CHAPTER 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS o Al-Jazari – an enginer, who was the first to

us rod systems found in cars

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
o Arab chemists – discovered distillation and
A. HISTORICAL ANTCEDENTS IN THE formulated words such as alkali and alcohol

WORLD The Great Scientific Revolution of 1400 to

The Advent of Science (600 BC to 1400 AD) 1700 AD

Mesopotamia – where man’s bewilderment and - The Golden Age of the Islamic Period, which
scientific view of the globe started allowed for the blossoming of the sciences
in the 750s, lasted for more than five
4000 BC – high priests of Sumeria scrutinized the stars, centuries. This provided the basis for
and vast records were inscribed on tablets made of clay experiments to flourish an allowed the use
of modern scientific ways
1800 BC – shows evidences of the great knowledge in
the triangles with right-angle features The Dangers of the Times
The Science and Technology Practiced in Ancient Nicolaus Copernicus – a doctor from Poland, (1532)
Greece ideate that it was the sun which was at the center of the
solar system
Thales of Miletus – in 585 BC, with the aid of early
findings from Babylonians, Thales foresaw the Johannes Kepler – a German astrologer who observed
occurrence of a rare solar eclipse the elliptical orbits of Mars
Archimedes – able to detect the characteristics of Italian Galileo Galilei (1610) – identified four moons
liquids, such as fluids around the planet of Jupiter, which marked the dawn of
a new age in cosmology
Eratosthenes – in the learning center of Alexandria,
- conducted experiments on falling objects and
near the Nile River, he tinkered with the Earth’s breadth
propagated the use of the pendulum as a keeper of
and width
time
Ctesibius – constructed precise clock
Dutchman Christian Huygens – built the first pendulum
The Onset of Science and Technology in Asia clock in 1657

Chinese European Francis Bacon – English Philosopher, made a

pitch for the use of scientific method and thus, laid a
- able to invent gunpowder, fireworks,
strong foundation for a modern science
rockets, metals, and guns
- Believed to have first invented the first Robert Boyle – air pump
seismograph and first compass
Isaan Newton – English physicist, theories of light travel
- In 1054 AD, Chinese astronomers were able
to observe the passage of the supernova Ole Romer – Danish astronomer, calculations on the
approximate speed of light
Indian
Bishop Nicolas Steno – fields of anatomy and geology,
- Spinning wheel were first used by Indians
study of rock layers
- Indian farming techniques were superior to
Chinese The Age of Micro-beings
- Indian mathematicians developed the
“Arabic number system” *Dutch makers of eyeglass produced the very first
microscopes
Ushering in the Golden Age of Islam
Robert Hooke – (late 1600) revealed his findings on the
750 AD – the capital of the Islamic Caliphate was moved complex structure of small insects, such as fleas and
from Dasmascus to Baghdad (city of Iraq) bush
House of Wisdom – founded by the Caliph, abiding with Antonie van Leeuwenhoek – a store owner of fabric,
the Islamic saying “the ink of a scholar is more holy than started making his own microscopes and was able to
the blood of a martyr” found small life forms such as water, single cells like
- provided inspiration and well-being to several lovers of bacteria
astronomy:
Jan Swammerdam – showed that the different stages in
o Al-Sufi – a fan on the works of Ptolemy the development of an insect were not separate
o Alhazen – wrote a book about optics animals but were just one and the same and just
(comparable with the work of Newton) undergoing a process
o Al-Razi – a physician who formulated soap
and made distinctions between smallpox John Ray – Englishman biologist, made a great
and measles collection of plants species
o Al-Khwarizmi – introduced Algebra and The Dawn of Mathematical Analysis
algorithms
Newton’s treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Georges-Louis Leclerc – a French naturalist and
Mathematical laid to rest the doubts over laws of mathematician, one of those who pioneered the
motion and gravity. creation of a theory of evolution

