The

State University of Guadalajara 2

Transient Step Response at the Core

The Centre of Exact Sciences and Engineering 1.8

Graduate Program on Electrical Engineering

Main Cable Stress - pu Volts (V)

1.6
z
The State University of Guadalajara
1.4
1.2
y
1
0.8
0.6
Graduate Program on Electrical Engineering

x
0.4
0.2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (msec)

A Great Mathematical Poem…

Maxwell was so taken by the beauty of the
Fourier series that he called it a great
mathematical poem……
F. A. Uribe

October 2018, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México

 OUTLINE
The State University of Guadalajara

Bases
Complex numbers
Graduate Program on Electrical Engineering

Addition of Sinusoids
Component of a Vector: Fourier series
System Response: zero-input (modes)
& zero-state (convolution)
State Variable Analysis

Fourier Domain
The Fourier Transform
Analysis of Systems
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT & FFT)
Applied Research
Conclusions
Motivation
RESEARCH
Scientific developments uses signal and Image processing to analyze or synthesize
different strategies to find solutions for different areas as:

• To understand our life and environment

• Study of a function of independent variables such as: time, distance, position,
temperature, pressure, energy, characteristic modes, etc.
• Signal are vector which carries specialized information as humans.
• Examples are: speech, music, seismic, image and video.
• A signal can be a function of one, two or N independent variables it depends in our needs
– Speech is a 1-D signal as a function of time
– An image is a 2-D signal as a function of space
– Video is a 3-D signal as a function of space and time
Problem
Statement
Time domain signals refers to a time
dynamical evolution phenomena.

Frequency domain signal refers to a how

fast this phenomena changes.

There are many applied sciences where

characterizing a signal is highly important .
Submarine Exploration
Signals Examples
Signal
Examples
NASA Projects
EM SPECTRUM
Complex numbers

Representation of a number in the complex plane

USEFUL IDENTITY
Objective
Analyze and Synthesize Signals
How to perform
this task?
Component of a Vector:
Fourier series

Phasor addition of sinusoids

EXAMPLE- express x(t) as a single sinusoid
a. x(t) = cos (ω0 t) − √3 sin (ω0 t)
b. x(t) = −3 cos (ω0 t) + 4 sin (ω0 t)

a. In this case, a = 1, b = −√3,

Therefore

b. In this case, a = −3, b = 4, Phasor addition of sinusoids

HOMEWORK 1: Perform the

calculations and implement in
Matlab.
 Fourier Series : Periodic signals
∞
∞
n n n
n n n n
k=1 k=1

Gibb’s Coefficient
Phenomenom
Calculation

*Integrate term by term

Background: Egypt Expedition
Baron Jean-Baptiste-Joseph
Fourier (1768-1830)
Fourier, was orphaned at age 8 and educated at a local military college (run by
Benedictine monks), where he excelled in mathematics.

The Benedictines prevailed upon the young genius to choose the priesthood as his
vocation, but the revolution broke out before he could take his vows.

But in the early days, the French Revolution, liquidated a large segment of the
intelligentsia, including prominent scientists such as Lavosier.

The inscription on this stone in two languages and three scripts (hieroglyphic,
demotic, and Greek) enabled Thomas Young and Jean-Francois Champollion, a
protege of Fourier, to invent a method of translating hieroglyphic writings of
ancient Egypt-the only significant result of Napoleon's Egyptian expedition.
Fourier was created Baron of the Empire by Napoleon in 1809.

On his way home, at Grenoble, Fourier was brought before him in chains.
Napoleon scolded Fourier for his ungrateful behavior but reappointed him the
prefect of Rhone at Lyons.

Within four months Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo,

and was exiled to St. Helena, never to return.
Fourier once again was in disgrace as a Bonapartist, and had to pawn his effects to keep himself alive. But
through the intercession of a former student, who was now a prefect of Paris, he was appointed director of
the statistical bureau of the Seine a position that allowed him ample time for scholarly pursuits.

Later, in 1827, he was elected to the powerful position of perpetual secretary of the Paris Academy of Science,
a section of the institute. While serving as the prefect of Grenoble, Fourier carried on his elaborate
investigation of propagation of heat in solid bodies, which led him to the Fourier series and the Fourier
integral.

