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Vector Space

The document defines and provides examples of vector spaces and related concepts such as subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, basis and dimension. It also discusses row space, column space and null space of matrices.

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rutvik
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
46 views

Vector Space

The document defines and provides examples of vector spaces and related concepts such as subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, basis and dimension. It also discusses row space, column space and null space of matrices.

Uploaded by

rutvik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

Vector Space

P P Savani University

February 7, 2019

Vector Space 1 / 40
Vector Space

Let V be a non-empty set of certain objects, which may be Vectors,


Matrices, Functions or some other objects. The elements of V
are denoted by a,b,c,u,v etc. Assume that the two algebraic oper-
ations (1) Vector addition and (2) Scalar multiplication are defined
on elements of V . If the vector addition is defined as the usual
addition of vectors, then

a+b = (a1 , a2 , ..., an )+(b1 , b2 , ..., bn ) = (a1 +b1 , a2 +b2 , ..., an +bn )
(1)
If the scalar multiplication is defined as the usual scalar multiplica-
tion of a vector by the scalar α, then

αa = α(a1 , a2 , ..., an ) = (αa1 , αa2 , ..., αan ) (2)

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Vector Space
The set V is defined a vector space if for any elements a, b, c in V
and any scalars α,the following properties are satisfied.
Properties with respect to vector addition:
1 a + b is in V.

(Closure Property)
2 a + b = b + a

(Commutative law)
3 (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

(Associative law)
4 a + 0 = 0 + a = a

(Existence of unique zero element in V )


(Here 0 is not actual zero but additive identity which
satisfies above condition for all element of set)
5 a + (−a) = 0

(Existence of inverse or negative element in V )


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Vector Space

Properties with respect to scalar multiplication:


1 αa is in V .
(Closure property)
2 (α+β)a=αa+βa
(Left distributive law)
3 (α β)a=α(βa)
4 α(a+b)=αa + αb
(Right distributive law)
5 1a = a

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Note:
When 1st property is satisfied w.r.t. vector addition (scalar
multiplication) then the vector space is said to be closed
under the vector addition (scalar multiplication).
If the elements of V are real, its is called real vector space,
whereas V is called complex vector space, if the elements V
are complex numbers.
If one of the properties is not satisfied, then V is not a vector
space. We usually check the closure properties first before
checking the other properties.
The vector space V = 0 is called a trivial vector space.
If V is a vector space then elements of V is known as vector

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The following are some examples of vector space under the usual
operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication.
The set V of real or complex numbers.
The set of polynomials Pn of degree less than or equal to n.
The set of n-tuples in Rn or Cn
The set of all m × n matrices.

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Vector Space 7 / 40
Theorem: Let V be a vector space over R. Then
0u = 0 for all u ∈ V
there is a unique additive identity 0.
the additive inverse is unique;that is ,if for a given u,there are
v , v 0 ∈ V such that u + v = 0 and u + v 0 = 0 then v = v 0
(−1)u = −u,the negative element such that u + (−u) = 0 for
u∈V
c0 = 0 for all c ∈ R and 0 ∈ V
If cu = 0 for c ∈ R and 0 ∈ V ,then either c = 0 or
u(vector ) = 0(vector ).

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Subspace

Definition: A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace


of V if W is itself a vector space under the addition and scalar
multiplication denoted on V .
Theorem: If W is a set of one or more vectors in a vector space V,
then W is a subspace of V if and only if the following conditions are
satisfied:
If a and b are vectors in W, then a + b is in W.
If α is a scalar and a is a vector in W, then αa is in W.

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Example

Let F and G be subspaces of a vector space V such that F ∩ G =


{0}.The sum of F and G is written as F + G and is defined by
F + G = {f + g : f ∈ F , g ∈ G }.Show that F + G is a subspace
of V assuming the usual definition of vector addition and scalar
multiplication.

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Linear Combination

Definition: If w is a vector in a vector space V , then w is said to


be linear combination of the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 , ...vr in V if w can be
expressed in the form

w = k1 v1 + k2 v2 + ... + kr vr

where k1 , k2 , k3 ..., kr are scalars. These scalars are called the coef-
ficients of the linear combination.

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Vector Space 12 / 40
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Linear Independence and Dependence

Definition: If S = {v1 , v2 , ..., vr } is a set of two or more vectors in


a vector space V ,then S is said to be a Linearly Independent set
if no vector in S can be expressed as a linear combination of the
others. A set that is not linearly independent is said to be Linearly
Dependent.
Theorem: A non-empty set S = v1 , v2 , v3 , ..., vr in a vector space
V is linearly independent if and only if the only coefficient
satisfying the vector equation

k1 v1 + k2 v2 + ... + kr vr = 0

are k1 = 0, k2 = 0, ...,kr = 0

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observations

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Example

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Examples

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Span of vectors

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Basis of a Vector space

Example
1 Show that vectors v1 = (1, 2, 1), v2 = (2, 9, 0), v3 = (3, 3, 4)
form a basis for R3
2 Consider vectors v1 = (1, 2, 1), v2 = (−1, 2, −3), v3 = (3, 3, 4).
Is this collection of vectors is basis for R3 ?

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Dimension of a vector space

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Row and Column Vectors

in Rn that formed from the rows of A are called the row vectors of
A.and the

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Row and Column Vector

in Rn that formed from the rows of A are called the column


vectors of A

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Row Space, Column Space and Null Space

Basis for Row space and Column space

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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