Unit.

4 Complex Integration

UNIT IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION

Part-A

z
Problem 1 Evaluate   z  1
C
3
dz where C is z  2 using Cauchy’s integral formula

Solution:
z
Given   z  1
C
3
dz

Here f  z   z , a  1 lies inside z  2

zdz 2 i
  f  1
 z  1
3
C
2!
  i  0  f  1  0
zdz
 0.
 z  1
3
C

Problem 2 State Cauchy’s Integral formula

Solution:
If f  z  is analytic inside and on a closed curve C that encloses a simply
1 f z
connected region R and if ' a ' is any point in R , then f  a    dz .
2 i C z  a

1
Problem 3 Evaluate  e z dz where C is z  2  1 .
C

Solution:
1
e z is analytic inside and on C .
1
Hence by Cauchy’s integral theorem  e z dz  0
C

1
z
e
Problem 4 Classify the singularities of f  z   .
 z  a
2

Solution:
Poles of f  z  are obtained by equating the denominator to zero.
i.e.,  z  a   0 , z  a is a pole of order 2
2

1
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

The principal part of the Laurent’s expansion of e1/ z about z = 0 contains infinite number
terms. Therefore there is an essential singularity at z = 0.

1  e2 z
Problem 5 Calculate the residue of f  z   at the poles.
z3
Solution:
1  e2 z
Given f  z  
z3
Here z  0 is a pole of order 3
Lt 1 d 2  3 1 e 
2z
  Re s f  z   z  0     3 
z  0 2! dz 2 
z 0
z 
2
1 Lt d
 2 
1  e 2 z 
2! z  0 dz
1 Lt d
  2e2 z 
2! z  0 dz
1 Lt
  4e 2 z
2! z  0
1
  4   2 .
2

cos  z
Problem 6 Evaluate 
C
z 1
dz if C is z  2 .

Solution:
f  z
We know that, Cauchy Integral formula is  za dz  2 if  a  if ' a ' lies inside C
C

cos  z
 dz , Here f  z   cos  z
C
z 1
 z  1 lies inside C
 f 1  cos  1  1.
cos  z
 dz  2 i  1  2 i .
C
z 1

Problem 7 Define Removable singularity

Solution:
Lt
A singular point z  z0 is called a removable singularity of f  z  is f  z  exists
z  z0
finitely

2
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

sin z Lt
Example: For f  z   , z = 0 is a removable singularity since f z 1
z z 0

1
Problem 8 Test for singularity of and hence find corresponding residues.
z 1
2

Solution:
1 1
Let f  z   
z  1  z  i  z  i 
2

Here z  i is a simple pole

z  i is a simple pole
Lt 1
Res  z  i    z  i
z i  z  i  z  i 
Lt 1 1
 
z  i  z  i  2i
Lt 1 1
Res  z  i    z  i  .
z  i  z  i  z  i  2i

Problem 9 What is the value of  e z dz where C is z  1 .

C

Solution:
Put z  ei
dz  iei d
2

 e dz   e ie d ........... 1
i
z e i

C 0

Put t  e  dt  ei d
i

When   0, t  1 ,   2 , ssss t  1
1 1

 (1)   e dz   e dt  e   0
z t t

C 1 1

3z 2  7 z  1 1
Problem 10 Evaluate C z  1 dz , where z  2 .
Solution:
3z 2  7 z  1
Given  z  1 dz
C

Here f  z   3 z 2  7 z  1
1
z  1 lies outside z 
2

3
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

3 z 2  72  1
Here  dz  0 .(By Cauchy Theorem)
C
z 1

Problem 11 State Cauchy’s residue theorem

Solution:
If f  z  be analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed curve C , except for
a finite number of isolated singularities z1 , z2 ,..., zn inside C
then  f  z  dz  2 i   sum of the residue of f  z  at z1 , z 2 ,..., zn  .
C

e2 z
Problem 12 Calculate the residue of f  z   at its pole.
 z  1
2

Solution:
e2 z
Given f  z  
 z  1
2

Here z  1 is a pole of order 2

Lt 1 d e2 z
 Resf  z   z 1   
2
z 1
z  11! dz  z  1
2

Lt
 2e 2 z  2e 2 .
z  1

cos  z 2
Problem 13 Using Cauchy integral formula evaluate C  z  1 z  2  dz, where
3
z 
2
Solution:
cos  z 2  cos  z 2 cos  z 2
 z  1 z  2  C z  1
C 
dz  dz   z  2  dz
C 

