 = 120 gpm

P -12

2.18 Find the magnitude and direction of the flow through pipe P-9 so that continuity
is maintained at node J-10 in Figure 2.6.

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QP-10= 3.0 L/s P -10

P -8 J -10 P -9

Q P-9 = ? L/s
QP-8 = 1.4 L/s

DJ-10 = 0.9 L/s

QP-12= 1.9 L/s P -12

Problem 2.19 9

2.19 Does Conservation of Energy around a loop apply to the loop shown in the Fig-
ure 2.7? Why or why not? The total head loss (sum of friction losses and minor
losses) in each pipe and the direction of flow are shown in the figure.

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P -23

HL,P-23 = 7.73 ft

P -32 HL,P-32 = 3.76 ft

HL,P-25 = 1.87 ft P -25

HL,P-27 = 2.10 ft

P -27

2.20 Does Conservation of Energy apply to the system shown in the Figure 2.8? Data
describing the physical characteristics of each pipe are presented in the table
below. Assume that there are no minor losses in this loop.

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P -23

QP-23 = 22.7 L/s

P -32 QP-32 = 4.7 L/s QP-25 = 7.6 L/s P -25

QP-27 = 27.1 L/s

P -27
10 Modeling Theory Chapter 2

Length Diameter Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label
(m) (mm) C-factor
P-23 381.0 305 120
P-25 228.6 203 115
P-27 342.9 254 120
P-32 253.0 152 105

2.21 Find the discharge through the system shown in Figure 2.9. Compute friction
loss using the Hazen-Williams equation.

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225 ft

R -2

Pipe 2:
L=5,000 ft
D=4 in.
C=85

125 ft

R -1
Problem 2.22 11

2.22 Find the pump head needed to deliver water from reservoir R-1 to reservoir R-2
in Figure 2.10 at a rate of 70.8 l/s. Compute friction losses using the Hazen-Wil-
liams equation.

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68.6 m

R -2

Pipe 2:
L=1524 m
D=102 mm
C=85

38.1 m

R -1 Pipe 1:
L=152 m
D=305 mm
C=120

2.23 Compute the age of water at the end of a 12-in. pipe that is 1,500 ft in length and
has a flow of 900 gpm. The age of the water when it enters the pipeline is 7.2
hours.

2.24 Suppose that a 102-mm pipe is used to serve a small cluster of homes at the end
of a long street. If the length of the pipe is 975 m, what is the age of water leav-
ing it if the water had an age of 6.3 hours when entering the line? Assume that
the water use is 1.6 l/s.
12 Modeling Theory Chapter 2

2.25 Given the data in the tables below, what is the average age of the water leaving
junction node J-4 shown in Figure 2.25? What is the flow rate through pipe P-4?
What is the average age of the water arriving at node J-5 through pipe P-4? Fill
in your answers in the tables provided.

J -2

P -2

J -1 P -1 J -4 P -4 J -5

35 gpm

P -3

J -3

Flow Length Diameter

Pipe Label
(gpm) (ft) (in)
P-1 75 1,650 10
P-2 18 755 8
P-3 23 820 6
P-4 2,340 10

Average Age
Node Label
(hours)
J-1 5.2
J-2 24.3
J-3 12.5
J-4
J-5
Problem 2.26 13

2.26 What will be the concentration of chlorine in water samples taken from a swim-
ming pool after 7 days if the initial chlorine concentration in the pool was 1.5
mg/l? Bottle tests performed on the pool water indicate that the first-order reac-
tion rate is -0.134 day-1.

2.27 Do you think that the actual reaction rate coefficient for water in the swimming
pool described above (i.e., the water being considered remains in the pool, and is
not being stored under laboratory conditions) would be equal to -0.134 day-1?
Suggest some factors that might cause the actual reaction rate to differ. Would
these factors most likely cause the actual reaction rate to be greater than or less
than -0.134 day-1?

2.28 For the system presented in Problem 2.25, what is the concentration of a constit-
uent leaving node J-4 (assume it is a conservative constituent)? The constituent
concentration is 0.85 mg/L in pipe P-1, 0.50 mg/l in pipe P-2, and 1.2 mg/l in
pipe P-3.

2.29 What is the fluoride concentration at the end of a 152-mm diameter pipeline 762
m in length if the fluoride concentration at the start of the line is 1.3 mg/l? Fluo-
ride is a conservative species; that is, it does not decay over time. Ignoring dis-
persion, if there is initially no fluoride in the pipe and it is introduced at the
upstream end at a 2.0 mg/l concentration, when will this concentration be
reached at the end of the line if the flow through the pipe is 15.8 l/s? Assume
that there are no other junction nodes along the length of this pipe.
 C H A P T E R

3
Assembling a Model

3.1 Manually find the flow rate through the system shown in Figure 3.1 and com-
pute the pressure at node J-1. Also, find the suction and discharge pressures of
the pump if it is at an elevation of 115 ft. Use the Hazen-Williams equation to
compute friction losses. Assume hP is in ft and Q is in cfs.

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300 ft

R -B

Pipe 3:
L=1,000 ft
D=12 in.
C=120

Pipe 2:
L=2,200 ft J-1
1.50
hP = 225 - 10Q D=12 in. Elev = 150 ft
C=120

125 ft

Pipe 1:
R-A
L=220 ft
D=16 in.
C=120
16 Assembling a Model Chapter 3

3.2 Manually find the flow in each pipeline and the pressure at node J-1 for the sys-
tem shown in Figure 3.2. Assume that hP is in m and Q is in m3/s and note the
demand at junction J-1 of 21.2 l/s. Use the Hazen-Williams equation to compute
friction losses.

Hint: Express the flow in Pipe 3 in terms of the flow in Pipe 1 or Pipe 2.

)LJXUH
91.4 m

R -B

Pipe 3:
L=304.8 m
D=305 mm
C=120

Pipe 2: J -1
L=670.6 m Elev = 45.7 m
Em = 68.58 - 639.66m
1.5
D=305 mm
C=120
Q = 21.2 l/s

38.1 m

R -A Pipe 1:
L=67.1 m
D=406 mm
C=120
Problem 3.3 17

3.3 English Units - Manually find the discharge through each pipeline and the pres-
sure at each junction node of the rural water system shown in Figure 3.3. Physi-
cal data for this system are given in the tables that follow. Fill in the tables at the
end of the problem.

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P -12
J-12 J-11 J-10

P -11 P -10
P -8 P -9

J-8 J-7 J-9

J-5
J-6
P -7

P -5

P -4 P -6
J-3
J-4

P -3

R -1
P -1 P -2

(Not To Scale) J-1 J-2

Hazen-
Length Diameter
Pipe Label Williams
(ft) (in.)
C-factor
P-1 500 10 120
P-2 1,200 6 120
P-3 4,200 10 120
P-4 600 6 110
P-5 250 4 110
P-6 500 4 100
P-7 5,200 8 120
P-8 4,500 4 100
P-9 5,500 3 90
P-10 3,000 6 75
P-11 570 6 120
P-12 550 4 80
18 Assembling a Model Chapter 3

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
R-1 1050 N/A
J-1 860 40
J-2 865 15
J-3 870 30
J-4 875 25
J-5 880 5
J-6 885 12
J-7 880 75
J-8 850 25
J-9 860 0
J-10 860 18
J-11 850 15
J-12 845 10

Flow Head loss

Pipe Label
(gpm) (ft)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-11
P-12
Problem 3.3 19

HGL Pressure
Node Label
(ft) (psi)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
J-11
J-12

SI Units - Manually find the discharge through each pipeline and the pressure at
each junction node of the rural water system shown Figure 3.3. Physical data for
this system are given in the tables that follow. Fill in the tables at the end of the
problem.
Hazen-
Length Diameter
Pipe Label Williams
(m) (mm)
C-factor
P-1 152.4 254 120
P-2 365.8 152 120
P-3 1,280.2 254 120
P-4 182.9 152 110
P-5 76.2 102 110
P-6 152.5 102 100
P-7 1,585.0 203 120
P-8 1,371.6 102 100
P-9 1,676.4 76 90
P-10 914.4 152 75
P-11 173.7 152 120
P-12 167.6 102 80
20 Assembling a Model Chapter 3

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(m) (l/s)
R-1 320.0 N/A
J-1 262.1 2.5
J-2 263.7 0.9
J-3 265.2 1.9
J-4 266.7 1.6
J-5 268.2 0.3
J-6 269.7 0.8
J-7 268.2 4.7
J-8 259.1 1.6
J-9 262.1 0
J-10 262.1 1.1
J-11 259.1 0.9
J-12 257.6 0.6

Flow Head loss

Pipe Label
(l/s) (m)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-11
P-12
Problem 3.4 21

HGL Pressure
Node Label
(m) (kPa)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
J-11
J-12

3.4 Determine the effect of placing demands at points along a pipe rather than at the
end node (point D) for the 300-m long pipe segment A-D shown in Figure 3.4.
The pipe has a diameter of 150 mm and a roughness height of 0.0001 m, and the
kinematic viscosity of water at the temperature of interest is 1x10-6 m2/s. The
total head at Point A is 200 m, and the ground elevation along the pipe is 120 m.
The flow past point A is 9 l/s. Points A, B, C, and D are equidistant from each
other.

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Upstream Intermediate Intermediate End
Point A Point B Point C Point D

a) Assume that there is no water use along the pipe (that is, flow is 9 l/s in all
segments). Determine the head loss in each segment and the pressure head (in
meters) at points B, C, and D.

b) Assume that a small amount of water is used at points B and C (typical of a

pipe in a residential neighborhood), such that the flow in the second and third
segments decreases to 8 and 7 l/s, respectively. Determine the pressures at
points B, C, and D.

c) Assume that the water is withdrawn evenly along the pipe, such that the flows
in the second and third segments are 6 and 3 l/s, respectively. Find the pres-
sures at points B, C, and D.
22 Assembling a Model Chapter 3

d) At these flows, do the pressures in the pipe vary significantly when the water
use is lumped at the endpoint versus being accounted for along the length of
the pipe? Would you expect a similar outcome at much higher flows?

Pressure in meters of water

Point Part (a) Part (b) Part (c)
B
C
D
 C H A P T E R

4
Water Consumption

4.1 Develop a steady-state model of the water distribution system shown in Figure
4.1. Data describing the system and average daily demands are provided in the
tables below.

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P -2

R-1
J -1 P -3 J -2 P -4
J -3
P -1

P -5 P -6 P -7 P -8

J -4 P -9 J -5
24 Water Consumption Chapter 4

Hazen-
Length Diameter Minor Loss
Pipe Label Williams
(ft) (in.) Coefficient
C-factor
P-1 500 12 120 10
P-2 2,600 10 120 0
P-3 860 8 120 0
P-4 840 8 120 5
P-5 710 6 120 0
P-6 1,110 4 120 0
P-7 1,110 4 120 0
P-8 710 6 120 0
P-9 1,700 6 120 0

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
R-1 750 N/A
J-1 550 250
J-2 520 75
J-3 580 125
J-4 590 50
J-5 595 0

a) Fill in the tables below with the pipe and junction node results.

Hydraulic
Flow
Pipe Label Gradient
(gpm)
(ft/1000 ft)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
Problem 4.1 25

Hydraulic Grade Pressure

Node Label
(ft) (psi)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5

b) Complete the tables below assuming that all demands are increased to 225%
of average day demands.

Hydraulic
Flow
Pipe Label Gradient
(gpm)
(ft/1000 ft)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9

Hydraulic Grade Pressure

Node Label
(ft) (psi)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
26 Water Consumption Chapter 4

c) Complete the tables below assuming that, in addition to average day

demands, there is a fire flow demand of 1,850 gpm added at node J-3.

Hydraulic
Flow
Pipe Label Gradient
(gpm)
(ft/1000 ft)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9

Hydraulic Grade Pressure

Node Label
(ft) (psi)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
Problem 4.2 27

4.2 English Units - Perform a 24-hour extended period simulation with a one-hour
time step for the system shown in Figure 4.2. Data necessary to conduct the sim-
ulation are provided in the tables below. Alternatively, the pipe and junction
node data has already been entered into Prob4-02.wcd. Use a stepwise format
for the diurnal demand pattern. Answer the questions presented at the end of this
problem.