On 21 December 1807, he announced these results in a prize paper on the theory of heat. Fourier claimed
that an arbitrary function (continuous or with discontinuities) defined in a finite interval by an arbitrarily
capricious graph can always be expressed as a sum of sinusoids (Fourier series).

The judges, who included the great French mathematicians Laplace, Lagrange, Monge, and LaCroix admitted
the novelty and importance of Fourier's work, but criticized it for lack of mathematical rigor and generality.

Lagrange thought it incredible that a sum of sines and cosines could add up to anything but an infinitely
differentiable function. Moreover, one of the properties of an infinitely differentiable function is that if we
know its behavior over an arbitrarily small interval, we can determine its behavior over the entire range (the
Taylor-Maclaurin series).

Fourier thought the criticism unjustified but was unable to prove his claim because the tools required for
operations with infinite series were not available at the time. However, posterity has proved Fourier to be
closer to the truth than his critics. This is the classic conflict between pure mathematicians and physicists or
engineers. In 1829 Dirichlet proved Fourier's claim concerning capriciously drawn functions with a few
restrictions (Dirichlet conditions).
Although three of the four judges were in favor of publication, this paper was rejected because of vehement
opposition by Lagrange. Fifteen years later, after several attempts and disappointments, Fourier published the
results in expanded form as a text, Theorie analytique de la chaleur, which is now a classic.
 COMPONENT OF A VECTOR: SIGNALS ARE VECTORS

VECTORIAL

Signal Comparison and Component of a Signal

The error in the
approximation is:
e= x − c y
EXAMPLE: Approximate x(t) in terms of sin(t).
So that the energy of the error is minimum.

HOMEWORK 2: Perform the

calculations and implement in
Matlab.
EXAMPLE: Approximate x(t) in terms of Fourier series.
Using the correlation coefficient.

*Elaborate in Dirichlet
conditions and series
convergence…..

Approximation of a square
HOMEWORK 3: Perform the calculations and signal by a sum of sinusoids
implement in Matlab to achieve Ee<10-6.
Note that coefficients of terms sin kt are zero for even values of k. Figure 6.21 shows how
the approximation improves as we increase the number of terms in the series.
Let us investigate the error signal energy as N → ∞.

For a single-term approximation (N=1)

For a two-term approximation (N=3)

N Ee

1 1.1938
3 0.6243
5 0.4206
7 0.3166
99 0.02545
∞ 0
 EXAMPLE: Find the compact trigonometric Fourier
series for the periodic signal x(t).

where

Figure A periodic signal and (b,c) its Fourier spectra.

In this case the period T0 = π and the fundamental frequency f0 = 1/T0 = 1/π Hz, and
In this example the obvious choice for the interval of integration is from 0 to χ.

Therefore






 Table CONTINUATION

n Cn θn
EXAMPLE...

0 0.504 0
1 0.244 −75.96
2 0.125 −82.87
3 0.084 −85.24
4 0.063 −86.42
5 0.0504 −87.14
6 0.042 −87.61
7 0.036 −87.95


Therefore

Also

Amplitude and phases of the dc and the first seven harmonics are computed from the above equations and displayed in the Table
We can use these numerical values to express x(t) as

 RELATIONS BETWEEN
FOURIER SERIES FORMS
Series Form Coefficient Computation Conversion Formulas
Trigonometric a 0 = c0 = D0

a n − jb n = C n e jθ n = 2D n

a n + jb n = C n e −jθn = 2D −n

Compact trigonometric C0 = a 0 C0 = D0
C n = 2|D n | n≥1


θn = ∠D n

Exponential

*ELABORATE IN BASIC FEATURES

 GENERALIZED FOURIER SERIES:
DIFFERENT ORTOGHONAL BASES

• Signals are vectors in every sense.

• Like a vector, a signal can be represented as a sum of its components in a variety of
ways.
• Just as vector coordinate systems are formed by mutually orthogonal vectors
(rectangular, cylindrical, spherical), we also have signal coordinate systems (basis
signals) formed by a variety of sets of mutually orthogonal signals.
• There exist a large number of orthogonal signal sets that can be used as basis signals
for generalized Fourier series.
• Some well-known signal sets are:

• trigonometric (sinusoid) functions, exponential functions, Walsh functions, Bessel functions, Legendre
polynomials, Laguerre functions, Jacobi polynomials, Hermite polynomials, and Chebyshev polynomials.