Newtonian physics anchored knowledge of the physical Christian Sprengel – German Theologian, delve his time
world and combining these with the analytical tools into the complex relationship between plants and
embedded in the use of the calculus (Newton and insects and later made the conclusion that bisexual
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) flowers did not have the ability to fertilize themselves
because they produced male and female flowers at
The Expansion of Scientific Horizons (1700 different periods
to 1800)
Thomas Maltus – an Englishman, focused on specifics
Isaac Newton – publicized his laws of motion and about demography and predicted the end of the world
gravity making science results perfect and mathematics- if population growth was left unchecked; “The Principle
oriented of Population”

More Discoveries Alessandro Volta – an Italian physicist, invented the

electric battery
Stephen Hales – an Englishman, was able to discover
root pressure (rising of sap within plants) and invented William Whewell – an English philosopher that
a trough for collecting gases – later found useful in introduced the creation of a new profession separate
dissecting air composition from that of philosophy – the scientist – name for this
man of science
Daniel Bernoulli – a Swiss mathematician who was
primarily responsible for the Bernoulli principle, which A Hundred Years of Development (1800-
stated that “the pressure of a fluid falls when it is 1900)
moving” – allowed to keep tabs on blood pressure –
later found to utilized in the principles governing the 1799 – the invention of the electric battery created a
flying of an aircraft whole new field of scientific ideas, various scientists
discovered new things such as:
Joseph Black (1754) – a Scottish chemist, was able to
produce an amazing doctoral thesis about calcium Danish Hans Christian Orsted – established a
carbonate degeneration and the extraction of carbon connection between electricity and magnetism
dioxide
Michael Faraday of London’s Royal Institution
Henry Cavendish – illustrated that water was made of – invented the world’s first electric motor
two parts of hydrogen to one of oxygen
Scottish James Clerk Maxwell – made some
Jan Ingenhousz – demonstrated how green plants calculations and solved the complex mathematics of
emitted oxygen under the sun and carbon dioxide in the electromagnetism
dark
Invisibility Matters
Antoine Lavoisier - explained that many elements,
William Herschel – German astronomer,accidentally
including carbon and phosphorus, could burn by
stumbled upon infrared radiation and proved that there
combining with oxygen to form oxides
was more than meets the eye in the spectrum aside
Joseph Proust – a French chemist, figured out that from visible light
chemical elements, most of the time, merged in exact
Wilhelm Rontgen – discovered the soon-to-be famous
shares
X-rays in his experiments in Germany
The Field of Earth Sciences
Thomas Young – British physician, put to rest the
Benjamin Franklin – was able to show how big-scale argument of whether light was a wave or a particle by
ocean currents flowed at the bottom of the sea with his discovering wavelike interference in his studies
inquiries of the Gulf Stream
Christian Doppler – Austrian physicist, made famous
George Hadley – an English amateur meteorologist, the “Doppler effect” by expounding on the color of
expounded in a paper the impact of the trade winds in binary stars
relation to the rotation of the globe
 Hippolyte Fizeau – able to measure the speed
Nevil Maskelyne – took advantage of Newton’s idea by of light and concluded that light traveled faster
taking measurements of the gravitational pull of a in air then in water
mountain in Scotland, and was able to find out the
Chemical Reactions
density of the earth
John Dalton – British meteorologist, focused on the
James Hutton – made the conclusion that the earth was
potential use of atomic weights for veteran chemists
a little bit older than anyone had previously believed
Swedish Jons Jakob Berzelius – made a full list of
The Basis of Life
atomic weights
Louis Pasteur (France) – illustrated that the Erwin Schrondinger – Austrian, made an array of
spontaneous generation of life could not be done equations that fully described the probability of finding
a particle in a specific place and state
August Kekule – German chemist, discovered the
structure of the benzene molecule Werner Heisenberg – German colleague of Erwin,
illustrated that there was a probable uncertainty to the
Dmitri Mendeleev – Russian chemist, was able to solve
values of place and momentum
the problem of the periodic table of the elements
Harnessing the Atom
Marie Curie – twice Nobel-prize winner, was able to
separate polonium from radium Ernest Rutherford – New Zealander, first illustrated that
an atom was made of space, comprising of a small,
Relics from the Past
dense nucleus and electrons orbiting around it
Mary Anning – field of archeology, from England,
Linus Pauling – able to explain how atoms bonded to
presented a substantial collection of fossils of extinct
each other with the use of quantum physics
animals
John Robert Oppenheimer – was tasked to lead the
Richard Owen – an English biologist, pioneered the use
Manhattan Project, an undertaking to produce the first
of the word “dinosaurs” to describe the “terrible
nuclear weapons ever made
lizards” that once were kings on this earth
New Concept of the Universe
Louis Agassiz – Geologist from Switzerland, forwarded
the view that big parts of the planet were once covered *Nebulae – were just believed to be distant clouds of
with impregnable ice gas within Milky Way galaxy