 1 A B 
   , A  1 B  1
  z  1 z  2   z  1 z  2 
Here f  z   cos  z 2

3
z  1 lies inside z 
2
3
z  2 lies outside z 
2
Hence by Cauchy integral formula

4
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

cos  z 2
 z  1 z  2  dz  2 i f  z 
C 

 2 i  1
 2 i [ f  z   cos  z , f 1  cos   1]

Problem 14 State Laurent’s series

Solution:
If C1 and C2 are two concentric circles with centres at z  a and radii r1 and r2
 r1  r2 
and if f  z  is analytic on C1 and C2 and throughout the annular region R
between them, then at each point z in R ,
 
bn
f  z    an  z  a   
n
,
n 1  z  a 
n
n 0

1 f  z  dz 1 f  z  dz
where an  
2 i C  z  a  n 1
, n  0,1, 2,... , bn  
2 i C  z  a  n1
, n  1, 2,3,...

z3 1
Problem 15 Find the zeros of .
z3  1
Solution:
z3 1
The zeros of f  z  are given by f  z   0 , 0
z3  1
1
i.e., z 3  1  0, z  (1) 3
z  1, w, w2 (Cubic roots of unity)

Part-B

dz
Problem 1 Using Cauchy integral formula evaluate   z  1  z  2 
C
2
where C the

3
circle z  .
2
Solution:
Here z  1 is a pole lies inside the circle
z  2 is a pole lies out side the circle
1
  z  2 2 dz
dz

C  z  1  z  2   z  1
2

1
Here f  z  
z2

5
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

1
f  z  
( z  2)2
Hence by Cauchy integral formula
f z 2 i n
C  z  a n1 dz  n ! f  a 
1

C  z  12  z  2   C [ z z (21)]2 dz
dz

2 i
 f (1)
1!
 1   1 
 2 i  2
 f  z  
  z  2  
  1  2  
2

 1 
 2 i  
9
2
 i .
9

z2
Problem 2 Evaluate  z ( z  1) dz where C
C
is the circle z  3 .

Solution:
1 f z
W.K.T f  a    dz
2 i C z  a
z2
Given  z ( z  1) dz Here z  0 , z  1 lies inside the circle
C

Also f  z   z  2
1 A B
Now  
z ( z  1) z z  1
Put z  0  A  1
z 1 B 1
1 1 1
 
z ( z  1) z z 1
z2 z2 z2
C z( z  1) dz  C z dz C z  1 dz
 2 i f  0   2 i f 1
 2 i  f (1)  f (0)
 2 i  1  (2) 
 2 i  2  1  2 i .

6
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

z 1
Problem 3 Find the Laurent’s Series expansion of the function , valid
 z  2  z  3
in the region 2  z  3 .
Solution:
z 1
Let f  z  
 z  2  z  3
z 1 A B
 
 z  2  z  3 z  2 z  3
z  1  A( z  3)  B ( z  2)
Put z  2
2  1  A( 2  3)  0
A3
Put z  3
3  1  A  0   B  3  2 
4   B
B4
3 4
 f z  
z2 z3
Given region is 2  z  3
2  z and z  3
2 z
 1 and 1
z 3
3 4
 f  z  
 2  z
z 1   3 1  
 z  3
1 1
3  2  4 z 
 1    1  
z  z 3 3
3   2  2    4  z  z 2 
2

 1      ....    1      ...

z  z  z    3  3  3  

7z  2
Problem 4 Expand f  z   valid in 1  z  1  3
z  z  2  z  1
Solution:
7z  2
Given f  z  
z  z  2  z  1
7z  2 A B C
f z    
z  z  2  z  1 z z  2 z  1

7
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

7 z  2  A  z  2  z  1  Bz  z  1  Cz  z  2 
Put z  2
B2
Put z  0
A 1
Put z  1
C  3
1 2 3
 f  z   
z z  2 z 1
Given region is 1  z  1  3
Let u  z  1  1  u  3
z  u 1  1  u & u  3
1 u
 1 & 1
u 3
1 2 3
 f  z   
u 1 u  3 u
1 2 3
  