• The functions that concern us most in this book are the trigonometric and the
exponential sets discussed earlier in this chapter.

*Elaborate in main features of each orthogonal base…..

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: Time-Domain
Analysis of Continuous-Time Systems
System Response: zero-input
(natural modes)

By definition, the zero-input response is the system

response to its internal conditions, assuming that its
input is zero. Understanding this phenomenon
provides interesting insight into system behavior.
The input voltage x(t) required to drive a loop
current y(t) = ce−2t is given by:

[ 1 ] Lathi, B. P. Signals and Systems. Berkeley-Cambridge Press, Carmichael, CA, 1987.

NON-REPEATED ROOTS

COMPLEX ROOTS
REPEATED ROOTS
EXAMPLE: Find y0 (t), the zero-input component of the response for an LTIC
system described by the following differential equation.

when the initial conditions are:

Note that y0 (t), being the zero-input component (x(t) = 0), is the solution of: (D2 + 3D + 2)y0 (t) = 0
The characteristic polynomial of the system is: λ2 + 3λ + 2 = (λ + 1) (λ + 2) = 0
Consequently, the zero-input response is:

To determine the arbitrary constants c1 and c2 , we

differentiate to obtain:

Setting t = 0 in both equations and substituting

the initial conditions y0 (0) = 0 and
Convolution: its bark is worse than its bite!
System Response: zero-state
(convolution)
This section is devoted to the determination of the zero-state response of an LTIC system. This is the system
response y(t) to an input x(t) when the system is in the zero state, that is, when all initial conditions are zero.
EXAMPLE 2.5
For an LTIC system with the unit impulse response h(t) = e−2t u(t),
determine the response y(t) for the input

Here both x(t) and h(t) are causal (Fig). Hence,

we obtain:

Because x(t) = e−tu(t) and h(t) = e−2t u(t)

Because this integration is with respect to τ,

we can pull e−2t outside the integral, giving us:

Moreover, y(t) = 0 when t < 0

Figure: Convolution of x(t) and h(t).
 Graphical Understanding
of Convolution Operation
The procedure for graphical convolution can be summarized as
follows:

1. Keep the function x(τ) fixed.

2. Visualize the function g(τ) as a rigid wire frame, and rotate (or
invert) this frame about the vertical axis (τ = 0) to obtain g(− τ).

3. Shift the inverted frame along the τ axis by t0 seconds. The

shifted frame now represents g(t0 − τ).

4. The area under the product of x(τ) and g(t0 − τ) (the shifted
frame) is c(t0 ), the value of the convolution at t = t0 .

5. Repeat this procedure, shifting the frame by different values

(positive and negative) to obtain c(t) for all values of t.

The graphical procedure appears very complicated and

discouraging at first reading. Some people claim that convolution
has driven many electrical engineering undergraduates to
contemplate theology either for salvation or as an alternative
career (IEEE Spectrum, March 1991, p. 60). Actually, the bark of
convolution is worse than its bite. In graphical convolution, we
need to determine the area under the product x(τ)g(t − τ) for all
values of t from −∞ to ∞. However, a mathematical description of
x(τ)g(t −τ) is generally valid over a range of t. Therefore, repeating Figure: Graphical explanation of the
the procedure for every value of t amounts to repeating it only a convolution operation
few times for different ranges of t.
EXAMPLE
A voltage x(t) = 10e−3t u(t) is applied at the input of the RLC circuit illustrated in the Figure. Find
the loop current y(t) for t ≥ 0 if the initial inductor current is zero;
y(0−) = 0 and the initial capacitor voltage is 5 volts;
that is, υc(0−) = 5.

Figure: The differential (loop)

equation relating y(t) to x(t)

Now using a pair from a Convo Table (Equal Integrals may be solved directly)
yields:

HOMEWORK 4: Calculate the total

response for the circuit in the image.
 THE SLIDING-
TAPE METHOD

• This algorithm is
convenient when
the sequences x[n]
and g[n] are short or
when they are
available only in
graphical form.
• The algorithm is
basically the same
as the graphical
procedure.
• The only difference
is that instead of
presenting the data
as graphical plots,
we display it as a
sequence of
numbers on tapes
Figure: Sliding -tape algorithm for discrete-time convolution
HOMEWORK 5: Perform the
convolution using discrete and
validating with the sliding-rule
technique.
State Variable
Analysis
We do we need another analysis method if we know?

