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Computer Notes

The document discusses various network topologies including bus, star, ring, tree, hybrid, complete, and irregular and describes their basic characteristics such as how connections are made, advantages and disadvantages. It provides examples of the bus and star topologies and notes that star is the most widely implemented due to its ability to be easily expanded without network disruption and ease of troubleshooting problems. The document also briefly discusses hybrid topologies that combine aspects of different topologies to meet specific network needs.

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Muhammad Bilal Hassan Cheema
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54 views

Computer Notes

The document discusses various network topologies including bus, star, ring, tree, hybrid, complete, and irregular and describes their basic characteristics such as how connections are made, advantages and disadvantages. It provides examples of the bus and star topologies and notes that star is the most widely implemented due to its ability to be easily expanded without network disruption and ease of troubleshooting problems. The document also briefly discusses hybrid topologies that combine aspects of different topologies to meet specific network needs.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Bilal Hassan Cheema
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Topologies
 The physical topology of a network refers
to the configuration of cables,
computers, and other peripherals
 Star
 Ring
 Bus
 Hybrid
 Tree
 Complete
 Irregular
BUS Topology
• Each machine is connected to a
single cable.

• Each computer or server is


connected to the single bus cable
through some kind of connector.

• A signal from the source travels in


both directions to all machines
connected on the bus cable until it
finds the address on the network
that is the intended recipient.

• If the machine address does not


match the intended address for the
data, the machine ignores the data.

• Alternatively, if the data does match


the machine address, the data is
accepted
Advantages Disadvantages

Cheap and easy to implement Network disruption when


computers are
added or removed

High cost of managing the network


Require less cable Single point of failure.

A break in the cable will prevent all


systems from accessing the
network.
Does not use any specialized Difficult to troubleshoot.
network equipment.
Star Topology
• Each machine is connected to a
central hub or switch.

• It allows each machine on the


network to have a point to point
connection to the central hub.

• All of the traffic which transverses the


network passes through the central
hub.

• The hub acts as a signal booster or


repeater which in turn allows the
signal to travel greater distances.

• Most widely implemented

• Hub is the single point of failure


Advantages Disadvantages

Easily expanded without disruption Requires more cable


to the network

Cable failure affects only a single A central connecting device allows


user for a single point of failure

Easy to troubleshoot and isolate More expensive than bus


problems. topologies because of the cost of
the hubs
Ring Topology
• Each computer is connected to the
network in a closed loop or ring

• Each machine or computer has a unique


address that is used for identification
purposes

• The signal passes through each machine


or computer connected to the ring in one
direction

• Ring topologies typically utilize a token


passing scheme, used to control access to
the network

• By utilizing this scheme, only one machine


can transmit on the network at a time.
Advantages Disadvantages

Cable faults are easily located, Expansion to the network can


making cause
troubleshooting easier network disruption

Ring networks are moderately easy A single break in the cable can
to disrupt the
install entire network.
Tree

 Tree: A collection of busses connected by


a branching cable with no closed loops
◦ Allows users to create networks using bridges
◦ Message from any site can be received by all
other sites, until it reaches an end point
◦ End point controller absorbs a message if it
reaches end point controller without being
accepted by a host
◦ Advantage: Message traffic can still flow
through the network even if a single node fails
Tree ( continued)

Figure : Tree Topology


Hybrid
Selects among the strong points of each topology and combines them to
meet that system’s communications requirements most effectively

Figure : Hybrid topology combining a star and a ring using a


bridge
Hybrid (continued)

Figure : Hybrid topology combining a star and a bus


Fully connected or
Complete(Mesh)
 In A mesh network each station
is connected directly to every
other station in the network.
 It is a viable solution only for
smaller networks.
 The huge cabling cost and
awkwardness of laying so many
direct links make the mesh
topology unattractive for LAN’s
with a large number of stations.
 On the other hand since all
stations are directly linked to all
other stations on exclusive links,
this topology allows
simultaneous communications
between a number of pairs of
stations.
Irregular network
 An irregular network is
similar to the fully connected
except that the requirement
of connecting every
computer to every other is
removed.
 The cost and the flexibility to
add a new computer is
reasonable.
 The effect of failure depends
on the exact network
topology.
Application
 News Groups
 Internet Telephony (VoIP)
 Video Conferencing
 Chat Groups
 Instant Messengers
Scope of Research
 Improved Network Connection using
betterTopologies.
Assignment
1.Why star topology is most commonly
used topology?
2.List real life application of Hybrid
networks.

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