)LJXUH
J-9 J-10
Crystal Lake P -15

P -16 P -14
Suction
J-1 J-8 J-7
Discharge
P -12 P -13
West Carrolton
Tank
P -1 P -11 P -10

J-2 J-3 J-6

P -2 P -9 P -8
P -3
J-4
Miamisburg
Tank P -4
P -5
J-5

P -6 P -7
(Not To Scale)
28 Water Consumption Chapter 4

Hazen-
Length Diameter
Pipe Label Williams
(ft) (in.)
C-factor
Suction 25 24 120
Discharge 220 21 120
P-1 1,250 6 110
P-2 835 6 110
P-3 550 8 130
P-4 1,010 6 110
P-5 425 8 130
P-6 990 8 125
P-7 2,100 8 105
P-8 560 6 110
P-9 745 8 100
P-10 1,100 10 115
P-11 1,330 8 110
P-12 890 10 115
P-13 825 10 115
P-14 450 6 120
P-15 690 6 120
P-16 500 6 120

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
Crystal Lake 320 N/A
J-1 390 120
J-2 420 75
J-3 425 35
J-4 430 50
J-5 450 0
J-6 445 155
J-7 420 65
J-8 415 0
J-9 420 55
J-10 420 20
Problem 4.2 29

Pump Curve Data

Head Flow
(ft) (gpm)
Shutoff 245 0
Design 230 1,100
Max Operating 210 1,600

Elevated Tank Information

Miamisburg West Carrolton
Tank Tank
Base Elevation (ft) 0 0
Minimum Elevation (ft) 535 525
Initial Elevation (ft) 550 545
Maximum Elevation (ft) 570 565
Tank Diameter (ft) 49.3 35.7

Diurnal Demand Pattern

Time of Day Multiplication Factor
Midnight 1.00
6:00 am 0.75
Noon 1.00
6:00 pm 1.20
Midnight 1.00

a) Produce a plot of the HGL in the Miamisburg and West Carrolton tanks as a
function of time.

b) Produce a plot of the pressures at node J-3 vs. time.

30 Water Consumption Chapter 4

SI Units - Perform a 24-hour extended period simulation with a one-hour time

step for the system shown in Figure 4.2. Data necessary to conduct the simula-
tion are provided in the tables below. Alternatively, the pipe and junction node
data has already been entered into Prob4-02m.wcd. Use a stepwise format for
the diurnal demand pattern. Answer the questions presented at the end of this
problem.
Hazen-
Length Diameter
Pipe Label Williams
(m) (mm)
C-factor
Suction 7.6 610 120
Discharge 67.1 533 120
P-1 381.0 152 110
P-2 254.5 152 110
P-3 167.6 203 130
P-4 307.8 152 110
P-5 129.5 203 130
P-6 301.8 203 125
P-7 640.1 203 105
P-8 170.7 152 110
P-9 227.1 203 100
P-10 335.3 254 115
P-11 405.4 203 110
P-12 271.3 254 115
P-13 251.5 254 115
P-14 137.2 152 120
P-15 210.3 152 120
P-16 152.4 152 120

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(m) (l/s)
Crystal Lake 97.5 N/A
J-1 118.9 7.6
J-2 128.0 4.7
J-3 129.5 2.2
J-4 131.1 3.2
J-5 137.2 0
J-6 135.6 9.8
J-7 128.0 4.1
J-8 126.5 0
J-9 128.0 3.5
J-10 128.0 1.3
Problem 4.2 31

Pump Curve Data

Head Flow
(m) (l/s)
Shutoff 74.6 0
Design 70.1 69
Max Operating 64.0 101

Elevated Tank Information

Miamisburg Tank West Carrolton Tank
Base Elevation (m) 0 0
Minimum Elevation (m) 163.1 160.0
Initial Elevation (m) 167.6 166.1
Maximum Elevation (m) 173.7 172.2
Tank Diameter (m) 15.0 10.9

Diurnal Demand Pattern

Multiplication
Time of Day
Factor
Midnight 1.00
6:00 am 0.75
Noon 1.00
6:00 pm 1.20
Midnight 1.00

a) Produce a plot of the HGL in the Miamisburg and West Carrolton tanks as a
function of time.

b) Produce a plot of the pressures at node J-3 vs. time.

32 Water Consumption Chapter 4

4.3 Develop a steady-state model for the system shown in Figure 4.3 and answer the
questions that follow. Data necessary to conduct the simulation are provided in
the tables below. Alternatively, the pipe and junction node data has already been
entered into Prob4-03.wcd. Note that there are no minor losses in this system.
The PRV setting is 74 psi.

)LJXUH
Lower Pressure Zone Newtown Res.
J-10 P-16 J-9 P-15 J-8
P-1
PRV-1 P-14
P-17 P-19
PMP-1
P-2
J-11 P-18 J-3 P-5 P-4 J-2 P-3
J-1
P-6
Central Tank P-13

J-4 J-7 P-9

Pressure Zone Boundary P-20

P-7
P-12

J-5 P-8 J-6

PMP-2
P-11
Higher Pressure Zone
P-10

High Field Res.

Problem 4.3 33

Hazen-
Length Diameter
Pipe Label Williams
(ft) (in.)
C-factor
P-1 120 24 120
P-2 435 16 120
P-3 2,300 12 120
P-4 600 10 110
P-5 550 10 110
P-6 1,250 12 110
P-7 850 12 110
P-8 4,250 12 120
P-9 2,100 12 120
P-10 50 24 105
P-11 250 16 105
P-12 1,650 10 115
P-13 835 8 110
P-14 800 8 100
P-15 1,300 6 95
P-16 1,230 6 95
P-17 750 6 95
P-18 1,225 8 95
P-19 725 6 100
P-20 155 4 75
34 Water Consumption Chapter 4

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
High Field Reservoir 1,230 N/A
Newtown Reservoir 1,050 N/A
Central Tank 1,525 N/A
J-1 1,230 0
J-2 1,275 0
J-3 1,235 120
J-4 1,250 35
J-5 1,300 55
J-6 1,250 325
J-7 1,260 0
J-8 1,220 100
J-9 1,210 25
J-10 1,210 30
J-11 1,220 45
PRV-1 1,180 N/A
PMP-1 1,045 N/A
PMP-2 1,225 N/A

Pump Curve Data

PMP-1 PMP-2
Head Flow Head Flow
(ft) (gpm) (ft) (gpm)
Shutoff 550 0 320 0
Design 525 750 305 1,250
Max Operating 480 1,650 275 2,600
Problem 4.3 35

a) Fill in the tables for pipe and junction node results.

Hydraulic
Flow
Pipe Label Gradient
(gpm)
(ft/1000 ft)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-11
P-12
P-13
P-14
P-15
P-16
P-17
P-18
P-19
P-20

Hydraulic Grade Pressure

Node Label
(ft) (psi)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
J-11
36 Water Consumption Chapter 4

Analyze the following demand conditions for this system using the average day
demands as your base demands.

b) Increase all demands to 150% of average day demands. What are the pres-
sures at nodes J-2 and J-10?

c) Add a fire flow demand of 1,200 gpm to node J-4. What is the discharge from
the Newtown pump station? What is the pressure at node J-4?

d) Replace the demand of 120 gpm at node J-3 with a demand of 225 gpm. How
does the pressure at node J-3 change between the two demand cases?

e) Replace the existing demands at nodes J-3, J-9, J-10, and J-11 with 200 gpm,
50 gpm, 90 gpm, and 75 gpm, respectively. Is Central Tank filling or drain-
ing? How does the tank condition compare with the original simulation
before demands were changed?

4.4 Perform an extended period simulation on the system from part (a) of Problem
4.3. However, first add a PRV to pipe P-6 and close pipe P-14. Note that pipe P-
6 must split into two pipes when the PRV is inserted. Specify the elevation of the
PRV as 1,180 ft and the setting as 74 psi.

The simulation duration is 24 hours and starts at midnight. The hydraulic time
step is 1 hour. The capacity and geometry of the elevated storage tank and the
diurnal demand pattern are provided below. Assume that the diurnal demand
pattern applies to each junction node and that the demand pattern follows a con-
tinuous format. Assume that the High Field pump station does not operate.

Central Tank Information

Base Elevation (ft) 1,260
Minimum Elevation (ft) 1,505
Initial Elevation (ft) 1,525
Maximum Elevation (ft) 1,545
Tank Diameter (ft) 46.1
Problem 4.4 37

Diurnal Demand Pattern

Time of Day Multiplication Factor
Midnight 0.60
3:00 a.m. 0.75
6:00 a.m. 1.20
9:00 a.m. 1.10
Noon 1.15
3:00 p.m. 1.20
6:00 p.m. 1.33
9:00 p.m. 0.80
Midnight 0.60

a) Produce a plot of HGL vs. time for Central Tank.

b) Produce a plot of the discharge from the Newtown pump station vs. time.

c) Produce a plot of the pressure at node J-3 vs. time.

d) Does Central Tank fill completely? If so, at what time does the tank com-
pletely fill? What happens to a tank when it becomes completely full or com-
pletely empty?

e) Why does the discharge from the Newtown pump station increase between
midnight and 6:00 a.m.? Why does the discharge from the pump station
decrease particularly after 3:00 p.m.?

f) Does the pressure at node J-3 vary significantly over time?

38 Water Consumption Chapter 4

4.5 Given a pressure zone with one pump station pumping into it and a smaller one
pumping out of it, and a single 40-ft diameter cylindrical tank, develop a diurnal
demand pattern. The pumping rates and tank water levels are given in the table
below. The pumping rates are the average rates during the hour, while the tank
levels are the values at the beginning of the hour.

What is the average use in this pressure zone? What is the average flow to the
higher pressure zone?

Pump In Pump Out Tank Level

Hour
(gpm) (gpm) (ft)
0 650 0 35.2
1 645 210 38.5
2 645 255 40.4
3 652 255 42.1
4 310 255 43.5
5 0 255 42.8
6 0 255 39.6
7 0 0 36.0
8 0 0 33.4
9 225 0 30.3
10 650 0 28.9
11 650 0 30.5
12 650 0 32.1
13 650 0 33.8
14 650 45 35.8
15 645 265 37.5
16 645 260 37.5
17 645 260 37.2
18 645 260 36.5
19 645 260 36.4
20 645 255 36.7
21 645 150 37.2
22 115 0 38.7
23 0 0 38.3
24 0 0 37.1
 C H A P T E R

5
Testing Water Distribution Systems

5.1 English Units - Compute the HGL at each of the fire hydrants for the pressure
readings presented below and complete the table.

Elevation Pressure HGL

Location
(ft) Reading (psi) (ft)
FH-1 235 57
FH-5 321 42
FH-34 415 15
FH-10 295 68
FH-19 333 45
FH-39 412 27

SI Units - Compute the HGL at each of the fire hydrants for the pressure read-
ings presented below and complete the table.
Elevation Pressure HGL
Location
(m) Reading (kPa) (m)
FH-1 71.6 393
FH-5 97.8 290
FH-34 126.5 103
FH-10 89.9 469
FH-19 101.5 310
FH-39 125.6 186
40 Testing Water Distribution Systems Chapter 5

5.2 English Units - A tank is used to capture the flow from a fire hydrant as illus-
trated in Figure 5.1. The tank is 50 ft long, 30 ft wide, and 12 ft high. What is the
average discharge from the fire hydrant if the container is filled to a depth of 10
ft in 90 minutes?

)LJXUH

12 ft (3.7 m)

30 ft
(9.1 m)
50 ft
(15.2 m)

SI Units - A tank is used to capture the flow from a fire hydrant as illustrated in
Figure 5.1. The tank is 15.2 m long, 9.1 m wide, and 3.7 m high. What is the
average discharge from the fire hydrant if the container is filled to a depth of 3.0
m in 90 minutes?

5.3 English Units - A fire flow test was conducted using the four fire hydrants
shown in Figure 5.2. Before flowing the hydrants, the static pressure at the
residual hydrant was recorded as 93 psi. Given the data for the flow test in the
tables below, find the discharges from each hydrant and finish filling out the
tables. Flow was directed out of the 2 ½-in. nozzle, and each hydrant has a
rounded entrance where the nozzle meets the hydrant barrel.

a) Would you consider the data collected for this fire flow test to be acceptable
for use with a hydraulic simulation model? Why or why not?
Problem 5.3 41

b) Based on the results of the fire flow tests, do you think that the hydrants are
located on a transmission line or a distribution line?

c) Would these results typically be more consistent with a test conducted near a
water source (such as a storage tank), or at some distance away from a
source?

d) If the needed fire flow is 3,500 gpm with a minimum residual pressure of 20
psi, is this system capable of delivering sufficient fire flows at this location?

