KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

VIRUDHUNAGAR

Sub Code & Name: ME 15 -Engineering Graphics Section: I Yr CSE ‘B’

Staff-in Charge: D.PALANI KUMAR

Engineering Graphics-Subject Introduction

Engineering Drawing is the language of Engineers. It is a graphic language used

for effective communication among Engineers. Engineering drawing consists of various
rules and regulations for the construction of a picture or an object such that Machine
component or building, unlike the drawing by the artists and illustrators who do not
follow any particular rules and often give more importance to the appearance of the
picture.
Engineering Drawing is widely used in Mechanical. Production, Automobile,
Aeronautical, Chemical, marine and Electrical Engineering to describe an engineering
machine component which has the correct shape and size along with the dimensional
tolerances for the understanding of the component and production of it in the workshop.
In civil engineering and architecture engineering drawing is used to draw the plan
and elevation of building. The application of engineering drawing in electrical,
electronics, instrumentation and computer science are usually to prepare electrical wiring
drawings, printed circuit boards, process drawings and pictorial drawings.
The need of any Engineering component or part is identified and the engineer
visualizes the component and sketches it on paper. The engineer communicates the idea
of the component to the manufacturer both graphically and verbally.
Engineering components or parts are drawn carefully and neatly either manually
or using a computer with the help of software. Still manual drafting is in use. However, it
is expensive and time consuming. Computer Aides drafting is more popular due to its
simplicity and accuracy in drawing. The geometric model of an object with all dimensions
and physical properties can be prepared with the help of software using computers. This
method is called solid modeling. Using this, the required 2D drawings of any specified
positions can be obtained easily. This method is called computer aided design and
drafting (CADD). The software commonly used for drafting are AutoCAD, PRO/e,
UNIGRAPHICS, IDEAS, CATIA and Solid Works.
UNIT-I

Plane curves and free hand sketching

In engineering drawings It is common to come across problems involved with

accurate drawing of planar curves such as circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas,
rectangular hyperbolas etc. therefore it is necessary to understand the significance of
conical shapes and special curves. This unit deals with the construction of conical sections
in details. Conic sections are used in many engineering applications. Parabolic curves are
used in the construction of bridge arches, road sections, search lights etc. hyperbola is
mostly used in the design of channels, cooling towers. Hence it is important to know the
conic sections. After completions of these units, the students are able to know, the method

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of construction of ellipse, parabola, hyperbola and rectangular hyperbola etc and to
understand the significance of conical shapes and special curves in engineering drawing.
A Freehand sketch is a drawing made without the use of drawing instruments.
The importance of freehand sketching or drawing in engineering, design and technical
communication cannot be under estimated. The person who possesses a complete
knowledge of drawing as a language should have ability to execute quick, accurate and
clear sketches of ideas and designs. In this unit the students are able to know about i) the
importance of free hand sketching, ii) Uses of freehand sketching, iii) Various techniques
used in sketching, iv) Various types of freehand sketches.
UNIT-II

Projection of Points, Lines and Planes

Projecting the image of an object to the plane of projection is known as projection.

The object may be a point, line, plane, solid, machine component or a building. Two
principal planes are used to get the projection of an object. I) Vertical Plane II)
Horizontal Plane. These principal planes are also known as reference planes. The planes
considered are imaginary, transparent and dimensionless. The reference planes are
placed in such way that they intersect each other at right angles. As a result of
intersection an intersecting line is obtained which is known as reference line or XY line.
The image of the object is projected and obtained on HP by observing it from top of the
object and is called top view or plan of the object.
The image is projected and obtained on VP by seeing the object from front and is
called front view or elevation. As per the general rule of drawing the HP is rotated
clockwise through 900. After rotation, the images are drawn on HP and VP. Points form
the basics for engineering drawing. Orthographic projection of points helps to
understand the basic principle of projection in different quadrants. A straight line is the
shortest route joins any given points. It is one dimensional object having only length. The
projections of a straight line are obtained by joining the top and front views of the
respective end points of the line. The actual length of the straight line is known as true
length. The orthographic projection of straight lines helps to understand the basic
principles of orthographic projections. It is important to know the projection of lines for
drawing projection of planes, solids etc. A plane is a two dimensional entity having only
length and breadth with negligible thickness which is considered as zero. The study of
projections of planes is necessary to draw projection of different parts of machines and
structures. In this unit students are able to know i) to draw the orthographic projections
of points in any four quadrants, ii) To draw projections of the line in various positions
w.r.t the reference planes, iii) to determine the true length and true inclination of the line
from the orthographic projections of lines, iv) the various types of planes figures, v)
projection of plane figures on principal planes.
Unit-III