Alexander von Humboldt – able to uncover the Edwin Hubble – American Astronomer, found out that
connections inherent in nature and thus founded the these nebulae were in reality, distant galaxies; made
study of ecology the observation that the universe was expanding in all
directions
Alfred Ruseel Wallace and Charles Darwin – British
naturalists, came up with the idea on the process of Georges Lemaitre – Belgian priests and physicist,
evolution by means of natural selection suggested that the universe came into being from a
“primeval atom” (Big Bang Theory)
Thomas Henry Huxley – a Darwin follower, illustrated
that birds could have evolved from dinosaurs Fritz Zwicky – invented the term “dark matter” to
elucidate why the Coma Galaxy Cluster seemed to
Gregor Mendel – German-speaking friar from Silesia,
exude 400 times as much mass as observed from its
made inroads into the ultimate function of genetics by
gravitational pull
studying thousands of pea plants; provide the genetic
mechanism for natural selection Substantial Discoveries (1945 to Present)
Lord Kelvin - British physicist, declared in early 1900s *The early 1940s saw the emergence of the first
that “There is nothing new to be discovered in physics computers, and the new science of artificial intelligence
now. All that remains is more and more precise was born; invention of powerful and efficient
measurements.” microscopes
The Dawn of a New Era (1900 to 1945) The Origin of Life

*new way of looking at matter, time, and space was Harold Urey and Stanley Miller (1953) – American
about to begin chemists at the University of Chicago, conducted an
experiment to know whether life on Earth started when
A New-look Physics
chemical reactions were sparked by lightning
Max Planck – discovered that electromagnetism
James Watson and Briton Francis – American molecular
traveled in distinct packets and not in continuous waves
biologists, able to dissect the molecular structure of
as previously thought of
deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
Albert Einstein – presented his belief that the speed of
Lynn Margulis – American biologist, expounded the
light was always constant and independent of the
theory that organisms absorbed each other and
movement of the observer; he further illustrated that
continued with their existence, resulting in the
matter and energy might just be characterized as
production of complex cell of all multicellular life forms
aspects of the same phenomenon that was capable of
being converted from one to the other Michael Syvanen – American microbiologist, illustrate
how genes could have the ability to transfer from one
Wave-particle Dilemma
species to another, and thus acquired characteristics
Sir Joseph John Thomson – English physicist in could be passed from one generation to another
Cambridge, was the first to discover the electron,
Craig Venter – had created artificial life by outlining its
unearthing its negative charge and wave-like
DNA on his computer
characteristics of its particles
Ian Wilmut – succeeded in the cloning of a sheep
The Nature of Particles 1595 – Colegio de San Ignacio in Manila
1601 – Colegio de San Jose
Richard Feynman – concluded that quantum
1640 – San Juan de Letran, established by the Order of
interactions happened in terms of exchange of “virtual”
Preachers
particles
1859 – Ateneo de Manila
Paul Dirae – able to predict the existence of anti-matter