)LJXUH
Residual
Hydrant FH-1 FH-2 FH-3

Q1 Q2 Q3

//=//= //=//= //=//=

Residual Pressure Pitot Reading Hydrant Discharge

Flowed Hydrant
(psi) (psi) (gpm)
Residual Hydrant 91 N/A
FH-1 N/A 65
FH-2 N/A Closed
FH-3 N/A Closed
42 Testing Water Distribution Systems Chapter 5

Residual Pressure Pitot Reading Hydrant Discharge

Flowed Hydrant
(psi) (psi) (gpm)
Residual Hydrant 88 N/A
FH-1 N/A 58
FH-2 N/A 52
FH-3 N/A Closed

Residual Pressure Pitot Reading Hydrant Discharge

Flowed Hydrant
(psi) (psi) (gpm)
Residual Hydrant 83 N/A
FH-1 N/A 53
FH-2 N/A 51
FH-3 N/A 48

SI Units - A fire flow test was conducted using the four fire hydrants shown in
Figure 5.2. Before flowing the hydrants, the static pressure at the residual
hydrant was recorded as 641 kPa. Given the data for the flow test in the tables
below, find the discharges from each hydrant and finish filling out the tables.
Flow was directed out of the 64 mm nozzle, and each hydrant has a rounded
entrance where the nozzle meets the hydrant barrel.

a) Would you consider the data collected for this fire flow test to be acceptable
for use with a hydraulic simulation model? Why or why not?

b) Based on the results of the fire flow tests, do you think that the hydrants are
located on a transmission line or a distribution line?

c) Would these results typically be more consistent with a test conducted near a
water source (such as a storage tank), or at some distance away from a
source?

d) If the needed fire flow is 220 l/s with a minimum residual pressure of 138
kPa, is this system capable of delivering sufficient fire flows at this location?
Problem 5.3 43

Residual Pressure Pitot Reading Hydrant Discharge

Flowed Hydrant
(kPa) (kPa) (l/s)
Residual Hydrant 627 N/A
FH-1 N/A 448
FH-2 N/A Closed
FH-3 N/A Closed

Residual Pressure Pitot Reading Hydrant Discharge

Flowed Hydrant
(kPa) (kPa) (l/s)
Residual Hydrant 607 N/A
FH-1 N/A 400
FH-2 N/A 359
FH-3 N/A Closed

Residual Pressure Pitot Reading Hydrant Discharge

Flowed Hydrant
(kPa) (kPa) (l/s)
Residual Hydrant 572 N/A
FH-1 N/A 365
FH-2 N/A 352
FH-3 N/A 331
44 Testing Water Distribution Systems Chapter 5

5.4 English Units - A two-gage head loss test was conducted over 650 ft of 8-in.
PVC pipe as shown in Figure 5.3. The pipe was installed in 1981. The discharge
from the flowed hydrant was 1,050 gpm. The data obtained from the test are pre-
sented in the table below.

Elevation Pressure
(ft) (psi)
Fire Hydrant 1 500 62
Fire Hydrant 2 520 57

a) Can the results of the head loss test be used to determine the internal rough-
ness of the pipe? Why or why not?

b) If the test results cannot be used, what is most likely causing the problem?

)LJXUH
Flowed
Hydrant 1 Hydrant 2 Hydrant

//=//= //=//= //=//=

Closed Valve

SI Units - A two-gage head loss test was conducted over 198 m of 203-mm PVC
pipe as shown in Figure 5.3. The pipe was installed in 1981. The discharge from
the flowed hydrant was 66.2 l/s. The data obtained from the test are presented in
the table below.
Elevation Pressure
(m) (kPa)
Fire Hydrant 1 152 428
Fire Hydrant 2 158 393
Problem 5.5 45

a) Can the results of the head loss test be used to determine the internal rough-
ness of the pipe? Why or why not?

b) If the test results cannot be used, what is most likely causing the problem?

5.5 English Units - A different two-gage head loss test was conducted over the same
650 ft of 8-in. PVC pipe shown in Figure 5.3. In this test, the pressure at Fire
Hydrant 1 was 65 psi, and the pressure at Fire Hydrant 2 was 40 psi. The dis-
charge through the flowed hydrant was 1,350 gpm.

a) Can the results of the head loss test be used to determine the internal rough-
ness of the pipe? Why or why not?

b) What is the Hazen-Williams C-factor for this line?

c) How can the results of this test be used to help calibrate the water distribution
system?

d) Is this a realistic roughness value for PVC?

46 Testing Water Distribution Systems Chapter 5

SI Units - A different two-gage head loss test was conducted over the same 198
m of 203-mm PVC pipe shown in Figure 5.3. In this test, the pressure at Fire
Hydrant 1 was 448 kPa, and the pressure at Fire Hydrant 2 was 276 kPa. The
discharge through the flowed hydrant was 85.2 l/s.

a) Can the results of the head loss test be used to determine the internal rough-
ness of the pipe? Why or why not?

b) What is the Hazen-Williams C-factor for this line?

c) How can the results of this test be used to help calibrate the water distribution
system?

d) Is this a realistic roughness value for PVC?

Problem 5.6 47

5.6 The table below presents the results of a chlorine decay bottle test. Compute the
bulk reaction rate coefficient for this water sample.

Time Concentration
(hr) (mg/L)
0 1.5
3 1.4
6 1.2
9 1.0
12 1.0
15 0.9
18 0.7
21 0.7
24 0.6
27 0.5
30 0.5
33 0.5
36 0.4
39 0.4
42 0.3
45 0.3
48 0.3
51 0.3
54 0.2
57 0.2
60 0.2
48 Testing Water Distribution Systems Chapter 5

5.7 English Units - Data from a pump test are presented in the table below. Fortu-
nately, this pump had a pressure tap available on both the suction and discharge
sides. The diameter of the suction line is 12 in. and the diameter of the discharge
line is 8 in. Plot the pump head-discharge curve for this unit.

Suction Pressure Discharge Pressure Pump Discharge

(psi) (psi) (gpm)
10.5 117 0
10.1 116 260
9.3 114 500
8.7 111 725
7.2 101 1,250
5.7 93 1,500
4.4 85 1,725
3.0 76 2,000
1.6 65 2,300
-0.2 53 2,500
-2.0 41 2,700

SI Units - Data from a pump test are presented in the table below. Fortunately,
this pump had a pressure tap available on both the suction and discharge sides.
The diameter of the suction line is 300 mm, and the diameter of the discharge
line is 200 mm. Plot the pump head-discharge curve for this unit.
Suction Pressure Discharge Pressure Pump Discharge
(kPa) (kPa) (l/s)
72.4 803 0
69.6 798 16.4
64.1 784 31.5
60.0 764 45.7
49.6 694 78.9
39.3 644 94.6
30.3 586 108.8
20.7 522 126.2
11.0 451 145.1
-1.4 366 157.7
-13.8 283 170.3
Problem 5.8 49

5.8 A C-factor test is conducted in a 350 ft length of 12-in. pipe. The upstream pres-
sure gage is at elevation 520 ft, and the downstream gage is at 524 ft.

a) The Hazen-Williams equation can be rearranged to solve for C as

C =KQ/hL0.54
where C = Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient
K = constant
Q = flow (gpm)
hL = head loss due to friction (ft)

What is the expression for K if length (L) is in feet and diameter (D) is in
inches? All of the terms in K are constant for this problem, so determine the
numerical value for K.

b) What is the expression for head loss between the upstream and downstream
pressure gages if the head loss (h) and elevations (z1 and z2) are in feet, and the
pressures (P1 and P2) are in psi?

c) The elevations are surveyed to the nearest 0.01 ft and the pressure gage is
accurate to +/- 1 psi. Opening a downstream hydrant resulted in a flow of 800
gpm (accurate to +/- 50 gpm) with a measured upstream pressure of 60 psi
and a measured downstream pressure of 57 psi. Determine the possible range
of actual Hazen-Williams C-factors and fill in the table below.

Hint: For the roughest possible C-factor, use 800 – 50 gpm for flow and h + 5
ft for head loss. For the smoothest possible C-factor, use 800 + 50 gpm for
flow and h – 5 ft for head loss.
Measured values Roughest possible C Smoothest possible C
Q (gpm)
h (ft)
C
50 Testing Water Distribution Systems Chapter 5

d) What can you conclude about the C-factor from this test?

e) Which measurement contributed more to the error in this problem, head loss
or flow?

f) What could you do to improve the results if you ran the test over again?

5.9 English Units - A hydrant flow test was performed on a main line where a new
industrial park is to tie in. The following hydrant flow test values were obtained
from a 2 ½-in. nozzle in the field. First, use Equation 5.1 (in the book) to deter-
mine the hydrant discharge for a discharge coefficient of 0.90.

Determine if the existing system is able to handle 1,200 gpm of fire flow
demand for the new industrial park by using the equation given in the sidebar on
page 171 (of the book) entitled Evaluating Distribution Capacity with Hydrant
Tests.
Fire Hydrant Number Static Pressure Residual Pressure Pitot Pressure
200 48 psi 33 psi 12 psi

SI Units - A hydrant flow test was performed on a main line where a new indus-
trial park is to tie in. The following hydrant flow test values were obtained from
64-mm nozzle in the field. First, use Equation 5.1 (in the book) to determine the
hydrant discharge for a discharge coefficient of 0.90.

Determine if the existing system is able to handle 75.7 l/s of fire flow demand
for the new industrial park by using the equation given in the sidebar on page
171 (of the book) entitled Evaluating Distribution Capacity with Hydrant Tests.
Fire Hydrant Number Static Pressure Residual Pressure Pitot Pressure
200 331 kPa 227.5 kPa 82.7 kPa
 C H A P T E R

6
Calibrating Hydraulic Network
Models

6.1 English Units - Calibrate the system shown in Problem 3.3 (see page 17) and
given in Prob6-01.wcd so that the observed pressure of 63.0 psi at node J-5 is
obtained. Adjust nodal demands by using the same multiplier for all demands
(global demand adjustment).

a) By what factor must demands be adjusted to obtain the observed pressure?

b) Would you say that pressures in this system are sensitive to nodal demands?
Why or why not?

SI Units - Calibrate the system shown in Problem 3.3 (see page 17) and given in
Prob6-01m.wcd so that the observed pressure of 434.4 kPa at node J-5 is
obtained. Adjust nodal demands by using the same multiplier for all demands
(global demand adjustment).

a) By what factor must demands be adjusted to obtain the observed pressure?

52 Calibrating Hydraulic Network Models Chapter 6

b) Would you say that pressures in this system are sensitive to nodal demands?
Why or why not?

6.2 Calibrate the system shown in Problem 4.1 (see page 23) so that the observed
pressure of 54.5 psi is obtained at node J-4. Adjust the internal pipe roughness
using the same multiplier for all pipes (global adjustment factor).

a) What is the global roughness adjustment factor necessary to obtain the pres-
sure match?

b) Are the pressures in this system sensitive to pipe roughness under average
day demands? Why or why not?

c) Would you say that most water distribution systems are insensitive to pipe
roughness values under low flows?

d) Is it reasonable to expect that a field pressure can be read with a precision of

±0.5 psi? If not, what would you say is a typical precision for field-measured
pressures?

e) What can contribute to the imprecision in pressure measurements?

Problem 6.3 53

6.3 Use the calibrated system found from Problem 6.2 and place a fire flow demand
of 1,500 gpm at node J-4.

a) What is the pressure at node J-4?

b) Is a pressure of this magnitude possible? Why or why not?

c) If a pressure this low is not possible, what will happen to the fire flow
demand?

d) What is the most likely cause of this low pressure?

6.4 Starting with the original pipe roughness values, calibrate the system presented
in Problem 4.3 (see page 32) so that the observed pressure of 14 psi is obtained
at node J-11. Close pipes P-6 and P-14 for this simulation. Assume that the area
downstream of the PRV is a residential area.