• Total response
• Transfer function
• Zero-input response
• Convolution

Which is the reason to precise another method to describe

the systems and its behavior?
• Actual methods are not applicable to non-linear problems
• Can not be directly numerically PC implemented
• Does not express internal info about the system

State variables can be directly applied to non-linear systems and time-variable obtaining
as a result a set of set of equations that can be directly PC numerically implemented
State variables is a technique that describes the real internal situation of a system.

Energy: Electrical systems

1 1
𝑊" = 0 𝑊% = 𝐶 * 𝑣 , 𝑊- = 𝐿 * 𝑖 ,
2 2
Voltage in the Capacitor Current in the Inductor

The objective is to calculate the total stored

energy of the system in any instant of time
State Space: Is the coordinates system formed by the state variables under study
Example: Show the 0.7
state space trajectory
0.6
for the following circuit.
0.5
Vc capacitor votage

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Balance point
-0.1
-0.5 0 0.5 1
Stability Region IL current inductor
State Equation
Extraction i R

Answer: We take IL and VC as State

Variables
𝑑
𝑖% = 𝐶 𝑉3 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 iC
𝑖" = 𝑖- + 𝑖%
𝑖% = 𝑖" − 𝑖- 8
𝑉- 𝑡 = 𝐿 89 𝑖- 𝑡 = 𝑉3 − 𝑉:
𝑑 𝑉6 𝑡 −𝑉3
𝐶 𝑉3 𝑡 = − 𝑖- 8
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 89 𝑖- 𝑡 = 𝑉3 − 4 * 𝑖-

𝑑 5 * 𝑉3 5 * 𝑉6 𝑡 𝑑 4 1
𝑉 𝑡 = −5 * 𝑖- − − 𝑖- 𝑡 = 𝑉3 − * 𝑖- + * 𝑉3
𝑑𝑡 3 2 2 𝑑𝑡 3 3
 4 1
𝑑 𝑖- 𝑡 − − 0
3 3 𝑖- 𝑡
= * − 5 * 𝑉6 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑉3 𝑡 5 𝑉3 𝑡
−5 − 2
2
𝑋̇ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 * 𝑢
We can obtain any variable of interest as an output state variable. In this case we
choose the voltages at the resistances.
HOMEWORK 6: Numerical
𝑉"C = 𝑉D 𝑡 − 𝑉3 𝑡 implementation. Use any
simple quadrature rule.
𝑉", = 𝑖- 𝑡 * 4

𝑉"C 0 −1 𝑖- 𝑡 1
𝑦= = * + * 𝑉6 𝑡
𝑉", 4 0 𝑉3 𝑡 0

y = 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 * 𝑢
The Fourier Transform:
Aperiodic signals *ELABORATE IN BASIC FEATURES
CHANGING FROM SERIES TO TRANSFORM
Thus, the Fourier series representing xT0 (t) will also represent x(t) in the limit T0 → ∞. The
exponential Fourier series for xT0 (t) is given by:

Observe that integrating xT0 (t) over (−T0 /2, T0 /2) is the same as integrating x(t) over
(−∞, ∞). Therefore:

It is interesting to see how the nature of the

spectrum changes as T0 increases. To understand
this fascinating behavior, let us define X(ω), a
continuous function of ω:

Change in the Fourier spectrum when the period T0 is doubled

 A MARVELOUS BALANCING ACT
An important point to remember here is that x(t) is represented (or synthesized) by
exponentials or sinusoids that are everlasting (not causal). Such conceptualization leads to
rather fascinating picture when we try to visualize the synthesis of time limited pulse signal
x(t) [below Figure] by the sinusoidal components in its Fourier spectrum. The signal x(t)
exists only over an interval (a, b) and is zero outside this interval.
The spectrum x(t) contains an infinite number of exponentials (or sinusoids), which start at
t= −∞ and continue forever. The amplitudes and phases of these components add up
exactly to x(t) over the finite interval (a, b) and the zero everywhere outside this interval.
Juggling the amplitudes and phases of an infinite number of components to achieve such a
perfect and delicate balance boggles the human imagination.
Indeed, we become so involved in mathematical manipulations that we fail to notice this
marvel.