Sheldon Glashow – merged electromagnetism with the Late 19th century – technical or vocational schools were
weak nuclear force and transformed it into one established by the Spaniards
“electro-weak” theory - first school of arts and trades were founded in nearby
province of Pampanga, and;
Hugh Everett III – American physicist, made a unique
proposal that there might be a mathematical basis for 1889 - school of agriculture was opened in Manila
concluding that there could be the real existence of
1849 – school of art was established – later transformed
more than one universe
into the Superior School of Painting, Sculpture and
Higher Education and Science and Engraving

Technology in the Philippines *Higher education was not encouraged by the Spanish
authorities because they believed that education would
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and higher give the impetus to native Filipinos to conspire and rebel
education institutions – are tasked with the against them
responsibility of developing human resources to satisfy
the needs and well-being of the society and nation and Rector of UST in 1860s – “Medicine and the natural
to face the challenges of a rapidly evolving world sciences are materialistic and impious studies”

Education in the 19th Century 1869 – opening of the Suez Canal – made the travel
easy between the Philippines and Europe, and thus
1863 – Spanish government issued a royal decree – to facilitated communications and commerce
reform the educational system in the Philippines –
establishment of a complete system of elementary, Some Filipino students went to Europe for
secondary, and collegiate schools, teacher training professionals and more advanced studies:
schools - Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Antonio and Juan Luna,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Pedro Paterno, Mariano Ponce,
1898 – during the birth of the first Philippine Republic, Isabelo de los Reyes
University of Santo Tomas (UST) was the only one - they absorbed liberal ideas of the enlightenment
university in the whole country, run by Dominicans, also period like freedom and progress, they installed the
known as the Order of Preachers, originally established propaganda movement in Europe and brought the
as the College of Santo Tomas in 1611 by Fray Miguel revolution against Spain in 1896
de Benavides. First courses were: academic degrees in
theology, philosophy, and humanities Higher Education in the First Republic

1871 – schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened August 29, 1898 – the Secretary of the Interior ordered
provincial governors to reestablish the schools that had
1871-1886 – UST granted the degree of Licentiate in been left abandoned before the outbreak of hostilities
medicine to 62 graduates
October 19, 1898 – the government decided to create
*to achieve a doctorate in medicine, a student needed Universidad Literaria de Filipinas, as a secular, state-
an additional year of study at the Universidad Central de supported educational institution of higher learning –
Madrid in Spain offered courses such as medicine, surgery, pharmacy
1876 – UST granted the bachelor’s degree in pharmacy and study of law
to its initial 6 graduates – Leon Maria Guerrero – September 29, 1899 – university graduation rites in the
“Father of Philippine Pharmacy” province of Tarlac
*total number of pharmacy graduates during Spanish Higher Education in the American Period
period was 164
1901 – the Philippines Commission created a
1898 – no Phil. Educational institution offered Department of Public Instruction (Act No. 74) and made
engineering as a course provisions for the establishments of schools that would
January 1, 1820 – a nautical school offered four-year provide free primary education to Filipinos and with
courses in fields of study as arithmetic, algebra, English as the medium of instruction
geometry, trigonometry, physics, meteorology, and Philippine Normal School – established in Manila to
navigation train Filipino teachers
19th century – School of Commercial Accounting and the 1902 – establishment of secondary schools
School of French and English Languages
1905 – establishment of Philippine Medical School
Schools set up by different religious orders:
1595 – Colegio de San Ildefonso, founded by Society of June 18, 1908 – Philippine Legislature created the
Jesus in Cebu City University of the Philippines, and Philippine Medical
School was absorbed least 10 million each year if it were to address the
*First colleges to open were: enrolment of students in the said private schools