Hint: Concentrate on pipe roughness values downstream of the PRV.

a) What pipe roughness values were needed to calibrate this system?

b) Would you consider these roughness values to be realistic?

c) A fire flow of 1,500 gpm is probably more than is needed for a residential
area. A flow of 750 gpm is more reasonable. Using the uncalibrated model,
determine if this system can deliver 750 gpm at node J-11 and maintain a
minimum system-wide pressure of 30 psi?
54 Calibrating Hydraulic Network Models Chapter 6

6.5 Calibrate the system completed in Problem 4.4 (see page 36) and given in
Prob6-05.wcd so that the observed hydraulic grade line elevations in the Central
Tank (see the following table) are reproduced.

Hint: Focus on changing the multipliers in the diurnal demand pattern.

Time Central Tank HGL
(hr) (ft)
0.00 1,525
1.00 1,527
2.00 1,529
3.00 1,531
4.00 1,532
5.00 1,534
6.00 1,536
7.00 1,537
8.00 1,539
9.00 1,540
10.00 1,541
11.00 1,542
12.00 1,540
13.00 1,537
14.00 1,534
15.00 1,532
16.00 1,533
17.00 1,535
18.00 1,536
19.00 1,537
20.00 1,538
21.00 1,539
22.00 1,541
23.00 1,542
24.00 1,544
Problem 6.5 55

Fill in the table below with your revised diurnal demand pattern multipliers.
Insert more times if necessary.
Time of Multiplication
Day Factor
Midnight
3:00 a.m.
6:00 a.m.
9:00 a.m.
Noon
3:00 p.m.
6:00 p.m.
9:00 p.m.
Midnight
 C H A P T E R

7
Using Models for Water
Distribution System Design

7.1 English Units - For the system in Figure 7.1, find the available fire flow at node
J-7 if the minimum allowable residual pressure at this node is 20 psi. Assume
that pumps P1 and P2 are operating and that pump P3 is off. (This network is
also given in Prob7-01.wcd.)

Hint: Connect a constant head (reservoir) node to junction node J-7 with a
short, large-diameter pipe. Set the HGL of the constant head node to the eleva-
tion of node J-7 plus the required residual pressure head, and examine the rate at
which water flows into it.
58 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

)LJXUH

Clearwell N
P3-Suc
P2-Suc
P3
P1-Suc P2
P1
P2-Dis P3 -Dis
J-1 P-11
Main Pump P1 -Dis
Station

P-1 J-8 P-9

J-7

J-3 P-2 J-2

P-8
P-10
Industrial Park
P-3 P-6

J-4 P-4

J-5 J-6
P-7
P-5
West Side Tank

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
Clearwell 630 N/A
West Side Tank 915 N/A
J-1 730 0
J-2 755 125
J-3 765 50
J-4 775 25
J-5 770 30
J-6 790 220
J-7 810 80
J-8 795 320
P1 627 N/A
P2 627 N/A
P3 627 N/A
Problem 7.1 59

Length Diameter Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label
(ft) (in.) C-factor
P1-Suc 50 18 115
P1-Dis 120 16 115
P2-Suc 50 18 115
P2-Dis 120 16 115
P3-Suc 50 18 115
P3-Dis 120 16 115
P-1 2,350 12 110
P-2 1,500 6 105
P-3 1,240 6 105
P-4 1,625 12 110
P-5 225 10 110
P-6 1,500 12 110
P-7 4,230 6 105
P-8 3,350 6 105
P-9 2,500 6 105
P-10 2,550 6 105
P-11 3,300 4 85

Pump Curve Data

P1 P2 P3
Head Flow Head Flow Head Flow
(ft) (gpm) (ft) (gpm) (ft) (gpm)
Shutoff 305 0 305 0 305 0
Design 295 450 295 450 295 450
Max Operating 260 650 260 650 260 650

a) Which node has the lowest pressure under the fire flow condition?

b) Is the available fire flow at node J-7 sufficient for the industrial park?
60 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

c) If the available fire flow is insufficient, what are the reasons for the low avail-
able fire flow?

d) Analyze alternatives for improving the available fire flow to node J-7.

SI Units - For the system in Figure 7.1, find the available fire flow at node J-7 if
the minimum allowable residual pressure at this node is 138 kPa. Assume that
pumps P1 and P2 are operating and that pump P3 is off. (This network is also
given in Prob7-01m.wcd.)

Hint: Connect a constant head (reservoir) node to junction node J-7 with a
short, large-diameter pipe. Set the HGL of the constant head node to the eleva-
tion of node J-7 plus the required residual pressure head, and examine the rate at
which water flows into it.

Length Diameter Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label
(m) (mm) C-factor
P1-Suc 15.2 457 115
P1-Dis 36.6 406 115
P2-Suc 15.2 457 115
P2-Dis 36.3 406 115
P3-Suc 15.2 457 115
P3-Dis 36.6 406 115
P-1 716.3 305 110
P-2 457.2 152 105
P-3 378.0 152 105
P-4 495.3 305 110
P-5 68.6 254 110
P-6 457.2 305 110
P-7 1,289.3 152 105
P-8 1,021.1 152 105
P-9 762.0 152 105
P-10 777.2 152 105
P-11 1,005.8 102 85
Problem 7.1 61

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(m) (l/s)
Clearwell 192.0 N/A
West Side Tank 278.9 N/A
J-1 222.5 0
J-2 230.1 7.9
J-3 233.2 3.2
J-4 236.2 1.6
J-5 234.7 1.9
J-6 240.8 13.9
J-7 246.9 5.0
J-8 242.3 20.2
P1 191 N/A
P2 191 N/A
P3 191 N/A

Pump Curve Data

P1 P2 P3
Head Flow Head Flow Head Flow
(m) (l/s) (m) (l/s) (m) (l/s)
Shutoff 93.0 0 93.0 0 93.0 0
Design 89.9 28.4 89.9 28.4 89.9 28.4
Max Operating 79.2 41.0 79.2 41.0 79.2 41.0

a) Which node has the lowest pressure under the fire flow condition?

b) Is the available fire flow at node J-7 sufficient for the industrial park?

c) If the available fire flow is insufficient, what are the reasons for the low avail-
able fire flow?

d) Analyze alternatives for improving the available fire flow to node J-7.
62 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

7.2 English Units - A disadvantage associated with branched water systems, such as
the one given in Problem 3.3, is that more customers can be out of service dur-
ing a main break. Improve the reliability of this system by adding the pipelines
in the table below. (This network can also be found in Prob7-02.wcd.)

Diamet Hazen-
Pipe Start End Length
er Williams
Label Node Node (ft)
(in.) C-factor
P-20 J-1 J-8 11,230 12 130
P-21 J-2 J-4 3,850 8 130
P-22 J-5 J-7 1,500 8 130
P-23 J-11 J-10 680 6 130

a) Complete the tables below for the new looped system.

Flow Hydraulic Gradient

Pipe Label
(gpm) (ft/1000 ft)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-11
P-12
Problem 7.2 63

HGL Pressure
Node Label
(ft) (psi)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
J-11
J-12

b) You can simulate a main break by closing a pipeline. Complete the tables
below for the looped system if pipe P-3 is closed.

Flow Hydraulic Gradient

Pipe Label
(gpm) (ft/1000 ft)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-11
P-12
64 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

HGL Pressure
Node Label
(ft) (psi)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
J-11
J-12

SI Units - A disadvantage associated with branched water systems, such as the

one given in Problem 3.3, is that more customers can be out of service during a
main break. Improve the reliability of this system by adding the pipelines in the
table below. (This network can also be found in Prob7-02m.wcd.)
Hazen-
Pipe Start End Length Diameter
Williams
Label Node Node (m) (mm)
C-Factor
P-20 J-1 J-8 3422.9 305 130
P-21 J-2 J-4 1173.5 203 130
P-22 J-5 J-7 457.2 203 130
P-23 J-11 J-10 207.3 152 130
Problem 7.2 65

a) Complete the tables below for the new looped system.

Flow Hydraulic Gradient

Pipe Label
(l/s) (m/km)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-11
P-12

HGL Pressure
Node Label
(m) (kPa)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
J-11
J-12
66 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

b) You can simulate a main break by closing a pipeline. Complete the tables
below for the looped system if pipe P-3 is closed.

Flow Hydraulic Gradient

Pipe Label
(l/s) (m/km)
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-11
P-12

HGL Pressure
Node Label
(m) (kPa)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
J-11
J-12
Problem 7.3 67

7.3 Analyze the following changes to the hydraulic network for the system shown in
Problem 4.3.

a) Increase the diameters of pipes P-16, P-17, and P-19 from 6 in. to 8 in. Are
head losses in these lines significantly reduced? Why or why not?

b) Increase the head of the High Field pump to 120% of current head. Is this
head increase sufficient to overcome the head produced by the Newtown
pump? What is the discharge of the High Field pump station?

c) Decrease the water surface elevation of the Central Tank by 30 ft. Recall that
the tank is modeled as a reservoir for the steady-state condition. How does the
overall system respond to this change? Is the High Field pump station operat-
ing? Is the pump operating efficiently? Why or why not?

7.4 English Units - Analyze each of the following conditions for the hydraulic net-
work given in Problem 4.2 (see page 27). Use the data provided in Problem 4.2
as the base condition for each of the scenarios listed below. Complete the table
for these scenarios.

a) Increase the demand at nodes J-7, J-8, J-9, and J-10 to 175% of base
demands.

b) Increase the demand at node J-6 to 300 gpm.

c) Change the diameter of all 6-in. pipes to 8 in.

d) Decrease the HGL in the West Carrolton Tank by 15 ft.

e) Increase the demands at nodes J-7, J-8, J-9, and J-10 to 175% of base
demands, and change the diameter of all 6-in. pipes to 8 in.

f) Decrease the HGL in the West Carrolton Tank by 15 ft and increase the
demand at node J-6 to 300 gpm.

g) Increase the demands at nodes J-7, J-8, J-9, and J-10 to 175% of base
demands, change the diameter of all 6-in. pipes to 8 in., and drop the HGL in
the West Carrolton Tank by 15 ft.
68 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

Miamisburg
Pump Pressure Pressure
Time Tank
Scenario Discharge at J-1 at J-3
(hr) Discharge
(gpm) (psi) (psi)
(gpm)
Part (a) Midnight
Part (b) 2:00 am
Part (c) 7:00 pm
Part (d) Noon
Part (e) 6:00 am
Part (f) 9:00 pm
Part (g) Midnight

SI Units - Analyze each of the following conditions for the hydraulic network
given in Problem 4.2 (see page 27). Use the data provided in Problem 4.2 as the
base condition for each of the scenarios listed below. Complete the table for
each of the scenarios presented.

a) Increase the demand at nodes J-7, J-8, J-9, and J-10 to 175% of base
demands.

b) Increase the demand at node J-6 to 18.9 l/s.

c) Change the diameter of all 152-mm pipes to 203 mm.

d) Decrease the HGL in the West Carrolton Tank by 4.6 m.

e) Increase the demands at nodes J-7, J-8, J-9, and J-10 to 175% of base
demands, and change the diameter of all 152-mm pipes to 203 mm.

f) Decrease the HGL in the West Carrolton Tank by 4.6 m and increase the
demand at node J-6 to 18.9 l/s.

g) Increase the demands at nodes J-7, J-8, J-9, and J-10 by 175%, change the
diameter of all 152-mm pipes to 203 mm, and drop the HGL in the West Car-
rolton Tank by 4.6 m.
Problem 7.5 69

Miamisburg
Pump Pressure Pressure
Time Tank
Scenario Discharge at J-1 at J-3
(hr) Discharge
(l/s) (kPa) (kPa)
(l/s)
Part (a) Midnight
Part (b) 2:00 am
Part (c) 7:00 pm
Part (d) Noon
Part (e) 6:00 am
Part (f) 9:00 pm
Part (g) Midnight

7.5 English Units - Determine the available fire flows at node J-8 for each of the
conditions presented below. Assume that the minimum system pressure under
fire flow conditions is 20 psi. Use the system illustrated in Problem 7.1.

a) Only pump P1 running.

b) Pumps P1 and P2 running.

c) Pumps P1, P2, and P3 running.

d) The HGL in the West Side Tank increased to 930 ft and pumps P1 and P2 run-
ning.

e) Pipe P-11 replaced with a new 12-in. ductile iron line (C=120) and pumps P1
and P2 running.

f) Pipe P-11 replaced with a new 12-in. ductile iron line (C=120) and all pumps
running.