Projection of Solids

A solid is a three dimensional object. It has length, breath and height. To

understand a solid, it must have atleast two views. If necessary, additional views may be
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projected into auxiliary planes to describe the solid completely. Solids are classified into
two categories i) Polyhedral ii) solids of revolution
A regular polyhedral has flat surfaces known as faces. It has many corners and
edges on sides. In a regular polyhedral all faces are of the same size and shape. These
solids are obtained by revolving a regular polygon about an edge which remains fixed.
For example a cylinder is obtained by revolving a rectangle about a fixed edge. A cone is
obtained by revolving a right angled triangle about its perpendicular side which remains
fixed. Machine components or any structures are made up of simple solid shapes. Hence
drawing of machine components or any structures needs the thorough knowledge of
projections of solids. In this unit students are able to know i) the various types of solids.
ii) to draw the projection of solids on principal planes when the solids are in different
positions.
Unit-IV

Section of Solids & Development of Surfaces

In orthographic projection, the projectors are drawn parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of projection from the corners or points on the surface of the
objects so as to get the meeting points on its. The image of the object is obtained by
joining these points.
When an object has intricate shape and invisible surfaces, it is necessary to draw
more views other than top and front views. In orthographic projection a maximum of six
views, namely, top, bottom, front, left side, right side and rear views can be drawn. In
actual practice, bottom and rear views are always neglected.
When an object has more invisible details and complicates shape, a section plane
or cutting plane may be assumed suitably to cut the object. As a result of cutting a
portion which is usually of the smaller size between the observer and cutting plane is
assumed to be removed.
Imagine that a slid is enclosed in a wrapper of thin material, such as paper. If this
covering is opened out and laid on a flat plane, the flattened-out paper is the development
of solid. Thus, when the surfaces of a solid are laid out on a plane, the figure obtained is
called its development. Otherwise, the complete surface of an object, laid out on a plane is
called the development of the surface or flat pattern of the object.
The knowledge of development of surfaces is essential in many industries such as
automobile, aircraft, ship building, packaging and sheet metal work. In actual practice,
bend have to be made in the layout of the pattern to ensure proper fabrication. These
allowances depend upon the degree of bend, thickness of the metal and type of metal
being used.
In construction of boilers, bins, process-vessels, hoppers, funnels, chimneys etc the
plates are marked and cut according to the developments which, when folded, from the
desired objects. The form of the sheet obtained by laying all the outer surfaces of the solid
with suitable allowances for the joints is known as pattern. Thus the development of a
solid is the shape of a plane sheet that can be converted into the shape of the concerned
solid by folding properly. In this unit students are able to know i) Various types of section

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planes and types of section, ii) the various sectional views of solids like prism, pyramid,
cone, cylinder, cube etc., iii) to draw the true shape of section, iv) principles of
development of surfaces, v) various methods of development of surfaces like cubes,
prisms, cylinder, pyramids etc., vi) various applications of development of surfaces.

UNIT-V

Isometric View and Perspective View

Multiview orthographic projections generally show length of only two principal

axes in any particular view. The length of the third axis is not visible in the same view.
This makes it difficult to interpret them and only technically trained persons can
interpret the meaning of these view. A Layman cannot imagine the shape of the object
from orthographic projections.
Pictorial projections can be easily understood even by persons without any
technical training because such views show all the three principal axes of the object in the
same view. A pictorial view generally does not show the true shape and size of any
principal surface of an object but as the entire principal faces are seen in the same view,
they are convenient for untrained persons to imagine the shape of the object. Hence
pictorial projections are extensively used in sales literature.
They are various types of pictorial projections but only the following types which
are extensively used by engineers are
1) Isometric Projections
2) Oblique Parallel Projections
3) Perspective Projections

Isometric Projection is an orthographic projection but it is obtained in such way

that all the principal axes are projected in the same view with reduction in their length in
the same projection.
Oblique parallel projection is a pictorial projection with a pictorial view almost
the same as that of isometric projection and further it is comparatively easier and faster
to draw. However under certain circumstances the shapes of the circular edge appear too
oblong and distorted.
Perspective projection or view is a drawing of any object as it appears to human
eye. It is similar to the photograph of an object taken while standing at the observer’s
position. As it is similar to what a human eye sees. It is extensively used in civil and
architectural engineering. In this unit students are able to know i) The principle of
isometric projection and isometric view, ii) Various methods to draw the isometric
projection of solids like cubes, prisms, cylinder, pyramids, cone etc., iii) the principle of
perspective projection, iv) various types of perspective views and perspective drawings, v)
conventional method of drawing perspective views.