 1909 – college of Agriculture in Los Banos, Higher Education in the Commonwealth

Laguna
November 1935 – marked the inauguration month of
 1910 – colleges of liberal arts, engineering and
the Philippine Commonwealth – to accommodate the
veterinary medicine
growing number of schoolchildren, the government
 1911 – college of law
abolished Grade VII as the last grade in elementary
1915 – school of pharmacy and the graduate school of educational system and also instituted a “double-single
tropical medicine and public health session” plan to reduce the time allotment and
dropping of certain subjects in the elementary schools
1916 – school of forestry and the conservatory of music
1938 – there were 425 private schools with recognition
1918 – college of education from the government, 64 of which were entities at the
1903 – Philippine Commission approved an education college level, 7 were universities (CEU, FEU, NU,
package to finance the scholarship of 125 young Filipino Philippine Women’s University, Siliman University in
students for them to study in the United States – called Negros Island, University of Manila, UST) with UP, it has
as pensionados a total of 19,575 students

1908 – most sciences and engineering teachers at the Higher Education Since 1946
university were Americans and other foreigners Department of Education, Culture, and Sports (DECS) –
December 1926 – out of total teaching staff of 463 at the charged with the responsibility of government
university, American faculty and some other foreigners supervision and regulation of these institutions until
dwindled to only 44 1994

During the American period – the UP remained the only *Most of the graduates in agriculture courses come
publicly-supported university, thus could not meet the from state institutions while the majority of those in
increasing social demand for higher education engineering and medical sciences graduate from private
institutions
Private schools – established during the American
period, “for the purpose of providing enlightenment to Values and Visions
the masses and at the same time to keep intact and Secularization of education – removing the control of
conserve Filipino ideals” education from the powerful religious orders; in the
Some of the private schools were soon established writings of Jose Rizal like “Letter to the Women of
were: Malolos” and “Plan of a Modern School”, and Marcelo
del Pilar like “La Soberania Monacal”
 1900 - Liceo de Manila – now the Manila Central
University, organized by the Sociedad Filomatica  The illustrados vouched for the mandatory
 1900 – Colegio Filipino - later became the teaching of the Spanish language to the
National University in 1925 Filipino masses for the purpose of having a
 1913 – Instituto de Manila – became University common language. – supported by Jose Rizal
of Manila in 1929 and other members of Asociacion Hispano-
 1910 – Centro Escolar de Senioritas – became Filipina in Madrid including Marcelo H. del Pilar,
the Centro Escolar University in 1930 Mariano Ponce and Tomas Arejola
 1919 – Philippine Women’s College – became a  Education of Filipino Women
university in 1932  Vocational education to lift the people from
 Siliman University in Dumaguete City and the bondage of colonial rule
Central Philippine University in Iloilo City - two  Advocating for the establishment of public
other existing universities in the Visayas schools
 Advocated the inculcation of patriotism in
1906 – Philippine Commission provided for the public schools
regulation of private schools in the corporation law (Act
No. 1459) that it promulgated 1987 Constitution, Article 11, Sec. 17 – “The State
shall give priority to education, science and
1917 – Philippine Legislature enacted Act No. 2076 technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster
(Private School Act) which covered private schools as patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social
educational institutions and not commercial enterprises progress, and promote total human liberation and
1925 – Philippine Legislature empowered the Board of development.”
Educational Survey to conduct a comprehensive Contemporary Higher Education
investigation as to the state of public and private
institutions Higher Education – a means to harness, develop, and
- Paul Monroe – as its head, the survey found most put into good use not only the productive capacities of
private schools to be substandard Filipinos but more importantly, the constructive use of
their full potentials and capabilities in:
1932 – Commissioner of Private Education estimated (a) realizing the specific Filipino identity and strong
that the colonial government would have to spend at
esteem for national pride Science Education Institute – was established for the
(b) cultivating and imposing the moral fiber and spiritual purpose of undertaking and formulating plans for the
harmony development of S&T education and training in the
(c) reaching political soundness, economic stability, and country
equitable social responsibility; and
Science and Technology Information Institute (STII) -
(d) preserving and enriching the historical and cultural
serve as the information arm of DOST through the
foundation of the Filipinos as a distinct people and race
development and maintenance of an S&T databank and
Education for National Development Program (1970s) information networks
– included the institutionalization of the National
National Institute of Science and Technology –
College Entrance Examination (NCEE) – screening tool
reorganized into Industrial Technology Development
that would insure the development of targeted
Institute
manpower requirements for national progress and
economic growth Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI) –
PCASTRD and PCAMRD were created to boost the
1996-2005 – Long-Term Higher Education Development
council system
Plan
Comprehensive Technology Transfer and
Historical Development of Science and Commercialization (CTTC) – serve as a working
Technology in the Philippines mechanism for identifying and pushing concrete results
(Early American Period to Early 21st Century) of R&D toward productive application and utilization
Philippine S&T Agency – mainly focused on agriculture, *To facilitate the transfer of foreign technology, science
health, and food processing, thus industrial technology parks were put up. These parks were intended to:
was largely neglected (a) serve as an instrument for university collaboration
with the private industry
1946 – was reorganized into an Institute of Science and
(b) develop new knowledge-based industries and
was put directly under the Office of the President of the
showcase exciting ones
Philippines
(c) provide a proper environment for innovation and
*the institute suffered from lack of financial
contract research
support, planning and coordination
1950s and 1960s – focused on S&T institutional 1998 – presidential task force on S&T includes DOST,
capacity-building through the establishment of DA, DTI, DOTC – Department of Transportation – the
infrastructure-support facilities task is to submit a report to the president in March
1970s – focused was redirected to applied researches 1989 embodying the 15 leading areas to steer the
1980s – research utilization was given emphasis country toward industrial development
1982 – reorganization and creation of the National 15 leading edges were:
Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) – four
councils were created: a. Aqua-culture
b. Marine fisheries
 Philippine Council for Health Research and c. Forestry
Development (PCHRD) d. Natural resources
 Philippine Council for Industry and Energy e. Process industry
Research (PCIERD) f. Food
 Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, g. Feed industry
and Natural Resources Research and h. Energy
Development (PCARRD) i. Transportation
 National Research Council of the Philippines j. Construction industry
(NRCP) – later replaced by Philippine Council k. Information technology
for Aquatic and Marine Research and l. Electronics
Development (PCAMRD) and Philippine m. Instrumentation and control
Council for Advanced Science and Technology n. Emerging technologies
Research and Development (PCASTRD) o. Pharmaceuticals