Available Fire Flow at

Scenario Node J-8
(gpm)
Part (a)
Part (b)
Part (c)
Part (d)
Part (e)
Part (f)
70 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

SI Units - Determine the available fire flows at node J-8 for each of the condi-
tions presented below. Assume that the minimum system pressure under fire
flow conditions is 138 kPa. Use the system illustrated in Problem 7.1.

a) Only pump P1 running.

b) Pumps P1 and P2 running.

c) Pumps P1, P2, and P3 running.

d) The HGL in the West Side Tank increased to 283.5 m and pumps P1 and P2
running.

e) Pipe P-11 replaced with a new 305-mm ductile iron line (C=120) and pumps
P1 and P2 running.

f) Pipe P-11 replaced with a new 305-mm ductile iron line (C=120) and all
pumps running.

Available Fire Flow at

Scenario Node J-8
(l/s)
Part (a)
Part (b)
Part (c)
Part (d)
Part (e)
Part (f)
Problem 7.6 71

7.6 English Units - A new subdivision is to tie in near node J-10 of the existing sys-
tem shown in Figure 7.2. Use the information from the data tables below to con-
struct a model of the existing system, or open the file Prob7-06.wcd. Answer the
questions that follow.

)LJXUH
J-9 J-10
Crystal Lake P -15

P -16 P -14
Suction
J-1 J-8 J-7
Discharge
P -12 P -13
West Carrolton
Tank
P -1 P -11 P -10

J-2 J-3 J-6

P -2 P -9 P -8
P -3
J-4
Miamisburg
Tank P -4
P -5
J-5

P -6 P -7
(Not To Scale)

Diameter Length Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label
(in.) (ft) C-factor
Discharge 21 220 120
Suction 24 25 120
P-1 6 1,250 110
P-2 6 835 110
P-3 8 550 130
P-4 6 1,010 110
P-5 8 425 130
P-6 8 990 125
P-7 8 2,100 105
P-8 6 560 110
P-9 8 745 100
P-10 10 1,100 115
P-11 8 1,330 110
P-12 10 890 115
P-13 10 825 115
P-14 6 450 120
P-15 6 690 120
P-16 6 500 120
72 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
J-1 390 120
J-2 420 75
J-3 425 35
J-4 430 50
J-5 450 0
J-6 445 155
J-7 420 65
J-8 415 0
J-9 420 55
J-10 420 20

Minimum Initial Maximum Tank

Tank Label Elevation Elevation Elevation Diameter
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
Miamisburg Tank 535 550 570 50
West Carrolton Tank 525 545 565 36

Elevation
Reservoir Label
(ft)
Crystal Lake 320

Pump Curve Data

Maximum Maximum
Design Design
Pump Shutoff Operating Operating
Head Discharge
Label Head (ft) Head Discharge
(ft) (gpm)
(ft) (gpm)
PMP-1 245 230 1,100 210 1,600

a) Determine the fire flow that can be delivered to node J-10 with a 20 psi resid-
ual.

b) Given the range of possible water level elevations in West Carrolton Tank,
what is the approximate acceptable elevation range for nearby customers to
ensure adequate pressures under normal (non-fire) demand conditions?
Problem 7.6 73

c) What can be done for customers that may be above this range?

d) What can be done for customers that may be below this range?

SI Units - A new subdivision is to tie in near node J-10 of the existing system
shown in Figure 7.2. Use the information from the data tables below to construct
a model of the existing system, or open the file Prob7-06m.wcd.
Diameter Length Hazen-Williams
Pipe Label
(mm) (m) C-factor
Discharge 533 67.1 120
Suction 610 7.6 120
P-1 152 381.0 110
P-2 152 254.5 110
P-3 203 167.6 130
P-4 152 307.9 110
P-5 203 129.5 130
P-6 203 301.8 125
P-7 203 640.1 105
P-8 152 170.7 110
P-9 203 227.1 100
P-10 254 335.3 115
P-11 203 405.4 110
P-12 254 271.3 115
P-13 254 251.5 115
P-14 152 137.2 120
P-15 152 210.3 120
P-16 152 152.4 120
74 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(m) (l/s)
J-1 118.9 7.6
J-2 128.0 4.7
J-3 129.5 2.2
J-4 131.1 3.2
J-5 137.2 0.0
J-6 135.6 9.8
J-7 128.0 4.1
J-8 126.5 0.0
J-9 128.0 3.5
J-10 128.0 1.3

Maximum Initial Minimum Tank

Tank Label Elevation Elevation Elevation Diameter
(m) (m) (m) (m)
Miamisburg Tank 173.7 167.6 163.1 15.2
West Carrolton Tank 172.2 166.1 160.0 11.0

Reservoir Elevation (m)

Label
Crystal Lake 97.5

Pump Curve Data

Maximum Maximum
Shutoff Design Design
Pump Operating Operating
Head Head Discharge
Label Head Discharge
(m) (m) (l/s)
(m) (l/s)
PMP-1 74.7 70.1 69.4 64.0 100.9

a) Determine the fire flow that can be delivered to node J-10 with a 138 kPa
residual.

b) Given the range of possible water level elevations in West Carrolton Tank,
what is the approximate acceptable elevation range for nearby customers to
ensure adequate pressures under normal (non-fire) demand conditions?
Problem 7.7 75

c) What can be done for customers that may be above this range?

d) What can be done for customers that may be below this range?

7.7 A distribution system for a proposed subdivision is shown in Figure 7.3. Con-
struct a model of the system using the data tables provided, or the file Prob7-
07.wcd. This system will tie into an existing water main at node J-10. The water
main hydrant flow test values measured at node J-10 are given below. Flow was
directed out of a 2 ½-in. nozzle having a discharge coefficient of 0.9.

Fire Hydrant Static Pressure Residual Pressure Pitot Pressure

Number (psi) (psi) (psi)
2139 74 60 20

)LJXUH

J -100 P -105 J -200

P -100 P -200

J -10 P -15 J -110 P -115 J -210

P -10 P -110 P -210

J -20 P -25 J -120 P -125 J -220

P -120

P -220
P -35 J -130

P -130

J -140 P -135 J -230

Determine if the new subdivision will have adequate pressures for a 750 gpm
fire flow at each node. All pipes are new PVC with a Hazen-Williams C-factor
of 150.

Model the existing system as a reservoir followed by a pump, with the elevation
of the reservoir and the pump set to the elevation of the connecting node J-10.
76 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

Use the results of the hydrant flow test as described on page 265 of the book to
generate a pump head curve for this equivalent pseudo-pump.

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
J-10 390 20
J-20 420 20
J-100 420 20
J-110 415 20
J-120 425 20
J-130 430 20
J-140 450 20
J-200 420 20
J-210 425 20
J-220 445 20
J-230 460 20

Diameter Length
Pipe Label
(in.) (ft)
P-10 6 625.0
P-15 6 445.0
P-25 6 417.5
P-35 6 505.0
P-100 6 250.0
P-105 6 345.0
P-110 6 665.0
P-115 6 412.5
P-120 6 275.0
P-125 6 372.5
P-130 6 212.5
P-135 6 596.5
P-200 6 225.0
P-210 6 550.0
P-220 6 453.5
Problem 7.8 77

7.8 Given the two existing systems 2,000 ft apart shown in Figure 7.4, develop a
system head curve to pump from a ground tank in the lower, larger system to the
smaller, higher system. Data for this system has already been entered into
Prob7-08.wcd.
Hint: To generate points on the system head curve, place a demand at the “Suc-
tion Node” and an inflow (or negative demand) of the same magnitude at the
“Discharge Node.” The difference in HGL between the two nodes is the head
required at the pump for that flow rate. Repeat the process for a range of flows
from 250 to 2,000 gpm.
Develop additional system head curves for water levels in the discharge tank of
1,170 ft and 1,130 ft.

)LJXUH

J -5 P -25 J -12
J -6 J -11 P -65
Discharge Node P-80 Discharge Tank
Suction Node P-35
P-20 P-60 Main 30
Main 10
Main 25 P-10
Supply Main 15 Main 20
J -7 J -13
J -10
J -1 P-90
P-55
P-40 Most of upper system
Suction Tank P-85
P -45
J -9
J -14 J -8

Diameter Length Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label
(in.) (ft) C-factor
Main10 12 2,000 130
Main15 12 5,878 130
Main20 12 3,613 130
Main25 12 2,670 130
Main30 12 3,926 130
P-10 12 29 130
P-20 6 3,514 130
P-25 6 4,988 130
P-35 6 2,224 130
P-40 6 3,276 130
P-45 6 3,198 130
P-55 6 3,363 130
P-60 6 2,345 130
P-65 6 23 130
P-80 6 1,885 130
P-85 6 3,475 130
P-90 6 6,283 130
Supply 12 60 130
78 Using Models for Water Distribution System Design Chapter 7

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
Suction Node 995 N/A
Discharge Node 995 N/A
J-1 1,082 10
J-5 1,095 10
J-6 1,100 10
J-7 1,098 10
J-8 1,098 10
J-9 1,112 10
J-10 1,115 10
J-11 1,077 10
J-12 1,124 10
J-13 1,122 10
J-14 1,075 10
Most of upper system 1,150 700

Elevation
Tank Label
(ft)
Suction Tank 1,000
Discharge Tank 1,130
 C H A P T E R

8
Modeling Customer Systems

8.1 The water system for an industrial facility takes water from the utility’s system
through a meter and reduced pressure backflow preventer. Figure 8.1 shows the
industrial system piping connected to the skeletonized utility system. The head
loss curves for the meter and the backflow preventer are given in Figure 8.2.
The total head at the water source in the utility’s system is 320 ft, and the eleva-
tion of the backflow preventer is 90 ft. The meter and backflow preventer are
located on pipe P-C-1, a nominal 6-in. pipe. Construct a model of the system
under normal demand conditions using the data provided below.

)LJXUH
Utility Res. U-2

P- P-
U- U-
2

1
U-

3
P-

U-3
U-1
Utility System P-
U-
4
U-

5
P-

C-3 P-C-4 C-4

U-4 P-
U-
6 P
-
P-C-5
P-C-3

C-
1
PBV-1 P-
C-
Meter and Backflow Valve 2
C-1 P-C-9 C-5
C-2
P-C-8

P-C-6

C-7 P-C-7
C-6
Industrial System
(Not to scale)
80 Modeling Customer Systems Chapter 8

Node Elevation Demand

Label (ft) (gpm)
C-1 90.0 0
C-2 120.0 5
C-3 100.0 5
C-4 135.0 5
C-5 140.0 5
C-6 135.0 5
C-7 130.0 5
U-1 100.0 200
U-2 95.0 500
U-3 80.0 700
U-4 100.0 200

Hazen-
Length Diameter
Pipe Label Williams
(ft) (in.)
C-factor
P-C-1 1 6 130
P-C-2 50 6 130
P-C-3 500 6 130
P-C-4 500 6 130
P-C-5 500 6 130
P-C-6 500 6 130
P-C-7 500 6 130
P-C-8 500 6 130
P-C-9 500 6 130
P-U-1 3,000 16 130
P-U-2 2,000 12 130
P-U-3 2,000 12 130
P-U-4 2,000 12 130
P-U-5 2,000 12 130
P-U-6 100 12 130
Problem 8.1 81

)LJXUH

25

20
Pressure drop, psi

15
RPBP

10

5 Meter

0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500

Flow, gpm

a) Determine the minor loss K-values for the meter and backflow preventer and
Pmin for the backflow preventer. Apply the minor losses to the pipe immedi-
ately downstream of the valve (P-C-1).

b) Determine the head immediately downstream of the backflow preventer and

meter during normal demand conditions.

c) Add a 1,500 gpm fire demand to the normal demand at node C-4 and deter-
mine the residual pressure at this node. Under this demand condition, what is
the HGL immediately downstream of the meter?
82 Modeling Customer Systems Chapter 8

d) For the 1,500 gpm fire flow condition, determine the head loss (in feet) for
the following portions of the system:

• Between the source and the meter/backflow preventer

• In the backflow preventer and meter

• Between the meter/backflow preventer and C-4

8.2 This problem uses the system from Problem 8.1. Suppose you do not want to
model the utility’s system at all, even as the skeletal system shown. Rather, you
would like to model it as a constant head node located downstream of the meter
and backflow preventer at node C-2. Using the HGL determined in part (b) of
the previous problem, insert a reservoir attached to node C-1 through a 1-ft pipe
with a 6-in. diameter and a Hazen-Williams C-factor of 130. Delete the valve
and the utility part of the system from the model or disconnect the systems.

a) Using this HGL, what is the residual pressure at C-4 for a 1,500 gpm flow?

b) Does deleting the utility system, backflow valve, and the meter and instead
modeling it as a constant head give an accurate representation of the system
under fire demands?