The marvel of the Fourier transform

SOME PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM

A near symmetry between the direct and the inverse Fourier transforms
TIME -FREQUENCY DUALITY IN
THE TRANSFORM OPERATIONS

The duality principle may be compared with a photograph and

its negative. A photograph can be obtained from its negative,
and by using an identical procedure, a negative can be
obtained from the photograph
Hacer ejercicios para obtener una comparación objetiva de la
familia de las cuatro distintas herramientas de Fourier (última
pag. 1ra sección de apuntes personales).
 Main Body
Numerical
computation of DFT
• Numerical computation of the Fourier transform of x (t) requires sample values of x (t)
because a digital computer can work only with discrete data (sequence of numbers).
• Moreover, a computer can compute X(ω) only at some discrete values of ω [samples of X(ω)].
• We therefore need to relate the samples of X(ω) to samples of x(t).

We begin with a time-limited signal x (t) and its

spectrum X (ω). Since x (t) is time-limited, X (ω) is
non-bandlimited.

According to the sampling theorem, the spectrum X (ω)

of the sampled signal x (t) consists of X (ω) repeating
every fs Hz, where fs = 1/T.

the sampled signal x (t) is repeated periodically every

T0 seconds. According to the spectral sampling
theorem, such an operation results in sampling the
spectrum at a rate of T0 samples/Hz. Relationship between samples of x (t) and X (ω).
DFT
Transform Equations
• Discrete Fourier Transform
• x – Time domain signal
• X – Frequency domain representation of x

DICRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

N −1
X [k ] = ∑ x[n] W
n =0
N
nk
,0 ≤ k ≤ N − 1
Twiddle Factor
,K
IJ
𝑊G = 𝑒 G

x – Time domain signal

X – Frequency domain representation of x
A near symmetry between the direct and the inverse Fourier transforms
 Example: Calculate the DFT of the following discrete-time signal with 4 samples.
1
3
X 4 [k ] = ∑
n =0
x[n]W4 k n k = 0,1, 2, 3 0.8

1, 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 3
0.6
𝑥[𝑛] = O
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

x[n]
,K
IJ
𝑊W = 𝑒 W = −𝑗 0.4

0.2

k = 0 1 2 3
n = 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4
n
5 6 7 8 9

𝑋D −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 1
𝑋C −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 1
= * HOMEWORK 7: Propose and
𝑋, −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 1
𝑋Z −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 1 solve a particular similar
problem.
n-time samples

1
x-frequency samples

1 1 1 𝑋D −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 1 4 But,
1 −𝑗 −1 𝑗 𝑋C −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗
𝑊Y = What
1 −1 1 −1 = * 1 = 0
1 𝑗 −1 −𝑗 𝑋, −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 1 0 does it
𝑋Z −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗 1 0 means?
Research
• Fourier Transform basics
• Underground cable parameter estimation
• Harmonic and Interharmonic analysis
• LAB Transient measurement
 Fourier Transform Basics

Analogous to expanding a function in the “Dirac” basis:

We can expand the function in the “Fourier” basis

The “coefficient function” is given by the Fourier transform of

f(x, y)
Image Spectra Analysis Significance
 Underground cable
parameter estimation
f(x,y)

Yes

No
a b
c Fig. 2. Pre-processing magnitude behavior along space coordinate y=456 (for illustration only). a) RGB image. b)
d

Magnitude behavior in preprocessing steps. c) Smoothed gray-scale image. d) Binary image.

Fig. 1. Flowchart to obtain a surrogate

image for cable impedance estimation
Application
case results
Coaxial cable

Circuito de medición de transitorios de

Cable data layout for the 35KV/500MCM
voltaje en el extremo receptor de un
monopole energy cable (copper Core and
cable coaxial de potencia
Sheath, XLPE insulation and PVC cover).