1 u
u (1  ) 3(1  ) u
u 3
1 1
1 1 2 u  3
 1    1   
u u 3 3 u
1 1 1  2  u  u 2  3
2

 1      ...  1      ...  
u  u  u   3  3  3   u

1   2   z  1   z  1 2 
2
1  1  3
 1     ...  1      ... 
z  1  z  1  z  1   3   3   3   z  1
2   z  1
n

2 1
 f  z      .
z  1 n  2  z  1 n 3 n 0 3n

z2 1
Problem 5 Expand f z  as a Taylor series valid in the
 z  2  z  3
region z  2 .
Solution:
z2 1
Given f  z  
 z  2  z  3
Now  z  2  z  3  z 2  5 z  6
z2 1 5 z  7
  1
 z  2  z  3  z  2  z  3
8
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

5 z  7 A B
Now  
 z  2  z  3 z  2 z  3
5 z  7  A  z  3  B  z  2 
Put z  2
A3
Put z  3
B  8
3 8
 f  z  1 
z2 z3
Given z  2
3 8
f  z   1 
 z  z
2 1   3 1  
 2  3
1 1
3 z  8 z 
 1   1    1  
2 2 3 3
3 z  z   8  z  z 2 
2

 1  1      ...   1      ... 

2 2 2   
 3 3  3 
n n
3  n z  8  n z
 1    1      1  
2 n0  2  3 n 0 3

n  3 8 
f  z   1    1  n1  n 1  z n .
n 0 2 3 

sin 6 z
Problem 6 Using Cauchy Integral formula Evaluate  
3
dz where C is
z 
C

 6
circle z  1 .
Solution:
Here f  z   sin 6 z
f   z   6sin 5 cos z
f   z   6   sin 6 z  cos 2 z.5sin 4 z 
 
Here a  , clearly a  lies inside the circle z  1
6 6
By Cauchy integral formula
f  z 2 i
C  z  a 3  2! f   a 

9
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

sin 6 z 2 i   
  f   
 6
3
 2!
z 
C

 6
     
  i 6   sin 6    5cos 2   sin 4 
 6 6 6
 1 5 3
 6 i     
 64 16 4 
 1 15 
 6 i    
 64 64 
15  1  21 i
 6 i  
 64  16


Problem 7 Expand f  z   sin z into a Taylor’s series about z  .
4
Solution:
Given f  z   sin z
f   z   cos z
f   z    sin z
f   z    cos z

Here a 
4
    1
 f    sin   
4 4 2
    1
f     cos   
4 4 2
    1
f      sin    
4 4 2
    1
f      cos    
4 4 2
W.K.T Taylor’s series of f  z  at z  a is
 z  a  f  a  ...
2
za
f  z  f a  f a   
1! 2!

2
 
z  z  
  4 f      4  
f z  f      f     ...
4 1! 4 2! 4

10
Unit. 4 Complex Integration


2
 
1    1 z 4   1 
 z       ...
2  4 2  2   2
 

z sec z
Problem 8 Evaluate  1  z  dz where
C
2
C is the ellipse 4 x 2  9 y 2  9 , using

Cauchy’s residue theorem.

Solution:
Equation of ellipse is
4x2  9 y 2  9
x2 y2
 1
9/4 1
x2 y2
i.e.,  1
 
2
3 1
2
3
 Major axis is , Minor axis is 1.
2
3
The ellipse meets the x axis at  and the y axis at 1
2
z sec z
Given f  z  
1 z2
z

1  z 1  z  cos z
The poles are the solutions of 1  z 1  z  cos z  0

i.e., z  1, z  1 are simple poles and z   2n  1
2
Out of these poles z  1 lies inside the ellipse
 
z   ,  3 lies outside the ellipse
4 4
Lt z
 Re s f  z   z 1   z  1
z 1 1  z 1  z  cos z
Lt z 1
 
z  1 1  z  cos z 2 cos1
Lt z
 Re s f  z   z 1   z  1
z  1   
1  z 1  z cos z
Lt z

z  1 1  z  cos z

11
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

1 1
 
2 cos1 2 cos1
z sec z
 dz  2 i sum of the residues 
C
1 z2
 1 1 
 2 i  
 2 cos1 2 cos1 
 2 i sec1 .

z4
Problem 9 Using Cauchy integral formula evaluate (i) z
C
2
 2z  5
dz , where C is

4  3z 3
the circle z  1  i  2 (ii)  dz , C is the circle z  .
C
z ( z  1)( z  2) 2
Solution:
(i) Given z  1  i  2
z   1  i   2 is a circle whose centre is 1  i and radius 2.
i.e., centre  1,1 and radius 2
z 2  2 z  5   z   1  2i    z  ( 1  2i 
1  2i i.e.,  1, 2  lies inside the C
1  2i i.e.,  1, 2  lies out side the C
 2 4  20 
 z  2 z  5  0  z  2  , z  1  2i 
 2 
z4
 dz
 z   1  2i    z   1  2i  
C 

z4
 z   1  2i  
 dz
C
z   1  2i 
z4
Hence f  z  
 z   1  2i  
Here by Cauchy integral formula
f  z
 z  a dz  2 i f  a 
C

z4
z  2 i f  1  2i 
C
2
 2z  5
 1  2i  4 
 2 i  
  1  2i    1  2i  

12
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

 3  2i  
 2 i   3  2i .
 4i  2

4  3z
(ii)  z ( z  1)( z  2) dz
C

3
z  0, z  1 lie inside the circle z 
2
z  2 lies outside the circle
4  3z A B C
   
z ( z  1)( z  2) z z  1 z  2
4  3 z  A( z  1)( z  2)  B ( z )( z  2)  C ( z )( z  1)
Put z  0
4  4A
A 1
Put z  1
B  1
Put z  2
C  1
4  3z 2 1 1
   
z ( z  1)( z  2) z z  1 z  2
4  3z 2 1 1
C z ( z  1)( z  2) dz  C z dz  C z  1 dz  C z  2 dz
f  z 2 i n
  z  a n 1
 f  0
C
n!
 2 [2 i f  0 ]  2 i f 1  0
 4 i f (0)  2 i f 1
 4 i (1)  2 i 1
 2 i  f  0   1 f 1  1
dz
Problem 10 Using Cauchy’s integral formula evaluate  where C is circle
z  4
2 2
C

z i  2
Solution:
1 1

z  4  z  2i   z  2i 
2 2 2 2

Given z  i  2 , centre  0,1 , radius 2

 z  2 i lies outside the circle
z  2i lies inside the circle

13
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

1
 z  2i 
2
dz
  dz
 z 2  4 c  z  2i 
2 2
C

1
Here f  z  
 z  2i 
2

2
f  z 
 z  2i 
3

2 2
f   2i    
 2i  2i   4i 
3 3

2i i

64 32
Hence by Cauchy Integral Formula
f z 2 i n
C  z  a n1 dz  n ! f  a 
f z 2 i 
  f   2i   .
z  4
2
C
2 1! 16

Problem 11 Find the Laurent’s series which represents the function

z
in (i) z  2 (ii) z  1  1
 z  1 z  2 
Solution:
z
(i). Let f  z  
 z  1 z  2 
z A B
Now  
 z  1 z  2  z 1 z  2
z  A  z  2   B  z  1
Put z  1
A  1
Put z  2
B 1
1 2
 f  z  
z 1 z  2
2 1
Given z  2, 2  z i.e., 1 1
z z
1 2
 f  z  
z 1 z  2

14
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

1 2
 
 1  2
z 1   z 1  
 z  z
1 1
1  1  2 2
 1    1  
z  z z z
(ii). z  1  1
Let u  z  1
i.e., u  1
1 2
f z  
z 1 z  2
1 2
 
u 1 u
1
 2 1  u 
1

u
1
  2(1  u  u 2  ...)
u
1
  2 1  (1  z )  (1  z ) 2  ...
1 z
2
Problem 12 Prove that  2 d 
2
, given a2 < 1.
0 a  2a cos   1 1  a
2

2
d
Solution: Let I  0 a 2
 2a cos   1
Put z = ei
dz 1 1
Then d  and cos  =  z  
iz 2 z
dz
 I iz
a  a z  1z   1
2
where C is |z| = 1.
C

1 dz
 
ai C a  a z  z 2  1
1

i dz
 
a C z  a  1a z  1
2

i 1
  f (z)dz where f (z)    2
C  a  z  a  1a z  1
i 1
 
 a  z  a z  1a 
1 1
The singularities of f(z) are simple poles at a and . a2 < 1 implies |a| < 1 and 1
a a

15
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

 The pole that lies inside C is z = a.

i 1
Res[f(z); a]  Lim (z  a ). 
z a  a  z  a z  1a 
i 1
 
 a  a  1a 
i
 2
a 1
i 2
Hence I  2i. 2 
a 1 1 a 2

2
cos 2.d 
Problem 13 Show that 0 5  4 cos   6
2
cos 2.d
Solution: Let I  0 5  4 cos 
Put z = ei
dz 1 1
Then d  and cos  =  z  
iz 2 z
2 i 2
e .d
I  Re al Part of 
0 5  4 cos 
z 2 . dz iz
 Re al Part of C 5  2z  1z  where C is |z| = 1.
1 z 2 .dz
2i C z 2  52 z  1
 Re al Part of

1 z 2 .dz
 Re al Part of
2i  z  1 z  2
C 2
1 z2
 Re al Part of  f (z)dz where f (z) 
2i z  12 z  2 
.
C

z = -½ and z = -2 are simple poles of f(z).

z = -½ lies inside C.
z2
Resf(z); - 1 2   Lim (z  1 2 ).
1
2i z  12 z  2 
.
z - 12

1 14 1
. 
3
2i 2 12i
1
 I = Real Part of 2i.
12i

16
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

= Real Part of 
6
=  .
6

dx 
Problem 14 Prove that  
x  1
2
0
2 4

Solution:
dz
Let    z  dz  
z  1
2 2
C C

1
Where   z  
z  1
2 2

Here C is the semicircle  bounded by the diameter   R, R 

Y
‫ח‬

-R O R X

By Cauchy residue theorem,

R

   z  dz     x  dx     z  dz......(1)
C R 

To evaluate of    z  dz
C

is the solution of  z 2  1  0
1
The poles of   z  
2

z  1
2 2

i.e.,  z  i   z  i   0
2 2

i.e., the poles are z  i, z  i

z  i lies with inside the semi circle
z  i lies outside the semi circle
Lt 1 d
Now  Res  ( z )z i   z  i   z
2

z  i 1! dz

17
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

Lt 1  1

   z  i 2 2 
2

z  i 1! 
  z  1 
Lt 1 d  1 
  z 2  1   z  i  z  i 
z  i 1! dz  ( z  i ) 2 
Lt 2

z  i  z  i 3
2 2 1
  
i  i  2i  3
4i
    z  dz  2 i  Sum of residues of   z  at its poles which lies in C 
C

1 
 2 i    ..........(2)
 4i  2
Let R  , then z   so that   z   0
Lt
  z dz  0.........(3)
z   


Sub (2) and (3) in (1)



   z  dz     x  dx
C 

dx 
  
x  1
2

2 2

dx 
 2 
x  1
2
0
2 2

dx 
  .
x  1
2
0
2 4


x sin x
Problem 15 Evaluate x
0
2
 a2
dx

Solution:
 
x sin x x sin x
2 2 dx   2 dx
0
x a 2

x  a2
 
x sin x 1 x sin x
0 x 2  a 2 dx  2  x 2  a 2 dx

1 z sin z
  2 dz
2  z  a 2

18
Unit. 4 Complex Integration

1

I ........(1)
2
Now z sin z is the imaginary part of zeiz

z sin z
   2 dz

z  a2

zeiz
 ..  dz

z2  a2
z eiz zeiz
Let   z   
z 2  a 2  z  ia  z  ia 
The poles are z  ia , z  ia
Now the poles z  ia lies in the upper half – plane
But z  ia lies in the lower half – plane.
Hence
Lt zeiz
 Res  z   z ia   z  ia 
z  ia  z  ia  z  ia 
Lt zeiz

z  ia  z  ia 
iae a e a
 
2ia 2

zeiz
 dz  2 i Sum of the residues at each poles in the upper half plane 

z 2  a2
 ea 
 2 i  
 2 
  ie a

zeiz
I=I.P. of  2 dz

z  a2
= I.P. of  ie  a 
   e a ...........(2)
Sub (2) in (1)

x sin x 1 1 a
0 x 2  a 2 dx  2 x  2  e

19