8.3 An existing small irrigation system consists of five sprinklers in Area A, as

shown in Figure 8.3. A new landscaped area (Area B) of roughly the same size
is planned, requiring that an additional five sprinklers be installed.

Water for the existing irrigation system is pumped from a nearby pond. The
owner would like to use the existing 1.5 hp pump to supply the additional sprin-
klers as well. Manufacturer pump curve data for this pump is provided in the
following tables. The elevation of the pump is 97 ft.
Problem 8.3 83

Construct a steady-state hydraulic model of the sprinkler system if the pond

water surface is at an elevation of 101 ft. Pipes M-3 and M-4 are both equipped
with a 1-in. gate valve (K = 0.39) for isolating the system if necessary for
repairs, etc., and a 1-in. anti-siphon valve (K = 14) to prevent contamination of
the pond with substances such as chemical fertilizers.

To model the sprinklers, attach a reservoir with an HGL elevation equivalent to

the sprinkler head elevation to the sprinkler node with an equivalent pipe.

According to the sprinkler manufacturer’s information, a pressure of 30 psi is

required at the sprinkler head to produce a discharge of 1.86 gpm. At this flow,
the radius of the sprinkler coverage is 15 ft. The sprinkler spacing was deter-
mined based on this radius. Given this information, use Equation 8.4 in the
book to solve for the sprinkler coefficient, K, and determine the characteristics
of the equivalent pipe.

)LJXUH

S-8 S-10
Landscape
Area A
L-1
L-8

.)
p. typ
0

(ty e (

S-7 S-9
lv valv

)
te hon

e
L-9

Ga sip

Landscape
va
L-7

ti-

J-3 Area B
An

PVC Lateral (typ.) L-6

M-4 J-1
S-6 S-4 L-5 S-5
M- J-2
3 L-4
L-1

PVC Main (typ.)

S-1 L-2 S-2 L-3 S-3
2
M-

Pump Sprinkler (typ.)

1
M-
Pond
Water Intake
84 Modeling Customer Systems Chapter 8

Sprinkler Elevation
Label (ft)
S-1 115.45
S-2 115.40
S-3 115.25
S-4 115.15
S-5 115.10
S-6 115.75
S-7 116.00
S-8 116.10
S-9 115.55
S-10 115.80

Node Elevation
Label (ft)
J-1 115
J-2 115
J-3 115

Hazen-
Main Length
Williams
Label (ft)
C-factor
M-1 19 150
M-2 80 150
M-3 12 150
M-4 12 150

Hazen-
Lateral Length
Williams
Label (ft)
C-factor
L-1 17 150
L-2 26 150
L-3 26 150
L-4 16 150
L-5 26 150
L-6 16 150
L-7 26 150
L-8 26 150
L-9 17 150
L-10 26 150
Problem 8.3 85

Pump Curve Data

Head Flow
(ft) (gpm)
Shutoff 230 0
Design 187 10
Max Operating 83 20

a) The existing system uses ¾-in. laterals and 1-in. mains. Run the model with
only the existing system in operation (that is, close pipe M-3). Is the pump
able to adequately supply all of the sprinklers? What is the minimum sprin-
kler discharge?

b) Re-run the model with all sprinklers (existing and proposed) open. Use ¾-in.
laterals and 1-in. mains for both existing and proposed piping. Is the pump
able to adequately supply all of the sprinklers? What is the minimum sprin-
kler discharge?

c) If you were designing the entire system from scratch (no pipes have been
installed yet), what minimum size must the mains and laterals be to meet the
minimum flow/pressure requirement? Assume all sprinklers are discharging
simultaneously and the pump is the same as above.

d) The owner obviously prefers to continue using the existing piping, and would
like to save on expenses by using smaller pipes in the new system as well.
What could be done operationally to make such a design work?
86 Modeling Customer Systems Chapter 8

8.4 This problem is a continuation of Problem 8.3. The irrigation system will be
used to water the landscaped areas for 2.5 hours each day. A schedule is estab-
lished such that Area A will be watered from 4:00 a.m. to 6:30 a.m., and Area B
from 6:30 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. The pipe sizes to be used are ¾-in. laterals and 1-in.
mains.

a) Using the existing pump and given the minimum system requirements from
Problem 8.3, can adequate flow/pressure be supplied at all of the sprinklers?

b) You are concerned about whether the pond has enough water for irrigation
during a dry spell. Volume data for the pond is provided in the following
tables. Model the pond as a tank using this volume data, and run an EPS to
determine the total volume of water used by the irrigation system in a daily
cycle. Neglecting evaporation and infiltration, extrapolate this rate of con-
sumption to determine how long could a dry spell last before the pond runs
dry.

Pond Data
Total Pond Volume 10,000 ft3
Maximum Pond Elevation 104 ft
Initial Pond Elevation 103 ft
Minimum Pond Elevation 98 ft

Pond Depth to Volume Ratios

Depth Volume
Ratio Ratio
0.0 (elev. = 98 ft) 0.0 (vol. = 0)
0.5 (elev. = 101 ft) 0.3 (vol. = 3,000 ft3)
0.8 (elev = 102.8 ft) 0.7 (vol. = 7,000 ft3)
1.0 (elev. = 104 ft) 1.0 (vol. = 10,000 ft3)
Problem 8.5 87

8.5 For a building with an Ordinary Hazard Group 1 occupancy classification, the
required minimum fire sprinkler capacity is 0.16 gpm/ft2 for a 1500 ft2 area. The
coverage area for an individual sprinkler is 130 ft2.

a) Compute the number of sprinklers required to provide coverage for a 1500 ft2
area.

b) What is the minimum discharge required from each sprinkler to meet the
capacity requirement for the 1500 ft2 area?

c) If the type of sprinkler being used has a K-value of 4.0, what pressure must be
supplied at the sprinkler head to deliver the required flow?

8.6 Use the fixture unit method to estimate the peak design flow for a commercial
office complex with the following fixture totals:

- 32 urinals (flush valve)

- 60 water closets (flush valve)
- 50 sinks
- 2 shower rooms with 8 shower heads total
- 16 drinking fountains
- 2 dishwashers (¾-in.)
- 4 kitchen sinks (¾-in.)
- 4 hose connections (¾-in.)

The complex has lawn irrigation, but it does not operate during peak demand
times. The fire service is through a separate line. Therefore, the fire and irriga-
tion demands need not be included in the calculation.

Determine the total number of fixture units and the design flow. If you would
like a velocity of 5 ft/s in the service line during peak flow, roughly what size
pipe would you use?
 C H A P T E R

9
Operations

9.1 Complete Problem 4.4 and add controls to the Newtown pump station so that the
pump runs from midnight to 4:30 a.m., is off from 4:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m., and
then runs from 11:00 a.m. to midnight.

a) Produce a plot of HGL vs. time for the Central tank.

b) Produce a plot of discharge vs. time for the Newtown pump station.

c) Does the system work properly under these controls? If not, what is the prob-
lem with the system operation?

9.2 Complete Problem 4.4 and add the following pump station controls:

• The Newtown pump station enters service when the water elevation
in the Central tank falls below 1,515 ft, and turns off when the water
level in the tank reaches 1,535 ft.
• The High Field pump station enters service when the HGL in the tank
falls below 1,510 ft, and turns off when the water elevation reaches
1,530 ft.

Initially, the Newtown pump station is running and the High Field pump station
is off.

a) Produce a plot of HGL vs. time for the Central tank.

90 Operations Chapter 9

b) Produce a plot of discharge vs. time for the Newtown pump station.

c) Is it necessary to pump from the High Field reservoir to fill the tank under
this typical daily demand condition?

9.3 Complete Problem 9.2 and add a fire flow of 2,250 gpm to node J-5. The fire
demand begins at 11:00 am and lasts for three hours.

a) Plot HGL vs. time for the Central Tank.

b) Plot discharge vs. time for the Newtown pump station.

c) Plot discharge vs. time for the High Field pump station.

d) Plot pressure vs. time for node J-5.

e) Are pressures maintained within acceptable limits at J-5? Throughout the

entire system?

f) Once the High Field pump station activates, how many hours does it take for
the Central Tank to recover to its initial elevation at the start of the simulation
(1,525 ft)?

9.4 The system shown in Figure 9.1 is the same system given in Problem 4.3. How-
ever, a PRV has been added to pipe P-6 and the status of pipe P-14 is closed.
Note that adding a PRV to pipe P-6 will necessitate splitting the line into two
pipes. The setting for the PRV (elevation = 1,180 ft) in pipe P-6 is 74 psi. For
this simulation, assume that both pumps are running.

Perform a fire flow analysis to find the maximum flow, in addition to the origi-
nal demands, that can be supplied at each node in the system [that is, the fire
flow will only be applied to one node at a time (in addition to the original
demands), while the other nodes maintain their original demands]. The mini-
mum allowable pressure anywhere in the system (other than on the suction side
of a pump) is 30 psi.

Hint - If you are using WaterCAD, you can use the automated fire flow feature
to automatically perform this analysis for all nodes in a single model run.
Problem 9.4 91

)LJXUH
Lower Pressure Zone Newtown Res.
J-10 P-16 J-9 P-15 J-8
P-1
PRV-1 P-14
P-17 P-19
PMP-1
P-2
J-11 P-18 J-3 P-5 P-4 J-2 P-3
PRV-2 J-1
P-6
Central Tank P-13

J-4 J-7 P-9

Pressure Zone Boundary P-20

P-7
P-12

J-5 P-8 J-6

PMP-2
P-11
Higher Pressure Zone
P-10

High Field Res.

a) Complete the table below.

Available Fire Flow Residual Pressure at Flowed Node

Node Label
(gpm) (psi)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
J-11

b) Do you think this network is capable of meeting the fire flow requirements of
a system that supplies water to a residential community and an industrial
park? Assume the needed fire flow is 3,500 gpm.

c) How many fire hydrants have to be opened to deliver the available fire flow at
node J-6? Assume that each fire hydrant can be represented by the system
shown in Figure 9.17 (in the book) and the hydrant opening size is 2 1/2 in.
Also, recall that the HGL of the pseudo-reservoir must be set equal to the ele-
vation of the node of interest, in this case, node J-6.
92 Operations Chapter 9

9.5 Given the layout of the system in Figure 9.2 and the data below (and in file
Prob9-05.wcd), examine the tradeoffs between the two possible routes for a
pipeline connecting the pump station with tank R-2. One route runs three miles
along a highway with high backfilling and restoration costs. The alternative
route is 3,000 ft longer, but the pipe can be laid in the shoulder of a back road at
a lower cost.

)LJXUH

R -2 P -4
PMP -1 Highway J -2
P -1 P -2
J -1

R -1 P -6 P -7 Backroad
PMP -2

Node Elevation Demand

Label (ft) (gpm)
J-1 980 500
J-2 950 1,200
R-1 1,000 N/A
R-2 1,100 N/A

Pump Curve Data

Maximum Maximum
Shutoff Design Design
Pump Operating Operating
Head Head Discharge
Label Head Discharge
(ft) (ft) (gpm)
(ft) (gpm)
PMP-1 160 140 2,000 100 3,000
PMP-2 160 140 2,000 100 3,000

Length Diameter Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label Material
(ft) (in.) C factor
P-1 40 12 Ductile Iron 130
P-2 40 12 Ductile Iron 130
P-4 25 12 Ductile Iron 130
P-6 40 12 Ductile Iron 130
P-7 40 12 Ductile Iron 130
Problem 9.5 93

With only one pump at the source running, determine whether to use a 12-, 14-
or 16-in. pipe, and which route (highway or back road) is preferable. Informa-
tion on energy and construction costs is provided below.