Loop impedances between the core and sheath of the above cable. a) Resistances and b) inductances
calculated with the Schellkunoff theory and with the proposed technique.
 TABLE I
Loop impedance relative error
100Hz 1Khz 10kHz 100kHz
DIPT FEM DIPT FEM DIPT FEM DIPT FEM
R 3.01% 2.00% 3.02% 2.05% 0.72% 6.19% 5.19% 9.33%
L 1.01% 0.92% 1.37% 1.19% 1.00% 0.31% 0.01% 2.37%

Transient voltage response at the receiving end of the cable core

simulated with PSCAD, calculated with the NLT-Schellkunoff,
measured in Lab and NLT-DIPT
Three-phase cable

Cable data layout for the three phase energy Circuito de medición de transitorios de voltaje en
cable (copper Core and Steel Sheath, XLPE el extremo receptor de las tres fases y pantalla de
insulation and PVC cover). un cable trifásico subterráneo

Loop impedances between the Phase A and sheath of the cable in Fig. 11. a) Resistances and b)
inductances calculated with the Finite Element Method and with the proposed technique
Transient voltage response at the receiving end of the Transient induced voltage response at the receiving
cable phase A simulated with NLT-FEM, measured in end of the cable Phase B simulated with NLT-FEM,
Lab and NLT-DIPT measured in Lab and NLT-DIPT

Transient induced voltage response at the receiving end of the cable

Sheath simulated with NLT-FEM, measured in Lab and NLT-DIPT
 Sector shaped- cable (WEB Downloaded)

Cable data layout for the three phase energy cable (copper Core
and Aluminum Sheath, XLPE insulation and PVC cover).

Loop impedances between the Phase A and Sheath of the cable in Fig. 17. a) Resistances and b)
inductances calculated with the Finite Element Method and with the proposed technique.
Transient voltage response at the receiving end of the Transient induced voltage response at the receiving end of
cable phase A simulated with NLT-FEM and NLT-DIPT. the cable Phase B simulated with NLT-FEM and NLT-DIPT.

Transient induced voltage response at the receiving end of Transient induced voltage response at the receiving end of
the Neutral cable simulated with NLT-FEM and NLT-DIPT the cable Sheath simulated with NLT-FEM and NLT-DIPT.
Analysis of Harmonic and Inter-harmonic Signals
through Generalized-Fourier Schemes
V. Nuño, Student member, IEEE, and F. A. Uribe, Senior member, IEEE

The State University of Guadalajara

The Centre of Exact Sciences and Engineering Applications
Graduate Program on Electrical Engineering Sciences
Guadalajara, Jalisco, México

Abstract — A harmonic and inter-harmonic signal analysis technique is

presented in this paper. The technique consists in the use of The Fourier
Theory for synthesizing harmonic signals and the use of two generalized-
Fourier approximations based in different orthogonal basis for inter-
harmonic signals. A numerical example yields that polynomial Chebyshev
and Legendre function approximation can be very interesting to analyze
inter-harmonic signals in a very short CPU-time.
Analysis of
Harmonic and
Interharmonic
Signals

a) Harmonic Signal
Current base signal decomposition using 20 harmonics.

Magnitude of the harmonic components.

Polynomial approximation using
first and second kind of Chebyshev
polynomials using 20 terms.

Function approximation using

Legendre with 20 terms

Correlation evolution as a function

of terms or harmonic
Harmonic Signal Behavior

TABLE I. Data performance running Matlab (R2013b) in a PC with

Pentium (R) Dual-Core E5800@ 3.2GHz and 8GB RAM. Table related to
the correlation index and the CPU-required time for the calculations
 b) Inter-harmonic Signal

Current base signal decomposition

using 20 harmonics

Magnitude of the harmonic and

non-harmonic components

Polynomial approximation using first and

second kind of Chebyshev polynomials
using 20 terms
Function approximation using
Legendre with 20 terms

Correlation evolution as a
function of terms or harmonic

Detail of the correlation evolution

arround magnitude 1
Inter-Harmonic Signal Behavior

TABLE II. Data performance running Matlab (R2013b) in a PC with

Pentium (R) Dual-Core E5800@ 3.2GHz and 8GB RAM. Table related to
the correlation index and the CPU-required time for the calculations
Transient LAB Measurement

Un problema con las mediciones

es la gran cantidad de datos que
por definición requiere un
transitorio rápido.
Transients LAB Validation (Electric conductor)
10
Energization Voltage (Sending End)
Receiving Voltage (Remote End)
Numerical Laplace Transform (Remote End)

6
Voltages (p.u)

-2
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
time ( µ sec)