Mid-1980s – regional offices for S&T promotion and *To attain the goals set in the S&T Master Plan
extension were established to further fast-track the (STMP), the following strategies were pursued:
development of S&T
(a) modernize the production sectors through
1986 – after EDSA Revolution, NSTA was reorganized massive technology transfer from domestic and foreign
into Department of Science and Technology (DOST) by sources;
virtue of Executive Order 128
(b) upgrade the R&D capability through intensified
Technology Application and Promotion Institute (TAPI) activities in high priority areas and S&T infrastructure
– created to serve as the implementing arm of the DOST development, such as manpower development; and
in pushing for the commercialization of new
(c) develop information networks, institutional
technologies, and marketing the technology services of
building, and S&T culture enhancement
the other operating agencies of the department
Science and Technology Agenda for National
Development (STAND) Philippines 2000 – identified 7
export products (computer softwares; fashion
accessories; gifts, toys and houseware; marine
products; metal fabrications; furniture; dried fruits), 11
domestic needs (food, housing, health, clothing,
transportation, communication, disaster mitigation,
defense, environment, manpower development,
energy), 3 other supporting industries (packaging,
chemicals, metals), and the coconut industry as priority
investment areas

“Competence, Competitiveness, Conscience: The

Medium-Term Plan of the Department of Science and
Technology (1999-2004)” – S&T framework plan title –
six flagship programs were:

(a) Comprehensive program to enhance

technology enterprises
(b) Integrated program on clean technologies
(c) Establishment of a packaging R&D center
(d) Expansion of regional metrology center
(e) S&T intervention program for the poor,
vulnerable, and disabled
(f) Comprehensive S&T program for Mindanao