The fraction of time during which the pump is running can be calculated as:
f = Qdemand / Qpump
where Qdemand = total demand in the system (gpm)
Qpump = calculated pump flow rate (gpm)

For this system, the energy cost can then be calculated as:
Cenergy = 0.22 x Qpump x Hpump x f
where Cenergy = energy cost ($/year)
Hpump = calculated pump head (ft)

The present worth (PW, in $) of the energy cost over the next 20 years, assuming
7% interest per year, is given by:
PW = 10.6 x Cenergy

Use the values in the table below to compute construction costs for the pipe.
Pipe Size Cost (in highway) Cost (in back road)
(in.) ($/ft) ($/ft)
12 90 60
14 95 65
16 100 70

Fill in the table below to give the construction cost and present worth of energy
costs for each scenario.

Present Total
Pipe Construction
Flow Head Worth of Present
Size Route f Cost
(gpm) (ft) Energy Cost Worth
(in.) ($)
($) ($)
12 Back road
14 Back road
16 Back road
12 Highway
14 Highway
16 Highway

Which scenario is the most economical for the 20-year period being considered?
94 Operations Chapter 9

9.6 English Units - Find fractions of the water coming from the Miamisburg tank
and the West Carrolton tank for the system presented in Problem 4.2 (see page
27). Add the following pump controls before conducting the simulation. The
pump is initially on, but turns off at hour 8 of the simulation, and then back on at
hour 16. Assume that the initial fraction at each junction node is zero. Complete
the table below for conditions at hour 12 of the simulation.

Fraction of Water from Fraction of Water from

Node Label
Miamisburg Tank West Carrolton Tank
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10

SI Units - Find the fractions of water from the Miamisburg tank and the West
Carrolton tank for the system presented in Problem 4.2 (SI) (see page 27). Add
pump controls before conducting the simulation. The pump is initially on, but
turns off at hour 8 of the simulation, and back on at hour 16. Assume that the ini-
tial fraction at each junction node is zero. Complete the table below for condi-
tions at hour 12 of the simulation.
Fraction of Water from Fraction of Water from
Node Label
Miamisburg Tank West Carrolton Tank
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
Problem 9.7 95

9.7 English Units - Determine the age of water in the system presented in Problem
4.2 (see page 27). Add pump controls before conducting the simulation. The
pump is initially on, but turns off at hour 5 of the simulation, and back on at hour
12. Complete the table below for conditions at hour 12 of the simulation. The
initial age of the water at each node is given below.

Initial Age Average Age

Node Label
(hr) (hr)
J-1 0.0
J-2 0.0
J-3 0.0
J-4 0.0
J-5 0.0
J-6 0.0
J-7 0.0
J-8 0.0
J-9 0.0
J-10 0.0
PMP-1 0.0
Crystal Lake 10.0 N/A
Miamisburg Tank 15.0
West Carrolton Tank 7.0
96 Operations Chapter 9

SI Units - Determine the age of water in the system presented in Problem 4.2
(SI) (see page 27). Add pump controls before conducting the simulation.
The pump is initially on, but turns off at hour 5 of the simulation, and back on
at hour 12. Complete the table below for conditions at hour 12 of the simula-
tion. The initial age of the water at each node is given below.
Initial Age Average Age
Node Label
(hr) (hr)
J-1 0.0
J-2 0.0
J-3 0.0
J-4 0.0
J-5 0.0
J-6 0.0
J-7 0.0
J-8 0.0
J-9 0.0
J-10 0.0
PMP-1 0.0
Crystal Lake 10.0 N/A
Miamisburg Tank 15.0
West Carrolton Tank 7.0
Problem 9.8 97

9.8 English Units - Determine the concentrations of chlorine for the system pre-
sented in Problem 4.2 (see page 27). For this constituent, the bulk reaction rate
is –2.6 day-1, the wall reaction coefficient is –1.25 ft/day, and the diffusivity is
1.3 x 10-8 ft2/s. The initial chlorine concentrations are 1.0 mg/l at each junction
node, 2.3 mg/l at Crystal Lake reservoir, 0.7 mg/l at the Miamisburg Tank, and
0.9 mg/l at the West Carrolton Tank. Perform a 72-hour extended period simula-
tion with the diurnal demands repeating each day. Complete the table below.

Chlorine Concentration at 60 hr
Node Label
(mg/l)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
Miamisburg Tank
West Carrolton Tank
98 Operations Chapter 9

SI Units - Determine the concentrations of chlorine for the system presented in

Problem 4.2 (SI) (see page 27). For this constituent, the bulk reaction rate is –2.6
day-1, the wall reaction coefficient is –0.38 m/day, and the diffusivity is 1.2 x 10-
9
m2/s. The initial chlorine concentrations are 1.0 mg/l at each junction node, 2.3
mg/l at Crystal Lake reservoir, 0.7 mg/l at the Miamisburg Tank, and 0.9 mg/l at
the West Carrolton Tank. Perform a 72-hour extended period simulation with the
diurnal demands repeating each day. Complete the table below.

Chlorine Concentration at 60 hr
Node Label
(mg/l)
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
Miamisburg Tank
West Carrolton Tank
Problem 9.9 99

9.9 English Units - Given the network shown in Figure 9.3 and the model data given
below or saved in file Prob9-09.wcd, determine if complaints of low pressure at
node J-7 are due to limited capacity in the system or the elevation of the cus-
tomer. Maintain a 35-psi residual pressure even during peak (non-fire) demands.
To check the cause of the problem either:

• set up model runs with demand multipliers of 0.6, 1.0, and 1.33 to
determine if the pressure drops; or
• set up an EPS run for a 24-hour period.

a) How much did the pressure and HGL change at J-7 from peak to low demand
times? If an EPS run was made, what was the range of water level in the West
Side tank?

b) Did the HGL (pressure) change markedly when demands changed, or was the
pressure relatively insensitive to demands?

c) Was the pressure highly dependent on tank water level?

d) How many pumps need to be run to meet demands over the course of
the day?

e) What recommendations would you make to improve pressures?

100 Operations Chapter 9

)LJXUH

Clearwell P3
P3 -SUC

P2 -SUC
P3-DIS
P2
P1-SUC

P2 -DIS
J -1 P -11
P1
P1 -DIS
P-1

J -8 P -9 J -7
J -3 P -2 J -2

P -8
P -3 P-6 P-10

J -4 P -4 P -7 J -6
J -5

P -5

West Side Tank

Length Diameter Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label
(ft) (in.) C-factor
P1-Suc 50 18 115
P1-Dis 120 16 115
P2-Suc 50 18 115
P2-Dis 120 16 115
P3-Suc 50 18 115
P3-Dis 120 16 115
P-1 2,350 12 110
P-2 1,500 6 105
P-3 1,240 6 105
P-4 1,625 12 110
P-5 225 10 110
P-6 1,500 12 110
P-7 4,230 6 105
P-8 3,350 6 105
P-9 2,500 6 105
P-10 2,550 6 105
P-11 3,300 4 85
Problem 9.9 101

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
J-1 730 0
J-2 755 125
J-3 765 50
J-4 775 25
J-5 770 30
J-6 790 220
J-7 810 80
J-8 795 320

Elevation
Reservoir Label
(ft)
Clearwell 630

Minimum Initial Maximum Tank

Tank Label Elevation Elevation Elevation Diameter
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
West Side 900.0 917.0 920.0 50.0
Tank

Pump Curve Data

P1 P2 P3
Head Flow Head Flow Head Flow Head
(ft) (gpm) (ft) (gpm) (ft) (gpm) (ft)
Shutoff 305 0 305 0 305 0
Design 295 450 295 450 295 450
Max Operating 260 650 260 650 260 650
102 Operations Chapter 9

Hydraulic Pattern (Continuous)

Time
Multiplier
(hr)
0 0.60
3 0.75
6 1.20
9 0.90
12 1.15
15 1.00
18 1.33
21 0.90
24 0.60

Controls for Pump

P1 P2 P3
Initial Setting ON ON OFF
ON if West Side Below 916.0 ft Below 913.0 ft Below 905.0 ft
Tank is
OFF if West Above 919.5 ft Above 917.0 ft Above 914.0 ft
Side Tank is

SI Units - Given the network shown in Figure 9.3 and the model data given
below or saved in file Prob9-09m.wcd, determine if complaints of low pressure
at node J-7 are due to limited capacity in the system or the elevation of the cus-
tomer. Maintain a 240 kPa residual pressure even during peak (non-fire)
demands. To check the cause of the problem either:
• set up model runs with demand multipliers of 0.6, 1.0, and 1.33 to
determine if the pressure drops; or
• set up an EPS run for a 24-hour period.

a) How much did the pressure and HGL change at J-7 from peak to low demand
times? If an EPS run was made, what was the range of water level in the West
Side tank?

b) Did the HGL (pressure) change markedly when demands changed, or was the
pressure relatively insensitive to demands?
Problem 9.9 103

c) Was the pressure highly dependent on tank water level?

d) How many pumps need to be run to meet demands over the course of the
day?

e) What recommendations would you make to improve pressures?

Length Diameter Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label
(m) (mm) C-factor
P1-SUC 15.2 457 115
P1-DIS 36.6 406 115
P2-SUC 15.2 457 115
P2-DIS 36.6 406 115
P3-SUC 15.2 457 115
P3-DIS 36.6 406 115
P-1 716.3 305 110
P-2 457.2 152 105
P-3 378.0 152 105
P-4 495.3 305 110
P-5 68.6 254 110
P-6 457.2 305 110
P-7 1289.3 152 105
P-8 1021.1 152 105
P-9 762.0 152 105
P-10 777.0 152 105
P-11 1,006 102 85
104 Operations Chapter 9

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(m) (l/s)
J-1 222.50 0.0
J-2 230.12 7.9
J-3 233.17 3.2
J-4 236.22 1.6
J-5 234.70 1.9
J-6 240.79 13.9
J-7 246.89 5.0
J-8 242.32 20.2

Reservoir Elevation
Label (m)
Clearwell 192.0

Maximum Initial Minimum

Tank Diameter
Tank Label Elevation Elevation Elevation
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
West Side Tank 280.42 279.50 274.32 15.24

Pump Curve Data

Maximum Maximum
Shutoff Design Design
Operating Operating
Label Head Head Discharge
Head Discharge
(m) (m) (l/s)
(m) (l/s)
P1 93.0 89.9 28.4 79.3 41.0
P2 93.0 89.9 28.4 79.3 41.0
P3 89.9 77.7 15.8 48.8 28.4
Problem 9.10 105

Hydraulic Pattern (Continuous)

Time
Multiplier
(hr)
0 0.60
3 0.75
6 1.20
9 0.90
12 1.15
15 1.00
18 1.33
21 0.90
24 0.60

Controls for Pump

P1 P2 P3
Initial Setting ON ON OFF
ON if West Side Below 279.2 m Below 278.3 m Below 275.8 m
Tank is
OFF if West Above 280.3 m Above 279.5 m Above 278.6 m
Side Tank is

9.10 English Units - This problem uses the calibrated model from Problem 9.9. A
customer near J-8 having an elevation of 760 ft complains of low water pressure.
A pressure of 46 psi was measured at a hydrant near J-8. Is the problem in the
distribution system or in the customer’s plumbing?

a) Make an EPS run of the model and plot pressure at J-8 vs. time. Does a pres-
sure of 46 psi look reasonable in that part of the system?

b) To get an idea of the cause of the problem, look at the HGL when the pressure
is at its worst. Is it very different (>20 ft) from the HGL at the tank? What
does that tell you about head loss?
106 Operations Chapter 9

c) To determine the source of the head loss, look at the velocities in the system
at times of low pressure. Which pipes have the highest velocities?

d) Is there much that can be done operationally to correct the problem?

e) Is 46 psi a low pressure?

SI Units - This problem uses the calibrated model from Problem 9.9 (SI). A cus-
tomer near J-8 having an elevation 231.65 m complains of low water pressure. A
pressure of 317 kPa was measured at a hydrant near J-8. Is the problem in the
distribution system or in the customer’s plumbing?

a) Make an EPS run of the model and plot pressure at J-8 vs. time. Does a pres-
sure of 317 kPa look reasonable in that part of the system?

b) To get an idea of the cause of the problem, look at the HGL when the pressure
is at its worst. Is it very different (>6.1 m) from the HGL at the tank? What
does that tell you about head loss?

c) To determine the source of the head loss, look at the velocities in the system
at times of low pressure. Which pipes have the highest velocities?

d) Is there much that can be done operationally to correct the problem?

e) Is 317 kPa a low pressure?

Problem 9.11 107

9.11 A customer near J-6 in Figure 9.4 complains of low pressure, and pressure chart
recorder data was collected as shown in Figure 9.5. Construct a model using the
data tables below, or open Prob9-11.wcd.

a) Determine if the low pressure is due to elevation, inadequate pump capacity,

undersized piping, or some large demand.

b) How would you use a model to confirm this problem? Perform the simula-
tion to confirm it.

)LJXUH

J-9 J-10
Crystal Lake P -15

P -16 P -14
PMP-1
Suction
J-1 J-8 J-7
Discharge
P -12 P -13

P -1 P -11 P -10

J-2 J-3 J-6

P -2 P -9
P -3
J-4
Miamisburg
Tank P -4
P -5
J-5

P -6 P -7
108 Operations Chapter 9

)LJXUH
33

32

31
Pressure, psi
30

29

28

27

26
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time, hr

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
J-1 390.00 120
J-2 420.00 75
J-3 425.00 35
J-4 430.00 50
J-5 450.00 0
J-6 485.00 155
J-7 420.00 65
J-8 415.00 0
J-9 420.00 55
J-10 420.00 20
Problem 9.11 109

Length Diameter
Pipe Label
(ft) (in.)
Discharge 220 21
Suction 25 24
P-1 1,250 6
P-2 835 6
P-3 550 8
P-4 1,010 6
P-5 425 8
P-6 990 8
P-7 2,100 8
P-9 745 8
P-10 1,100 10
P-11 1,330 8
P-12 890 10
P-13 825 10
P-14 450 6
P-15 690 6
P-16 500 6

Pump Curve Data

Maximum Maximum
Shutoff Design Design
Pump Operating Operating
Head Head Discharge
Label Head Discharge
(ft) (ft) (gpm)
(ft) (gpm)
PMP-1 245 230.0 1,100 210.0 1,600

Reservoir Elevation
Label (ft)
Crystal Lake 320.0

Minimum Maximum Tank

Initial HGL
Tank Label Elevation Elevation Diameter
(ft)
(ft) (ft) (ft)
Miamisburg 535.0 550.0 570.0 50.0
Tank
110 Operations Chapter 9

Hydraulic Pattern (Stepwise)

Time
Multiplier
(hr)
0 1.00
6 0.75
12 2.00
18 1.20
24 1.00

9.12 If customers near J-5 in Figure 9.6 complain about having low pressures
between 2:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. each day (hours 14 to 17 of the simulation),
determine if their complaints are due to the utility’s system. If so, use an EPS
model run to formulate alternatives to improve the system. The customer has an
alarm on a fire protection system that sounds when pressure drops below 37 psi.
(This network can be found in Prob9-12.wcd)

)LJXUH

Lake Anderson

Suction P-15 J-10

Lag - suction J-9
PMP -1
Discharge P-16
PMP -2
Lag - discharge J-1 P-14
P-12
J-8
P-13
P-1 J-7 East Tank
P-11

J-2 P-10
P-2
J-3
P-9
P-3 J-6 P-8
P-4 J-4

P-5
J-5
P-7
Problem 9.12 111

Elevation Demand
Node Label
(ft) (gpm)
J-1 390 120
J-2 420 75
J-3 425 35
J-4 430 50
J-5 460 20
J-6 445 155
J-7 420 65
J-8 415 0
J-9 420 55
J-10 420 20

Diameter Length Hazen-Williams

Pipe Label
(in.) (ft) C-factor
P-1 6 1,250 110
P-2 6 835 110
P-3 8 550 130
P-4 6 1,010 110
P-5 8 425 130
P-7 8 2,100 105
P-8 12 560 110
P-9 8 745 100
P-10 10 1,100 115
P-11 8 1,330 110
P-12 10 890 115
P-13 10 825 115
P-14 6 450 120
P-15 6 690 120
P-16 6 500 120
Discharge 21 220 120
Suction 24 25 120
Lag-discharge 21 220 120
Lag-suction 24 25 120
112 Operations Chapter 9

Pump Curve Data

Maximum Maximum
Shutoff Design Design
Pump Operating Operating
Head Head Discharge
Label Head Discharge
(ft) (ft) (gpm)
(ft) (gpm)
PMP-1 245 230 600 210 1,000
PMP-2 245 230 600 210 1,000

Controls for Pump

PMP-1 PMP-2
Initial Setting ON OFF
ON if East Tank Below 560 ft Below 545 ft
OFF if East Tank Above 564 ft Above 555 ft

Maximum Initial Minimum Tank

Tank Label Elevation Elevation Elevation Diameter
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
East Tank 565.0 553.0 525.0 54

Reservoir Elevation
Label (ft)
Lake Anderson 320.0

Hydraulic Pattern (Stepwise)

Time
Multiplier
(hr)
0 1
6 0.75
12 2.0
18 1.2
24 1
Problem 9.13 113

9.13 Start with the same network used in Problem 9.12. Determine what kind of fire
flows can be delivered with a 20 psi residual at every node at hour 8, first with
the tank on-line, then with the tank off-line. Find the same information during
peak demands at hour 12.

Hint - To use WaterCAD’s automated fire flow feature for this problem, check
the boundary and operational conditions in Problem 9.12 at the specified times.
Create a steady-state run for these conditions, and set up and run the fire flow
analysis.
Fire Flows at 20 psi at hour 8
Node
Tank On-line Tank Off-line
Label
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10

Fire Flows at 20 psi at hour 12

Node
Tank On-line Tank Off-line
Label
J-1
J-2
J-3
J-4
J-5
J-6
J-7
J-8
J-9
J-10
114 Operations Chapter 9

9.14 Using the same model from Problem 9.12, determine how long it will be before
the system reaches full recovery when there is a power outage from 2:00 pm to
8:00 pm, if hour 0 in the model represents midnight. Full recovery means that
the tank level reaches the same level as before the power outage. With the data
from Problem 9.12, simulate a power outage by controlling the open/closed sta-
tus of the discharge pipes of the pumps at hour 14 and hour 20.

9.15 English Units - Given the existing small system shown in Figure 9.7, perform
three runs to determine the impact on the pressure at node J-8 (highest elevation
customer) if the pump is allowed to come on when the tank drops to levels of 25,
20, or 15 ft (relative to tank base elevation). Use the stepwise demand patterns
shown in Figure 9.8. (This network can be found in Prob9-15.wcd)

)LJXUH
T-1
J-8 P-15

P-17

J-3 J-20
P-40
J-9
P-16
R-1
P-53 P-18
P-50 P-31 P-41
Suction Discharge J-1 P-67
J-16
Pump J-26 P-51 P-52 J-10
P-26
P-66
P-22

J-14
J-27 P-24
P-54 J-13
P-55
J-12
P-28
P-59

P-56

P-58 J-29
J-15 P-57
J-28
Problem 9.15 115

Elevation Demand
Node Label Pattern
(ft) (gpm)
J-1 25.00 100 Residential
J-3 75.00 55 Residential
J-8 90.00 80 Commercial
J-9 80.00 15 Residential
J-10 65.00 18 Commercial
J-12 35.00 18 Residential
J-13 40.00 15 Commercial
J-14 20.00 20 Residential
J-15 10.00 20 Residential
J-16 55.00 10 Commercial
J-20 53.00 25 Commercial
J-26 60.00 25 Commercial
J-27 30.00 20 Commercial
J-28 20.00 15 Commercial
J-29 20.00 15 Residential
116 Operations Chapter 9

Length Diameter
Pipe Label
(ft) (in.)
Discharge 38 12
Suction 33 12
P-15 970 12
P-16 850 12
P-17 955 12
P-18 905 6
P-22 1,145 12
P-24 1,195 12
P-26 1,185 4
P-28 1,215 4
P-31 1,023 8
P-40 570 6
P-41 645 6
P-50 1,080 6
P-51 870 6
P-52 630 6
P-53 585 6
P-54 360 6
P-55 370 6
P-56 540 6
P-57 400 6
P-58 320 6
P-59 560 6
P-66 956 12
P-67 570 6

Pump Curve Data

Maximum Maximum
Shutoff Design Design
Operating Operating
Label Head Head Discharge
Head Discharge
(ft) (ft) (gpm)
(ft) (gpm)
PUMP 210 160 600 100 900

Controls for Pumps

PUMP
Initial Setting ON
ON if T-1 Below 175.0 ft
OFF if T-1 Above 179.5 ft
Problem 9.15 117

Base Maximum Initial Minimum Tank

Tank
Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation Diameter
Label
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
West 150.0 180.0 176.0 150.0 40.0
Tank

Reservoir Elevation
Label (ft)
R-1 20.00

)LJXUH
Hydraulic Patterns
Stepwise Pattern
Residential
1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8
M ultiplie r

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Time, hr

Stepwise Pattern
Commercial
1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8
M ultiplie r

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Time, hr
118 Operations Chapter 9

a) To observe the impact on J-8, prepare a plot of pressure vs. time at node J-8
for each pump control scenario.

b) Make a 480-hr (20-day) water quality run and graph the average water age in
the tank vs. time for each operating alternative.

c) Based on your calculations, revise the initial water age in the tank to 60 hours
and rerun the scenarios. Plot the minimum pressure at J-8 vs. average water
age for each scenario, and consider the water pressure/quality tradeoffs.

d) How do you recommend this system be operated?

SI Units - Given the existing small system shown in Figure 9.7, perform three
runs to determine the impact on the pressure at node J-8 (highest elevation cus-
tomer) if the pump is allowed to come on when the tank drops to levels of 7.6,
6.1, or 4.6 m (relative to tank base elevation). Use the stepwise demand patterns
shown in Figure 9.8. (This network can also be found in Prob9-15m.wcd)

Elevation Demand
Node Label Pattern
(m) (l/s)
J-1 7.62 6.31 Residential
J-3 22.86 3.47 Residential
J-8 27.43 5.05 Commercial
J-9 24.38 0.95 Residential
J-10 19.81 1.14 Commercial
J-12 10.67 1.14 Residential
J-13 12.19 0.95 Commercial
J-14 6.10 1.26 Residential
J-15 3.05 1.26 Residential
J-16 16.76 0.63 Commercial
J-20 16.15 1.58 Commercial
J-26 18.29 1.58 Commercial
J-27 9.14 1.26 Commercial
J-28 6.10 0.95 Commercial
J-29 6.10 0.95 Residential
Problem 9.15 119

Length Diameter
Pipe Label
(m) (mm)
Suction 9.8 305
Discharge 11.9 305
P-15 295.7 305
P-16 259.1 305
P-17 291.1 305
P-18 275.8 152
P-22 349.0 305
P-24 364.2 305
P-26 361.2 102
P-28 370.3 102
P-31 311.8 203
P-40 173.7 152
P-41 196.6 152
P-50 329.2 152
P-51 265.2 152
P-52 192.0 152
P-53 178.3 152
P-54 109.7 152
P-55 112.8 152
P-56 164.6 152
P-57 121.9 152
P-58 97.5 152
P-59 170.7 152
P-66 291.4 305
P-67 173.7 152

Pump Curve Data

Maximum Maximum
Shutoff Design Design
Pump Operating Operating
Head Head Discharge
Label Head Discharge
(m) (m) (l/s)
(m) (l/s)
PUMP 64.0 48.8 37.85 30.5 56.8
120 Operations Chapter 9

Controls for Pumps

PUMP
(levels)
Initial Setting ON
ON if T-1 Below 7.62 m
OFF if T-1 Above 8.99 m

Base Maximum Initial Minimum Tank

Tank
Elevation Elevation HGL Elevation Diameter
Label
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
T-1 45.72 54.86 53.34 45.72 12.2

Reservoir Elevation
Label (m)
R-1 6.10

a) To observe the impact on J-8, prepare a plot of pressure vs. time at node J-8
for each pump control scenario.

b) Make a 480-hr (20-day) water quality run and graph the average water age in
the tank vs. time for each operating alternative.

c) Based on your calculations, revise the initial water age in the tank to 60 hours
and rerun the scenarios. Plot the minimum pressure at J-8 vs. average water
age for each scenario, and consider the water pressure/quality tradeoffs.

d) How do you recommend this system be operated?

NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES